杜氏盐藻(Dunalielle salina)盐适应相关蛋白

观察不同盐浓度培养液中生长的杜氏盐藻可溶性蛋白SDS-PAG图谱,发现高盐与低盐相比,其51kD和63kD蛋白含量高,而23kD的蛋白含量则低。高渗骤变后,51kD蛋白的含量减少,而23kD蛋白的含量增加两倍或两倍以上,骤变23h后含量增加已非常明显;低渗骤变后24h,51kD和23kD蛋白的含量变化不明显。另外,有一分子量约为26kD的蛋白在高盐下易降解。分析了这些蛋白与社氏盐藻渗透调节的可能关系。     

Chloroplast volume: cell water potential relationships and acclimation of photosynthesis to leaf water deficits

Studies were undertaken to determine if there is an association between nonstomatally-mediated acclimation of photosynthesis to low water potential (w) and the maintenance of chloroplast volume during water stress. Spinach plants either kept well watered throughout their growth (non-acclimated), or subjected to water stress such that leaf w dropped to -1.5 megapascals (MPa) and then were rewatered (acclimated) were subjected to drought episodes. During these stress periods, photosynthesis was maintained to a greater extent in acclimated plants as compared to non-acclimated plants at w below -1 MPa.Estimates of internal leaf [CO₂] suggested that photosynthetic acclimation to low w was not primarily due to altered stomatal response. As w dropped from initial values, a decline in steady state levels of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) occurred in both non-acclimated and acclimated plants. RuBP decline was less severe in acclimated plants.Low w effects on chloroplast volume in non-acclimated and acclimated plants were estimated by measuring the volume of intact chloroplasts isolated from plants in solutions which were made isotonic to declining leaf osmotic potential during the drought episodes. Chloroplast volume was maintained to a greater extent at low w in acclimated, as compared with non-acclimated plants. Although substantial osmotic adjustment occurred in both non-acclimated and acclimated plants, the extent of osmotic adjustment was the same. These data were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that cellular-level acclimation to low w is associated with chloroplast volume maintenance, and this physiological acclimation is correlated with enhanced photosynthetic capacity of the leaf at low w.Abbreviations [CO₂]_i internal leaf CO₂ concentration - s osmotic potential - RWC relative water content - RuBP ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate - w water potential     

Diversity,distribution and roles of osmoprotective compounds accumulated in halophytes under abiotic stress

Background and Aims Osmolytes are low-molecular-weight organic solutes, a broad group that encompasses a variety of compounds such as amino acids, tertiary sulphonium and quaternary ammonium compounds, sugars and polyhydric alcohols. Osmolytes are accumulated in the cytoplasm of halophytic species in order to balance the osmotic potential of the Na⁺ and Cl⁻ accumulated in the vacuole. The advantages of the accumulation of osmolytes are that they keep the main physiological functions of the cell active, the induction of their biosynthesis is controlled by environmental cues, and they can be synthesized at all developmental stages. In addition to their role in osmoregulation, osmolytes have crucial functions in protecting subcellular structures and in scavenging reactive oxygen species.Scope This review discusses the diversity of osmolytes among halophytes and their distribution within taxonomic groups, the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence their accumulation, and their role in osmoregulation and osmoprotection. Increasing the osmolyte content in plants is an interesting strategy to improve the growth and yield of crops upon exposure to salinity. Examples of transgenic plants as well as exogenous applications of some osmolytes are also discussed. Finally, the potential use of osmolytes in protein stabilization and solvation in biotechnology, including the pharmaceutical industry and medicine, are considered.     

Stress responses ofBacillus subtilis to high osmolarity environments: Uptake and synthesis of osmoprotectants

A decrease in the water content of the soil imposes a considerable stress on the voil-living bacteriumBacillus subtilis: water exits from the cells, resulting in decreased turgor and cessation of growth. Under these adverse circumstances,B. subtilis actively modulates the osmolarity of its cytoplasm to maintain turgor within acceptable boundaries. A rapid uptake of potassium ions via turgor-responsive transport systems is the primary stress response to a sudden increase in the external osmolarity. This is followed by the massive accumulation of the so-called compatible solutes, i.e., organic osmolytes that are highly congruous with cellular functions and hence can be accumulated by bacterial cells up to molar concentrations. Initially, the compatible solute proline is accumulated viade novo synthesis, butB. subtilis can also acquire proline from the environment by an osmoregulated transport system, OpuE. The preferred compatible solute ofB. subtilis is the potent osmoprotectant glycine betaine. This trimethylammonium compound can be taken up by the cell through three high-affinity transport systems: the multicomponent ABC transporters OpuA and OpuC, and the single-component transporter OpuD. The OpuC systems also mediates the accumulation of a variety of naturally occurring betaines, each of which can confer a considerable degree of osmotic tolerance. In addition to the uptake of glycine betaine from the environment,B. subtilis can also synthesize this osmoprotectant but it requires exogenously provided choline as its precursor. Two evolutionarily closely related ABC transport systems, OpuB and OpuC, mediate the uptake of choline which is then converted by the GbsA and GbsB enzymes in a two-step oxidation process into glycine betaine. Our data show that the intracellular accumulation of osmoprotectants is of central importance for the cellular defence ofB. subtilis against high osmolarity stress.     

Changes at panicle emergence in the water relations of a wetland and a dryland Japonica rice cultivar under wetland conditions

The diurnal and seasonal changes in plant water relations of two Japonica rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, Nipponbare and Tachiminori, were studied under flooded conditions at Kyoto University. The dryland cv. Tachiminori maintained higher predawn and midday leaf osmotic potentials relative to the wetland cv. Nipponbare during the vegetative stage, but the ranking was reversed after flowering. The relationship between leaf water potential and leaf osmotic potential showed that prior to panicle emergence Nipponbare was able to adjust osmotically to maintain turgor, whereas after heading there was little turgor maintenance. Tachiminori showed little difference in osmotic adjustment before and after panicle emergence. Fertilizer treatment during panicle development also helped to maintain the degree of osmotic adjustment in both cultivars.     

一氧化氮对盐胁迫下烟草细胞渗透调节能力的影响

一氧化氮(NO)作为信号分子广泛参与植物的生长发育、逆境胁迫响应过程。为了明确NO对细胞渗透调节作用,该研究以NaCl为盐胁迫因子,以烟草悬浮细胞为材料,研究了NO对盐胁迫下细胞渗透调节能力的影响。结果显示:(1)NaCl胁迫能诱发烟草细胞内源NO的生成,且100mmol·L-1 NaCl诱发了细胞内源NO的快速产生,在1h达到峰值,NO产生量约为对照的2倍,之后NO产生量快速下降,直至3h才逐渐回升,并在48h内维持在较高水平。(2)外源NO显著增强了烟草细胞的抗渗透胁迫能力,且150μmol·L-1 NO供体硝普钠(SNP)处理显著提高了NaCl胁迫下细胞的活力和再生能力(提高幅度分别为78.6%和63.2%),降低了细胞死亡率(降幅约为48.5%);SNP处理下的NaCl胁迫细胞能更大程度降低渗透势,延缓水势的降低,维持细胞压力势。(3)外源NO显著促进了NaCl胁迫细胞中脯氨酸的合成和积累,且150μmol·L-1 SNP处理将NaCl胁迫细胞中的脯氨酸含量提高25.9%;SNP处理也影响了脯氨酸代谢关键酶的活性和基因表达水平,即提高了谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)、精氨酸酶和鸟氨酸转氨酶(OAT)的活性,降低了脯氨酸脱氢酶(PDH)的活性,同时使GDH、OAT和PDH基因的表达表现出与酶活性相似的变化趋势。研究表明,NO参与了盐胁迫下烟草细胞的渗透调节,通过调控脯氨酸代谢可能是NO参与渗透调节的重要机制。     

干旱胁迫下沙棘叶片细胞膜透性与渗透调节物质研究

研究了在干旱胁迫下沙棘幼林苗木渗透调节能力与沙棘耐旱性的关系。结果表明：长期轻度及中度干旱胁迫下渗透调节物质中可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、Pro在干旱中、后期累积显著增加而降低渗透势,使沙棘具备较强的渗透调节能力而表现为低水势耐旱特性;K^ 在干旱下无显著累积。渗透调节物质（可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、Pro）的共同作用,使长期轻度、中度干旱下沙棘叶片可溶性蛋白降解少,细胞膜透性和MDA含量增加缓慢,重度二进下也能在一定时间内保持稳定,这些物质是构成沙棘强耐旱性的内在基础。     

渗透胁迫下小麦根系渗透调节与根冠淀粉水解的研究

用不同浓度的PEG—600对抗旱性不同的小麦幼苗进行渗透胁迫处理,研究了小麦幼苗根系的淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖含量、渗透势、渗透调节能力和根冠淀粉的水解状况。结果表明,随着渗透胁迫程度的加重,抗旱性强的小麦品种昌乐5号和北农2号根系渗透势和饱和渗透势的降低程度大于抗旱性弱的小麦品种鲁麦5号和921842,并且抗旱性强的小麦品种根系的渗透调节能力大于抗旱性弱的小麦品种。随着渗透胁迫程度的加重．各品种小麦根冠淀粉粒均有不同程度的减少。而抗旱性强的品种根冠淀粉粒的减少程度小于抗旱性弱的品种;抗旱性强的小麦品种根系淀粉酶活性显著高于抗旱性弱的小麦品种,但是,随着渗透胁迫程度的加重,抗旱性弱的品种淀粉酶活性增加的幅度远高于抗旱性强的品种。可溶性糖含量的变化趋势与淀粉酶活性的变化趋势一致．即渗透胁迫下根冠淀粉水解程度大的小麦品种,可溶性糖的含量高。但根冠淀粉水解在根系的渗透调节以及在小麦适应水分胁迫中的作用还有待于进一步探讨。     

小麦叶片光合作用与其渗透调节能力的关系

在缓慢干旱条件下,小麦叶片渗透调节能力在一定范围内随胁迫程度的加剧而增加,而在快速干旱下,渗透调节能力丧失。小麦叶片通过渗透调节使光合速率和气孔导度对水分胁迫的敏感性降低,叶片维持较高的电子传递能力、RuBP羧化酶活性和叶绿体光合能量转换系统活性,并推迟了小麦叶片光合速率受气孔因素限制向叶肉细胞光合活性限制转变的时间。     

Osmolyte accumulation: can it really help increase crop yield under drought conditions?

Osmolyte accumulation (OA) is frequently cited as a key putative mechanism for increasing yields of crops subjected to drought conditions. The hypothesis is that OA results in a number of benefits that sustain cell and tissue activity under water-deficit conditions. It has been proposed as an effective tolerance mechanism for water deficits, which could be enhanced in crops by traditional plant breeding, marker-assisted selection or genetic engineering, to generate drought-tolerant crops. However, field studies examining the association between OA and crop yield have tended to show no consistent benefit. The few, often-cited, investigations with positive associations were obtained under severe water deficits with extremely low yields or conditions with special water-supply scenarios when much of the benefit is plant survival. Under conditions where water deficits threaten crop survival, yields are so low that even large fractional yield gains offer little practical benefit to growers. Indeed, the often-cited benefit of turgor maintenance in cells is likely to result in crop behaviour that is exactly opposite to what is beneficial to crops. The one clear mechanism identified in this review for beneficial yield responses to OA is in the maintenance of root development in order to reach water that may be available deeper in the soil profile.     

模拟海平面上升对海滨木槿渗透调节的影响

通过模拟海平面上升对海滨木槿主要渗透调节物质可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和淀粉的影响发现,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白均随水淹时间的延长呈现先升高后下降的变化,且变化较一致。而淀粉则呈先升高后下降再升高的N型曲线变化。另外通过对各个处理的分析比较发现,海滨木槿在海水淹浸35 cm·d^-1和6 h·d^-1环境下在渗透调节水平上仍然表现出较强的抗性。研究发现海滨木槿水淹胁迫程度较小的情况下可溶性糖与可溶性蛋白含量呈显著正相关,可溶性糖与淀粉呈显著负相关,说明海滨木槿在一定程度的水淹胁迫下主要渗透调节物质具有协同性,且水淹第21 d后存在可溶性糖向淀粉转化的可能。     

Effects of water stress on internal water relations of apple leaves

The capacity of apple ( Malus pumila Mill. cv. James Grieve and Golden Delicious) pot- and orchard-grown trees to adjust osmotically in response to drought was investigated. Stressed leaves exhibited alterations in the moisture release curves when compared to well hydrated control leaves. Results suggest that osmotic adjustment occurred in both field- and pot-grown trees. Water potential for zero turgor was lowered by 0.5 MPa in leaves of potted trees and by 1.1 MPa in leaves of field-grown trees as a result of stress treatments. A decrease in the osmotic potential was responsible for that adjustment allowing the leaf to maintain turgor at lower water potentials and relative water contents. The extent of adjustment was similar for both potted and orchard trees despite the difference in the rate of stress imposition and its intensity. Changes in the concentration of sugars apparently contributed to this adjustment.     

Leaf water relations during summer water deficit: differential responses in turgor maintenance and variation in leaf structure among different plant communities in south-western Australia

We measured leaf water relations and leaf structural traits of 20 species from three communities growing along a topographical gradient. Our aim was to assess variation in seasonal responses in leaf water status and leaf tissue physiology between sites and among species in response to summer water deficit. Species from a ridge-top heath community showed the greatest reductions in pre-dawn leaf water potentials (Psi(leaf)) and stomatal conductance during summer; species from a valley-floor woodland and a midslope mallee community showed less reductions in these parameters. Heath species also displayed greater seasonal reduction in turgor-loss point (Psi(TLP)) than species from woodland or mallee communities. In general, species that had larger reductions in Psi(leaf) during summer showed significant shifts in either their osmotic potential at full turgor (Psi(pi 100); osmotic adjustment) or in tissue elasticity (epsilon(max)). Psi(pi 100) and epsilon(max) were negatively correlated, during both spring and summer, suggesting a trade-off between these different mechanisms to cope with water stress. Specific leaf area varied greatly among species, and was significantly correlated with seasonal changes in Psi(TLP) and pre-dawn Psi(leaf). These correlations suggest that leaf structure is a prerequisite for cellular mechanisms to be effective in adjusting to water deficit.     

西鄂尔多斯地区强旱生小灌木的水分参数

应用PV技术研究了西鄂尔多斯地区绵刺、红沙、四合木和霸王柴4种超旱生灌木的水分关系参数膨压(ψ_P)、细胞弹性模量(ε)、细胞体积比(RCV)及其相互关系.结果表明：在4种荒漠旱生灌木中,红沙保持最大膨压的能力最强(a=2.4593).不同荒漠旱生灌木保持膨压的方式不同：绵刺通过弹性调节保持膨压(ε_max=8.4005 MPa);红沙通过渗透调节来保持膨压(ψ_π100=-3.1302 MPa;ψ₀=-3.5074 MPa);四合木通过渗透调节和弹性调节的协同作用来维持膨压;霸王柴通过渗透调节来保持膨压,而弹性调节能力较弱.绵刺具有柔软而高弹性的细胞壁,是构成其根茎系统快速吸收和传导水分能力的因素之一.四合木具有较柔软而高弹性的细胞壁且ψ_P的变化随RCV减小而趋于缓慢,说明四合木具有较强的持水能力和抗脱水能力.     

不同品种油橄榄离体叶片对渗透胁迫的生理响应及其抗旱机制

以油橄榄3个主栽品种(‘戈达尔’、‘城固32’、‘弗奥’)离体叶片为研究对象,在实验室条件下考察了30%PEG溶液模拟渗透胁迫对叶片相关生理生化指标的影响,探讨不同品种间的响应差异及其生理机制。结果显示:(1)随着渗透胁迫时间的延长,各油橄榄品种离体叶片含水量和叶绿素含量呈下降趋势,相对电导率和MDA含量大幅度升高,即渗透胁迫造成了油橄榄离体叶片水分状况恶化、叶绿素分解、脂质过氧化和细胞膜损伤程度加重;同时,3个品种油橄榄叶片的束缚水与自由水相对含量、超氧阴离子产生速率、SOD活性及渗透调节物质含量表现出升高的趋势。(2)品种间相比较,随着胁迫时间的延长,‘城固32’叶片脂质过氧化产物MDA含量相对较低、细胞膜损伤较小,‘戈达尔’的表现则相反,‘弗奥’介于二者之间;同期各品种间叶片束缚水与自由水相对含量、超氧阴离子产生速率、SOD活性及渗透调节物质含量的变化表现相似。研究表明,3个油橄榄主栽品种中‘城固32’对30%PEG溶液渗透胁迫的抗性最强,‘弗奥’次之,‘戈达尔’最差;在30%PEG溶液渗透胁迫下,‘城固32’叶片具有较高的束缚水与自由水含量比值、较低的超氧阴离子产生速率、较高的SOD活性及较高渗透调节物质含量,这在一定程度上保证其叶片具有较强的抗脱水能力、抗氧化能力和渗透调节能力,从而在整体上表现出对渗透胁迫的较强抗性。     

The compatibility of osmotica in cyanobacteria

Abstract. The solutes accumulated by cyanobacteria in response to hyper-osmotic stress include Na⁺, K⁺, sucrose, trehalose, glucosyl-glycerol, glyeine betaine and glutamate betaine. The compatibility of several of these solutes with glutamine synthetase activity has been examined using cell-free extracts from a range of freshwater, marine and halotolerant cyanobacteria. All of the solutes tested were compatible with (i.e. non-inhibitory to) enzymic activity at physiological concentrations and the results demonstrate a rank order of compatibility which correlates with the concentrations at which the organic solutes occur in cyanobacteria, i.e. glycine betaine > polyol-derivatives > disaccharides and with the upper salinity limit for growth. The protection against inhibition by NaCl (halo-protection) afforded by these solutes to enzymic activity was also examined. Only glycine betaine was found to exert a significant halo-protective effect and this may be explained by differences in the mechanism of compatible solute function between small charged molecules and sugars/polyols.     

土壤干旱下不同抗旱性小麦品种的渗透调节和渗透调节物质

在土壤干旱下抗旱性强的小麦品种的渗透调节能力大于抗旱性弱的品种。土壤缓慢干旱时,几种主要渗透调节物质增加的先后次序为:Pro,K~ ,然后是可溶性糖和其他游离氨基酸,后两者几乎平行增加、在土壤干旱下的渗透调节物质中,有机溶质为可溶性糖、其他游离氨基酸、Pro和Mal;无机离子为K~ ,Ca~(2 ),Mg~(2 )等。对渗透调节的相对贡献率为:K~ >可溶性糖>其他游离氨基酸>Ca~(2 )>Mg~(2 )>Pro。六种物质总和对渗透调节的相对贡献率为:轻度干旱56％～70％;中度干旱70％～79％;严重干旱79％～88％。