类固醇生成因子-1在青春期小鼠睾丸中的表达

类固醇生成因子-1在青春期小鼠睾丸中的表达@祝辉$南京医科大学生殖医学江苏省重点实验室!　中国 南京210029 @周作民$南京医科大学生殖医学江苏省重点实验室!　中国 南京210029 @沙家豪$南京医科大学生殖医学江苏省重点实验室!　中国 南京210029 @王雁玲$中国科学院动物研究所计划生殖生物学国家重点实验室!　中国北京100080 @朴允尚$中国科学院动物研究所计划生殖生物学国家重点实验室!　中国北京100080     

人肌原纤维生成调节因子-1的研究进展

人肌原纤维生成调节因子-1(myofibrillogenesis regulator 1, MR-1)是一个新近报道的人类功能基因,定位于2q35,mRNA全长755bp,编码一段142个氨基酸组成的蛋白质,在心肌、骨骼肌、肾和肝中高表达.该基因与稍迟报道的发作性非运动源性运动障碍(paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia, PNKD)基因三条转录剪接异构体中最短的PNKD-3在定位和序列上几乎完全一致.较长的剪接异构体MR-1L(PNKD-1)只在中枢神经系统中特异性表达,位于该亚型1号外显子上的碱基突变是导致PNKD的直接原因;MR-1S(PNKD-3)则被发现参与了心肌肥大的发生,其机制可能与调节肌肉收缩相关装置有关.     

二甲基苯并蒽对肺肿瘤细胞P1-450基因表达的调节

人肺肿瘤细胞(ChaGo)经二甲基苯并蒽(DMBA)处理,刺激了p 1-450基因的高水平表达,用亚致死剂量内的DMBA 处理细胞,检出了p 1-450基因的mRNA 水平随DMBA浓度和处理时间而增加;p 1-450基因的主要编码区和3’末端区“—CCGG—”序列的甲基化型式不受DMBA 处理的影响,但DMBA 处理细胞影响到基因5’末端和侧翼区的“—CC-GG—”中“—C—”残基的位点特异的低甲基化效应,这种低甲基化效应,可能关系到p 1-450基因的异常高水平表达,也可能同时存在着别的分子调节机制。     

Gonadal structure and P450scc and 3β-HSD immunoreactivity in the gobiid fish Trimma okinawae during bidirectional sex change

The process of sex change in the gobiid fish Trimma okinawae was investigated by gonad histology and immunohistochemistry of two steroidogenic enzymes, P450 cholesterol-side-chain-cleavage (P450scc) and 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HSD). Irrespective of sexual phase, gonads comprised both ovarian and testicular tissues. Females changed sex to male within 7 days, reverting again to female over an 11-day period. In each sexual phase of the females, the 2nd (2DF-M) and 4th (4DF-M) day after the initiation of sex change to male, the males, and 2nd (2DM-F), 4th (4DM-F), and 6th (6DM-F) days after the initiation of reversion from male to female, histological observations were made. In the ovary during the female, 2DF-M, 4DF-M, and 6DM-F phases, both vitellogenic and previtellogenic oocytes were present, but only previtellogenic oocytes were found in the other phases. The testis contained sperm in all phases, but sperm ducts were not visible in the female phase. In the ovary, P450scc immunoreactivity of interstitial cells was strongly or moderately detected, although weak in the male phase. In contrast, P450scc immunoreactivity in thecal cells was found in all but the male and 2DM-F phases. 3-HSD immunoreactive interstitial cells were detected in all phases, but only weakly so in the male and 2DM-F phases. 3-HSD immunoreactive thecal cells were observed in all stages without the male and 2DM-F and 4DM-F phases. In the testis, moderate P450scc and 3-HSD immunoreactivity was regularly found in the Leydig cells in all the phases. These results suggest that functional steroids including testosterone are produced in any sexual phases.     

3β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶在甾体激素生成组织中的功能

3β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶(3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase,3β-HSD)是一类依赖于NAD+/NADP+接受质子的氧化还原酶。在胆固醇转化为类固醇激素中起限速酶作用,在体内广泛分布。3β-HSD催化环戊烷并多氢菲结构3号位CH-OH转化为C=O,是参与肾上腺糖皮质激素合成中唯一非细胞色素P450家族中的酶;3β-HSD催化孕烯醇酮生成孕酮、17α-羟孕烯醇酮转化为17α-羟孕酮、雄烯二醇生成睾酮等多步化学反应。3β-HSD通过参与细胞内甾体激素生成,进而在生殖系统中发挥功能。此外,3β-HSD在脑、脂肪组织中也有较强表达,本文就3β-HSD在甾体激素生成组织中的功能及其临床意义进行总结。     

二甲基苯并蒽对肺肿瘤细胞P1—450基因表达的调节

Dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) stimulates expression of P1-450 gene in human lung tumor cells (ChaGo). A concentration and time-dependent increase in the level of P1-450 specific mRNA sequences has been observed in ChaGo cells treated with sublethal concentrations of DMBA. The methylation pattern of "-CCGG-" sequence of most of the coding region and of the 3' end of P1-450 gene is not affected by such DMBA treatment; DMBA-treatment of the cell induces hypomethylation of only the 5' end "-CCGG-" sequences of the gene. These results demonstrate that DMBA-treatment of ChaGo cells induced increased expression of gene can be correlated to the increased degree of site specific hypomethylation of the internal "-C-" residues of the "-CCGG-" sequences located at the 5' end of the P1-450 gene. However, it is also possible to have other molecular mechanism of regulation.     

Expression of 3β-HSD1 and P450 Aromatase enzymes during mouse gonad differentiation

In sheep embryos, steroidogenic activity has been reported as taking place during the period of sexual differentiation. In the case of mouse embryos, the sporadic detection or absence of steroidogenic enzymes suggests that the ovary is inactive. The purpose of this work was to establish if mouse undifferentiated gonads express steroidogenic enzymes in a similar way as in sheep embryos. To know this, we analyzed the mRNA expression pattern of 3β-Hsd1 and P450arom as well as protein expression pattern of 3β-HSD1 and Testosterone in normal undifferentiated and differentiated gonads from both male and female mice embryo. Our data indicate that there is expression of 3β-Hsd1 in XX gonads during gonad differentiation period. Nevertheless the Testosterone which would indicate steroidogenic activity is not produced. Besides, the absence of P450arom indicates that the production of Estradiol as observed in the ovaries of sheep does not occur. The detection of 3β-Hsd1 in the early stages of ovarian development, as well as the absence of Testosterone suggests that XX gonads are not steroidogenic and that 3β-Hsd1 enzyme may play a different role than in the steroidogenesis process.     

细胞色素P450诱导剂对Gibberella intermedia CA3-1双羟化去氢表雄酮的影响

3β,7α,15α-三羟基雄甾-5-烯-17-酮(7α,15α-diOH-DHEA)是女用口服避孕药"优思明"主要成分屈螺酮的关键中间体。为了提高目的产物7α,15α-diOH-DHEA的摩尔得率,研究不同细胞色素P450酶(CYP450)诱导剂对Gibberella intermedia CA3-1转化去氢表雄酮(DHEA)生成7α,15α-diOH-DHEA生物转化过程的影响。结果发现:己烷、DHEA和苯可以显著提高7α,15α-diOH-DHEA的摩尔得率,其中苯是最佳诱导剂。在以上工作基础上,建立了如下的诱导过程:将进入对数生长期(接种后24 h)的种子液以10%的接种量接种到新鲜的转化培养基中,转化12 h后添加体积分数0.8%的苯进行诱导,然后在对数生长期结束时(转化24 h)将8 g/L的底物加入转化培养基进行转化。采用以上诱导条件,在5 L发酵罐中进行了生物转化。与不添加苯的工艺相比,CYP450的浓度提高了43%,7α,15α-diOH-DHEA的摩尔产率提高到68.7%±1.37%,同时转化周期缩短了8 h,这为7α,15α-diOH-DHEA的工业化生产奠定基础。     

催化吲哚生成靛蓝的细胞色素P450BM-3 定向进化研究

以催化吲哚产生的靛蓝在 630 nm 处具有特殊的吸收峰为高通量筛选指标,将来源于 Bacillus megaterium 的细胞色素 P450BM-3 单加氧酶的基因序列用易错聚合酶链式反应进行定向进化,通过多轮突变,在原有的能产靛蓝的高活力突变酶的基础上成功获得了三个高于亲本酶的突变酶,突变酶的酶活分别是亲本酶的 6.6 倍 (hml001) , 9.6 倍 (hml002) 和 5.3 倍 (hml003) ,并对突变酶的动力学参数进行了分析 . 突变酶 DNA 测序的结果表明, hml001 含有一个有义氨基酸置换 I39V , hml002 含有三个有义氨基酸置换 D168N , A225V , K440N , hml003 含有一个有义氨基酸置换 E435D ,这些突变位点有些远离底物结合部位,有些位于底物结合部位 .     

Regio- and stereo-selective 1β-hydroxylation of lithocholic acid by cytochrome P450 BM3 mutants

Regio- and stereo-selective hydroxylation of bile acids is a valuable reaction but often lacks suitable catalysts. In the research, semi-rational design in protein engineering techniques had been applied on cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP102A1 (P450 BM3) from Bacillus megaterium, and a mutation library had been set up for the 1β-hydroxylation of lithocholic acid (LCA) to produce 1β-OH-LCA. After four rounds of mutagenesis, a key residue at W72 was identified to regulate the regio- and stereo-selectivity at C1 of LCA. A quadruple variant (G87A/W72T/A74L/L181M) was identified to reach 99.4% selectivity of 1β-hydroxylation and substrate conversion of 68.1% resulting in a 21.5-fold higher level of 1β-OH-LCA production than the template LG-23. Molecular docking indicated that introducing hydrogen bonds at W72 was responsible for enhancing selectivity and catalytic activity, which gave some insights into the structure-based understanding of Csp³-H activation by the developed P450 BM3 mutants.     

干扰素调节因子-3的分子结构和磷酸化

干扰素调节因子3(IRF-3)是一种转录因子,它能对干扰素(IFN)的基因表达进行调控。它的激活是通过一系列位点的磷酸化来完成。近年来,人们对IRF-3的磷酸化调节进行了大量的研究,本文就以上研究进展作一综述。     

精索静脉曲张对青春期大鼠睾丸中VEGF和Flt-1蛋白表达的影响

目的研究血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)及其受体Flt-1蛋白在实验性左侧精索静脉曲张(ELV)大鼠睾丸中的表达和定位,探讨它们在精索静脉曲张(VC)致男性不育中的作用。方法建立青春期大鼠ELV模型,采用免疫组化法检测VEGF及Flt-1在ELV4周、8周组及相应对照组大鼠睾丸中的表达变化。结果 VEGF和Flt-1蛋白在大鼠睾丸中定位具有细胞特异性。VEGF蛋白表达于生精细胞、精子细胞发育中的顶体、Sertoli和Leydig细胞胞质内;Flt-1表达于精子细胞发育中的顶体及Leydig细胞胞质中。ELV4周组睾丸中VEGF蛋白的表达显著增加(P<0.01),8周时其表达量下降(P<0.01);ELV4周组与8周组睾丸中Flt-1蛋白的表达均比相应对照组下降(P<0.01),ELV8周组比4周组显著减少(P<0.01)。结论 ELV可影响青春期大鼠睾丸中VEGF和Flt-1蛋白的表达量,可能会影响精子的发生、发育,因而该变化可能是VC引起男性不育的原因之一。     

绿盲蝽P450基因的克隆及增效醚对P450酶活性的抑制作用

为探讨P450介导的绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)抗药性机制,合理使用杀虫药剂,本研究通过活体和离体抑制实验发现,增效醚(PBO)对绿盲蝽P450酶活性有显著的抑制作用:在处理时长为24h时,P450酶活性由未处理时的12.02pmol/min/mgPro.下降至1.63pmol/min/mgPro.,PBO对P450酶的抑制中浓度为0.256mmol/L。生物测定结果表明,PBO对三氟氯氰菊酯具有显著增效作用,增效7.2倍,而对吡虫啉、灭多威、马拉硫磷无显著增效作用。利用RT-PCR及RACE技术对绿盲蝽P450基因进行克隆,获得了2条CYP4家族基因,全长均为1631bp,含有完整的开放阅读框,编码501个氨基酸;序列比对表明这是一对等位基因,含有CYP4家族所有保守特征序列;同源性比较及系统发育分析显示这2个基因编码的氨基酸序列与褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens CYP4CE1亲缘关系最近,同源性分别为41.5%和41.1%。     

酪氨酸对未成年大鼠卵巢Δ~5-3β-羟类固醇脱氢酶活性的影响

利用PMSG(妊娠母马血清促性腺激素)及HCG(人羢膜促性腺激素)处理的未成年大鼠卵巢匀浆,通过测定Δ~5-3β-羟类固醇脱氢酶(HSD)活性,研究了酪氨酸影响孕酮的代谢机理。结果表明,同一浓度的酪氨酸(60微克/毫升)加到排卵后不同时间(12—72小时)的卵巢匀浆中,Δ~5-3β-HSD活性增加,并随着时间延长有逐渐增加的趋势。酪氨酸组同对照组间差异非常显著(P<0.001),不同浓度的酪氨酸(30—160微克/毫升)加到排卵后同一时间(24小时)的卵巢匀浆,也能提高Δ~5-3β-HSD活性,酪氨酸组与对照组间差异非常显著(P<0.001)。     

缺氧诱导因子-1和缺氧诱导因子-2：结构、功能及调节

缺氧诱导因子-1（HIF-1）和缺氧诱导因子-2（HIF-2）是细胞应对缺氧时关键的转录因子,在生物体生理及病理过程中有重要的作用。HIF由一个α亚基和一个β亚基组成二聚体。在蛋白水平上,HIF的稳定性及转录活性受到多种机制的调控,除为人所熟知的O2/PHDs/pVHL降解途径及FIH-1羟基化作用外,分别针对HIF-1α和HIF-2α的特异性调控机制也相继被报道。从HIF-1α和HIF-2α的蛋白结构、稳定性调控、转录激活功能以及两者在细胞代谢、肿瘤发生中的作用等方面对两者的相似性和差异性进行综述。     

雌激素对β-淀粉样蛋白生成及降解的影响

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是一种神经系统退行性疾病,其临床表现主要为进行性认知能力减退、学习和记忆能力障碍等。目前广泛认同AD发病的核心机制是β-淀粉样蛋白(β-amyloid peptide,Aβ)沉积。流行病学研究表明,女性AD患者数量上升,可能与女性绝经后雌激素水平降低有关。本文综述了雌激素对Aβ生成和降解的影响,以期为AD治疗提供新的靶点。     

阿尔茨海默病中蛋白质相互作用对β-分泌酶的调节机制

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)是一种慢性神经退行性疾病,目前尚无有效的治疗方案。AD发病机制十分复杂,学说众多,目前较为公认的仍然是淀粉样蛋白级联假说。该学说认为,淀粉样斑块在脑组织的沉积是AD发病的关键病理机制。β-分泌酶(β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1, BACE1)是淀粉样前体蛋白(amyloid precursor protein, APP)淀粉样降解途径中的限速酶,其降解产物β-淀粉样蛋白(β-amyloid protein, Aβ)是淀粉样斑块(amyloid plaques)的主要成分。AD患者大脑BACE1浓度和活性增加,是引起AD的重要因素。因此,探究BACE1生成及活性调节的影响因素不仅对于理解AD的发病机制至关重要,而且对于开发AD的新治疗靶点也有重要意义。蛋白质之间的相互作用在蛋白质参与的各种生物学过程中发挥着重要的作用,因而被广泛研究。BACE1的相互作用蛋白质可以通过直接结合、间接结合和参与各种细胞信号转导通路等方式直接或间接地在BACE1的转录、翻译、修饰与胞内运输等各个环节对BACE1进行调节,从...     

花生四烯酸细胞色素P450表氧化酶对凋亡内皮细胞Bc1-2表达、Caspase-3及MAPK活性的影响

花生四烯酸经细胞色素P450表氧化酶代谢产生的内皮来源超极化因子(EDHF)[表氧化二十烷烯酸(EETs)]对内皮细胞具有保护作用.研究了转染细胞色素P450表氧化酶基因CYPBM3·F87V、CYP2C110R及CYP2J2产生内源性EETs,通过检测内皮细胞中Bc1-2表达、caspase-3的活性及MAPK磷酸化水平探讨内源性EDHF的内皮细胞保护效应及其抗TNF-α诱导内皮细胞凋亡的作用机制.原代培养的牛主动脉血管内皮细胞转染CYP450表氧化酶基因24h后,加入TNF-α作用一定时间诱导内皮细胞凋亡,用Western印迹方法检测Bcl-2的表达,MAPK磷酸化水平,同时测定caspase-3的活性.结果显示转染表氧化酶基因能抑制TNF-α诱导的时间依赖性Bcl-2下调,抑制Caspase-3的激活.TNF-α使细胞内磷酸化MAPK水平呈时间依赖性减低,转染表氧化酶基因后细胞内的磷酸化MAPK水平较对照组升高.因此,转染表氧化酶基因CYPBM3·F87V、CYP2C11OR以及CYP2J2使内皮细胞产生内源性EETs(EDHF)通过激活MAPK(ERK1/2)途径,抑制抗凋亡基因Bcl-2的降解,抑制caspase-3的激活,从而抑制TNF-α诱导的内皮细胞凋亡,因而具有内皮保护效应.