克氏原螯虾

从形态、习性、繁殖和幼体发育等7个方面介绍了克氏原螯虾的生物学特性,指出它对人类有益的方面,以及对水利、农业、淡水养殖业的危害及其可能造成食用者食物中毒的不利方面。     

罗氏沼虾与克氏原螯虾血细胞的比较研究

对罗氏沼虾与克氏原螫虾血细胞的分类与组成进行了染色观察比较研究。根据染色后光镜下血细胞的核质比、颗粒的大小和数量等来对血细胞进行分类,罗氏沼虾与克氏原螯虾的血细胞均可分为透明细胞、半颗粒细胞和颗粒细胞三类;其血细胞浓度分别为1.02±0.21×10⁷ Ind·ml^-1和0.85±0.15×10⁷Ind·ml^-1。2种虾血细胞的颗粒形态存在显著差异;透明细胞、半颗粒细胞和颗粒细胞占血细胞总量的百分比在罗氏沼虾为21.3±6.3%,45.7±2.5%,33.0±6.8%:在克氏原螯虾为12.0±5.8%、49.5±5.1%和38.5±9.5%。     

克氏原螯虾幼体发育的初步研究

在实验条件下观察了克氏原螯虾的幼体发育。详细描述了第一至第三龄幼体发育的形态特征。     

外来种克氏原螯虾的危害及其防治

克氏原螯虾作为外来入侵种,已经对其所入侵的栖息地土著动物、植被、土壤结构等生态环境构成了严重威胁。针对我国一些拟引入养殖或正在大面积推广养殖该螯虾的现状,提出防治该物种的一些探索性对策,对拟将引种的地区,必须持慎重态度,进行生态安全评估,制定预警措施     

武汉地区克氏原螯虾繁殖期的研究

为探究武汉地区克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)繁殖期的问题,采用石蜡切片的方法,对武汉地区自然群体中克氏原螯虾雌雄成体的生殖腺进行了周年观察研究。结果表明,武汉地区成年克氏原螯虾的卵母细胞发育不同步,在4~5月以及9~10月的卵巢中都有大量成熟期的卵子,同时也含有少量卵黄发生前期或初期的卵母细胞。6~7月和11月都可见产后恢复期的卵巢,内含少量未产出的正在退化的过熟卵和一些卵黄发生前期或初期的卵母细胞。精巢发育的年周期变化没有卵巢变化的那么明显,但也可以看到,在4~6月和9~10月,含精子细胞和精子的精小管的比例大大增加,而在其他时期,含精原细胞和精母细胞的精小管比例较多。这些结果提示,武汉地区克氏原螯虾一年有两个繁殖高峰期,一个在4~5月,另一个在9~10月。     

克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)血细胞染色方法的研究

甲壳类血细胞的形态和分类是甲壳类免疫学研究的基础.本文选择三种甲壳类血细胞的常用染料:瑞氏染液、姬姆萨染液和瑞氏-姬姆萨混合染液,研究它们对于克氏原螯虾血细胞的染色效果.通过改变染色时间、染色温度、分色方式以及分色时间等染色条件,观察、比较不同染色条件下血细胞内的颗粒、细胞核和细胞质的着色情况,以及细胞整体轮廓清晰程度,确定适用于克氏原螯虾血细胞染色的理想染色方法,并建立相应的操作程序.     

克氏原螯虾的入侵生态学研究进展

克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)原产于美国南部和墨西哥北部,是一个著名入侵物种,作为一种水产经济资源物种在世界各地扩散。克氏原螯虾抗逆性强,所具有的广泛生境适应性、生长迅速、高生殖率等特点使它们迅速建立野生种群。近10余年的研究认为,克氏原螯虾通过捕食和资源竞争等机制严重威胁引入地的水生植物、无脊椎动物、两栖类等的生存,显著降低引入地的生物多样性。当前,由于克氏原螯虾的经济价值高,它会借助于人力的作用而继续扩散。为认清和减少克氏原螯虾对引入地的生态影响,应加强以下方面的研究:1)在中国开展克氏原螯虾的生态危害的调查和研究;2)克氏原螯虾种群调节和控制对策研究;3)被入侵地的生态恢复工作。     

克氏原螯虾洞穴的生态特征及其对水利工程安全影响的初步研究

在分类学上,克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkia(Girard))隶属于节肢动物门,甲壳纲,十足目,爬行亚目,螯虾科,原螯虾属[1]。克氏原螯虾为外来物种,原产于北美洲,主要分布在美国南部和墨西哥北部,1930年引入日本,约在20世纪40年代由日本引入我国南京[2],由于食性广、繁殖快、生长迅速、适应性强,现在已成为分布于长江中下游地区一些水域虾类资源的优势种群。克氏原螯虾具有掘洞的习性,洞穴在其生活史中是重要的环境要素,因此人们一直担心其对江河大堤和水库大坝会造成危害[3]。国外对克氏原螯虾的穴居行为以及对农田的危害作过一些研究[4—6],但国内类似的研究以及有关克氏原螯虾对水利工程影响的研究尚属空白。作者就克氏原螯虾掘洞生态习性及其对堤坝工程安全影响开展了初步研究,以期为有关部门采取有效措施来降低其不利影响和根除隐患,确保水利工程的安全提供一些科学的决策依据。1材料与方法1·1研究区域研究区域为长江中下游地区的湖南、湖北、江西、安徽、江苏和上海五省一市,该区域克氏原螯虾种群分布较多,洪水发生频率较高。研究水体为江河、湖泊、水库、塘堰和沟渠,重点研究长江干流荆江段、鄱阳湖、洞庭湖、三湖连江水库...     

克氏原螯虾用芽孢杆菌的特性及其安全性评价

为评估克氏原螯虾用产芽孢益生菌的特性和安全,本研究从市售益生菌产品中分离到19株芽孢杆菌属成员.通过测定抗菌活性、产纤维素酶活性、温度对生长影响来评价其益生菌的特性;通过测定芽孢对高温、低pH、胆汁酸盐的耐受、自聚集性和表面疏水性等评价其稳定性;通过溶血活性、抗生素敏感性、小鼠攻毒试验、克氏原螯虾饲养试验等评价其安全性.以抗菌和产纤维素酶活性、低温(15℃)生长快和无溶血活性这四项指标为标准进行筛选,结果表明:只有3株芽孢杆菌(B8,B20,B27)可成为益生菌候选株.在15℃低温时生长迅速、抗菌和产纤维素酶活性高的2株解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B14和B40)有溶血活性,能引起克氏原螯虾的肠炎,并导致肠道菌群中气单胞菌丰度显著上升.因此,在克氏原螯虾用芽孢杆菌益生菌的选择中,不仅要关注益生功能,更要考虑其安全性.本研究结果为芽孢杆菌在动物保护产品中科学评价和合理使用提供参考.     

软壳克氏原螯虾在我国开发利用的前景

克氏原螫虾自本世纪30年代从日本引种到我国以来,种群发展很快,并成为我国自然水体的一个种1-3.特别是近十几年来,该螫虾已遍布我国南北,在某些地区已形成优势种群,成为我国重要的水产资源4-5.然而,我国对克氏原螫虾的开发与利用没有引起足够的重视,迄今为止没有把克氏原贷虾资源当作渔业资源看待,我国各地水产部门没有把它列为水产品进行统计,因此,从官方统计数据中查不到我国到底每年生产多少吨克氏原螫虾,资源量有多大。在某些地方,由于它喜欢掘洞以及可食部分低等原因,把它当作敌害生物而加以清除,甚至不敢把它当作肥料而加以利用。       

Eleven polymorphic microsatellites isolated from red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii

Eleven microsatellites were isolated from a genomic DNA library enriched for CA- and GA-repeats, and were characterized in 48 individuals of red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii. All 11 microsatellites were polymorphic with an average of allele number of 6.6 per locus. Genotypic distributions of these 11 markers were found to be in conformance with the expectations of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. All 11 markers were unlinked. These markers are being used to study the invasion routine, genetic diversity and population structure of the species P. clarkii.     

Methyl farnesoate controls adult male morphogenesis in the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii

Adult male crayfish Procambarus clarkii exist in two morphotypes. They continue to molt as adults, switching between Form Is and Form IIs. Form Is are primary reproductive types, with large chelae and spines on the ischiopodites of the third and fourth pair of walking legs. Form IIs are non-reproductive types with smaller chelae and no spines on the ischiopodites. We investigated the hormonal control of these transitions in two ways, by eyestalk ablation and by methyl farnesoate (MF) treatments. Eyestalk ablation accelerates molting and increases MF levels in the blood. MF is a hormone that regulates both reproduction and morphogenesis. MF concentrations were determined in two ways. The hemolymph samples were extracted first, then purified, using normal phase HPLC. The fractions containing MF were collected and analyzed for MF concentration, utilizing both internal and external standards by GC/MS. The other hemolymph samples were analyzed from individual animals by HPLC. The concentrations of ecdysteroids were determined by radioimmunoassay. In the control animals, 4 out of 4 untreated Form I males molted into Form II, while 6 out of 7 Form IIs molted into Form Is. Eight of 8 ablated Form Is molted into Form IIs as expected, while 5 of 5 ablated Form IIs molted into Form IIs, instead of Form Is. MF treatment of intact animals resulted in 6 of 7 Form Is becoming Form IIs and 5 of 6 Form IIs becoming Form IIs. These results were highly significant in comparison of Form I and IIs in each treatment (eyestalk intact, eyestalk ablated and eyestalk intact with MF) by a chi square analysis, P = 0.006, P < 0.0005, and P = 0.013, respectively. MF premolt blood levels suggested that Form IIs were produced in the presence of 1.3 ng/ml MF, while Form Is result from MF levels less than 0.5 ng/ml. Since both eyestalk ablation and MF treatment resulted in the failure of Form IIs becoming Form Is, it was concluded that the control of morphogenesis of primary reproductives (Form Is) depends on a low level of MF prior to the molt, while Form IIs are formed in the presence of increased levels of MF.     

Assessing mate size in the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii: effects of visual versus chemical stimuli

1. Mate assessment requires an efficient system of information exchange between the sexes and often relies on several forms of communication. Both sexes of the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii , select a mate on the basis of its body size, independently of chelar size/symmetry and dominance status, large size being a proxy for a high quality partner. Here, we explored the effects that visual and chemical stimuli, emitted alone or in combination, exert on the assessment of size of a potential mate.
2. We followed a binary choice test paradigm, in which two male or female 'targets', of either large or small size, were simultaneously presented to a female or a male 'chooser'. We recorded the first target visited, the total duration of the visits per target, and the behaviour of the chooser when approaching the target area.
3. Our results show that females require a combination of visual and chemical stimuli to select the larger male. A more complex pattern was found when males were the choosers. While visual and chemical cues together rendered them willing to mate with the larger female, their initial choice and the total time spent near her depended only on smell. In mate assessment by P. clarkii , visual and chemical information seem to act as 'non-redundant signals'.     

Stimulation-induced changes at crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) neuromuscular terminals

Summary The fine structure of neuromuscular terminals of the single excitor axon was examined in the limb stretcher muscle of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii. A morphometric comparsion of the neuromuscular terminals of the left and right limbs of a control crayfish showed them to be similiar in qualitative as well as quantitative features. The excitor axon to the stretcher muscle of the right side was stimulated, by backfiring its branches in the adjacent opener muscle, at 20 Hz for 4–5 h per day over 4–5 days. The stretcher muscle on the left side was not stimulated and served as a control. Morphometric analysis of stimulated terminals revealed an increase in the number of dense bars and synaptic vesicles compared to their non-stimulated, contralateral counterparts. Since dense bars are regarded as active sites of transmitter release, changes in their number provide a morphological basis for synaptic plasticity.     

Invasion of the shelter snatchers: behavioural plasticity in invasive red swamp crayfish,Procambarus clarkii

1. In many freshwater systems, competition for shelter plays an important role in determining the persistence of both native and alien species. The red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, is currently invading the native habitat of the signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus, in southern Oregon, and interspecific competition for shelter may be driving the species replacement in this region. 2. We designed a 2 × 3 factorial mesocosm experiment, with shelter density and species combination as factors, to investigate shelter occupancy and resource competition. Contrary to our predictions, the two crayfish species are equal competitors for shelter. Further, the invasive P. clarkii modified its shelter occupancy behaviour in the presence of the native P. leniusculus and has broader microhabitat preferences. 3. Specifically, we found that P. clarkii alters shelter occupancy and space use patterns when the two species occurred together, such that shelter use was identical between P. clarkii and P. leniusculus in mixed‐species treatments. In such treatments, both species increased their use of shelters when shelter density increased. When P. clarkii was alone, however, individuals did not alter shelter use as a function of shelter density, whereas P. leniusculus exhibited similar density‐dependent behaviour in both mixed‐ and single‐species treatments. 4. In a complementary field survey, we employed an ‘epicentre‐based’ design to sample two field sites. We observed patterns of microhabitat use and breadth for each species similar to those in our mesocosm experiment: the invasive P. clarkii was more abundant across different habitats and used a broader range of microhabitats than the native P. leniusculus. As such, we found that P. clarkii was more abundant across both field sites than the P. leniusculus, occupying microhabitats within and beyond the preferred range of P. leniusculus. Both field sites were affected by urban development and agriculture. 5. The use of microhabitats by both species was similar in the laboratory and the field. This study confirms that P. clarkii individuals can, and do, successfully occupy microhabitats preferred by P. leniusculus in the Willamette Valley. The results from our study may be relevant to other freshwater systems inhabited by P. clarkii and contribute to the understanding of ‘niche opportunity’, a concept which defines the environmental conditions that promote biological invasions.     

Detoxification enzymes of freshwater crayfish Procambarus clarkii fed a diet enriched in selenium: Preliminary results

This study aimed at investigating the extent of accumulation of selenium in the hepatopancreas of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii and its effects on the enzymatic activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. Crayfish were fed for 15 days either a diet enriched in Se, ED (1.21 mg kg^-1) or a standard diet, SD (0.30 mg kg^-1). Results showed that Se accumulation is higher in the sample subject to ED rather than to SD. A sexual difference was found for the response of the analyzed enzymes in the ED sample only. Catalase activity and glutathione peroxidase activity decreased in females and males, respectively, whereas glutathione reductase activity showed significant reductions in both sexes. These preliminary data might provide information about prooxidant effects of Se on P. clarkii when fed a Se enriched diet.     

Influence of chemical and visual stimuli in food-search behaviour of Procambarus clarkii under clear conditions

Chemical communication may play a major role in aquatic environments because of visibility limitations, but when turbidity is reduced do chemical and visual stimuli interact to elicit food-search behaviour by Procambarus clarkii? Does P. clarkii use visual cues to detect its prey? We conducted behavioural experiments in a Y maze, under non-turbid conditions. In the experiments P. clarkii was exposed to chemical plus visual (CV) and visual only (V) stimuli transmitted by Chironomus riparius. The results revealed that P. clarkii detected CV and V cues associated with the presence of C. riparius. In controls, with no prey, crayfish displayed only searching behaviour, whereas in treatments they exhibited searching, detection and attack behaviours. Further, there were no significant differences between CV and V stimuli in the mean number of attacks performed by crayfish. Thus, our findings indicate that under low turbidity, visual cues are sufficient to mediate prey detection by P. clarkii.