杆孢赤壳属一新组合(英文)

长期以来,杆孢赤壳属被视为丛赤壳属的异名,最近才恢复其属级分类地位。臧氏丛赤壳在形态特征上与杆孢赤壳属的模式种Allantonectria miltina很相似,在子囊壳解剖结构、近圆柱形至柱棒状子囊、腊肠形子囊孢子等方面均表现出共性。二者间形态相似性得到了6个基因序列分析的支持,因而将臧氏丛赤壳转入杆孢赤壳属,建立新组合臧氏杆孢赤壳。     

Various aspects of comparative leaf anatomy of 2 Bromeliaceae (Aechema mexicana Baker and Hechtia glomerata Zucc)]

The leaf anatomy of two Bromeliaceae, Hechtia glomerata Zucc., a terrestrial xerophyte of arid zones, and Acehmea mexicana Baker, a tropical moist forest epiphyte, is compared; these species show adaptations to different extremes of adverse environmental conditions as to water uptake. The leaves of A. mexicana have more water storage tissue than those of H. glomerata; on the other hand, H. glomerata is capable of root absorption. In A. mexicana, modified nonfunctional stomata increase transpiration resistance. Also, this species shows more specialized foliar trichomes which permit the uptake of water and possibly of nutrients. The balance between transpiration and absorption rates is regulated in both species by the combined presence of peltate scales and stomata. The degree of adaptation to drought presented by epiphytic species is more complicated than that shown by terrestrial species. Epiphytic plants like A. mexicana may be derived from xerophytic species that have undergone readaptation to a humid climate. The conspicuous negative geotropism in the leaves of A. mexicana causes the formation of basal deposits of water, which play an important functional role in survival.     

Spectral sensitivity of mollies: comparing surface- and cave-dwelling Atlantic mollies, Poecilia mexicana

The visual pigments of cones and rods in three species of mollies, Poecilia mexicana , Poecilia latipinna and their asexual hybrid Poecilia formosa , were examined using microspectrophotometry. In P. mexicana , populations from extreme photic habitats were used: one population originated from a clear water habitat, one from a milky water habitat and another from a completely dark cave. Ultraviolet-sensitive cones were found in all species. Differences in the λ_max values of the visual pigments were small between species and among the three P. mexicana populations, but dark-reared cave fishes showed appreciably higher variance. The hybrid species P. formosa showed a highly variable long wavelength cone absorbance, ranging from 528·9 to 598·5 nm, suggesting multiple opsin expression or chromophore mixing.     

New foliicolous lichens from New Zealand 3

Podotara gen. nov. (incertae sedis) is described. It is based on the foliicolous taxonP. pilophoriformis sp.nov., which is described and illustrated. Characteristic of the new genus and species are globose and stipitate apothecia and 3-septate, hyaline, thin-walled ascospores with annular thickening of the septa.Scoliciosporum lividum sp. nov. (Scoliciosporaceae) differs from all species of its genus known to date by its leprose grey thallus, its livid, globose, dull apothecia, and its 3-septate ascosoores spirally contorted in the ascus.     

New foliicolous lichens from New Zealand 2

Two new species of foliicolous lichens from New Zealand are described and illustrated. The most characteristic trait ofDimerella flava sp. nov. (Gyalectaceae) is its pale yellow tubular pycnidia, which clothe the algal-containing thallus on the upper surface of leaves and sometimes also on thin twigs.Porinula setifera sp. nov. (incertae sedis) is closely related to the type species ofPorinula, P. tanzanica, but differs in having hyaline setae on its perithecia and mostly simple paraphysoids.     

Neonectria and Cylindrocarpon: the Nectria mammoidea group and species lacking microconidia

Neonectria (Hypocreales: Nectriaceae) species having Cylindrocarpon anamorphs that lack microconidia and chlamydospores include: Neo. discophora var. discophora, Neo. discophora var. rubi, stat nov. et comb. nov., Neo. lucida, comb. nov., Neo. viridispora, sp. nov. and Neo. westlandica, comb. nov. Perithecia of these species are red and perithecial anatomyis of the N. mammoidea type, with a palisade of hypha-like cells in the outer perithecial wall. These species occur on recently dead or dying trees. Perithecia of Neo. betulae, sp. nov and Neo. dumontii, sp. nov. are anatomically and biologically similar to those of Neo. discophora. The only known culture of Neo. betulae remained sterile, while Neo. dumontii has not been cultured; their anamorphs are presumed to be Cylindrocarpon. Analyses of mit ssu rDNA sequences indicate that Neonectria/Cylindrocarpon is monophyletic. Within the genus, species having N. mammoidea type perithecia are paraphyletic. Most species cluster with Neo. discophora, but Neo. westlandica and Neo. trachosa are basal to a clade that includes species that do not have a N. mammoidea-type perithecium. Nectria fuckeliana clusters independently of Neonectria and Nectria. Although reported to have a Cylindrocarpon anamorph, fresh ascospore isolates of N. fuckeliana did not produce Cylindrocarpon macroconidia but produced acremonium- or verticillium-like anamorphs. A key to nectriaceous species of Neonectria that have Cylindrocarpon anamorphs that lack microconidia and chlamydospores and/or that have a N. mammoidea type perithecial wall anatomy is presented. New combinations are proposed for other species formerly included in Nectria that have non-microconidial Cylindrocarpon anamorphs: Neonectria cinnamomea, Neo. jungneri, Neo. platycephala, Neo. phaeodisca and Neo. verrucospora.     

Taxonomic Studies in Foliicolous Species of the Genus Porina I. The Porina rufula Aggregate

An analysis of character variation in species of the Porina rufula aggregate, i.e. P. rufula (Kremp.) Vain., P. limbulata (Kremp.) Vain., P. rubentior (Stirt.) Müll. Arg., and P. pseudofulvella Sérus., showed that the hitherto applied concepts of species delimitation - based on perithecial size and colour - are not appropriate and should be replaced by a concept which primarily regards perithecial colour and shape as specific characters. Revision of type specimens proved the identity of P. rufula and P. pseudofulvella, whereas P. limbulata sensu Santesson had to be split into P. limbulata s. str. and P. leptospermoides Müll. Arg. Evolutionary tendencies are seen in reduction of thallus morphology and perithecial pigments as an adaptation to shady habitats, indicating P. leptospermoides as a more primitive and P. rufula as a more advanced taxon. Judging from species distribution, the phylogenetic origin of the P. rufula aggregate might be in the Neotropics.     

The genus Theissenia: T. pyrenocrata, T. cinerea sp. nov., and T. eurima sp. nov

The diagnosis of Theissenia is emended to include taxa that lack a definite central perithecial columella and taxa that feature ascospores with a germ slit. Theissenia cinerea is described as a new species that lacks a perithecial columella; T. eurima is described as a new species with ascospores having a germ slit. The type species, T. pyrenocrata, is redescribed and compared with the new species. The taxonomic position of Theissenia is discussed.     

Cytogenetics of bisexual/unisexual species of Poecilia. II. Analysis of heterochromatin and nucleolar organizer regions in Poecilia mexicana mexicana by C-banding and DAPI, quinacrine, chromomycin A3, and silver staining.

Chromosomes of Poecilia mexicana mexicana, one of the bisexual species involved in the hybrid origin of the unisexual teleost fish species P. formosa, were analyzed by several staining techniques. Sex-specific, differential heterochromatin, found in other congeneric species, was not observed in P. m. mexicana. Nucleolar organizer regions were polymorphic among individual specimens within a given population sample. A single specimen exhibiting intraindividual variability of chromosome pair 1 and a specimen with a triploid karyotype are also described.     

A Sexual Preference in the Amazon Molly, Poecilia formosa

The Amazon molly, Poecilia formosa, is an all-female species that reproduces by gynogenesis, i.e., it relies on sperm of males of closely related species to trigger embryogenesis. Sperm is supplied by males of P. latipinna and P. mexicana. Amazon mollies live in sympatry with at least one of these species, a few populations live in sympatry with two sperm-donor species. As P. formosa is sperm dependent, it needs mechanisms for species and mate recognition. To investigate the effect of rearing conditions on sexual preferences of Amazon mollies, we raised Amazon mollies in sympatry with P. latipinna and P. mexicana males. We used simultaneous choice tests to determine the effect of age on female sexual preferences. Immature Amazon mollies do not exhibit a preference if given a choice between a P. latipinna and a P. mexicana male, whereas adult P. formosa do have a preference for the P. latipinna male. We used two different stimuli in this study, live males and videotapes of males.     

Bipolar heterothallism,a principal mating system of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cordyceps militaris in vitro</Emphasis>

Interest inin vitro study of entomopathogenic fungi, includingCordyceps species, has been increasing due to their valuable bioactive compounds and biocontrol effects. AmongCordyceps species,in vitro stromata ofC. militaris has been successfully produced and cultivated for industrial purposes. However, genetic study onin vitro stromata formation ofC. militaris has not been carried out yet. Here, relationship between mating system and perithecial stromata formation ofC. militaris is reported. Mating system was determined by observing perithecial stromata formation from mono-ascospore cultures and their pair-wise combinations. Certain combinations of mono-ascospore strains produced perithecial club-shaped stromata, whereas other combinations produced either no stromata or only abnormal non-perithecial stromata. Similarly, monoascospore cultures without combination produced either no stromata or only abnormal nonperithecial stromata. Despite obvious heterothallism, self-fertility was occasionally observed in few strains ofC. militaris. These observations indicated thatC. militaris behaves as a bipolar heterothallic fungus and requires two mating compatible strains in order to produce regular clubshaped perithecial stromata, a fundamental requirement for its industrial cultivation.     

A new species of Pediobius (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) from Epilachna (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Costa Rica

A new and morphologically very distinct species of Pediobius from Costa Rica is described. The new species (P. nishidai) is unique among New World species of Pediobius in having the propodeum elongated and extended backwards (i.e. with an elongated nucha). The entire type series (15 females, two males) was reared from a single prepupa of Epilachna mexicana and it has been concluded that the new Pediobius species is a gregarious endoparasitoid that pupates inside its host. The possible use of this new species as a biological control agent against "the Mexican bean beetle" (E. varivestis) should be tested.     

A new species ofPlagiostoma (Ascomycota-diaporthales) with aPhomopsis anamorph isolated fromPhragmites leaves in Japan

A new ascomycete species,Plagiostoma phragmiticola inhabiting two reed plants,Phragmites australis andP. karka, is described and illustrated. This new species is characterized by having non-stromatic, solitary perithecia, laterally and obliquely protruding perithecial beaks, and relatively small asci and ascospores. Black zone-lines in colonized leaf tissues were not observed. Its anamorph belongs toPhomopsis.     

Association of Lutzomyia columbiana (Diptera: Psychodidae) with a leishmaniasis focus in Colombia due to species of the Leishmania mexicana complex.

In Colombia, Leishmania mexicana has a scattered geographical distribution and no sand fly vectors have been associated with its transmission. During the present study, the anthropophilic sand fly Lutzomyia columbiana was found to be the only species collected using diverse methods, in a small focus of Le. mexicana in the municipality of Samaniego, SW Colombia. Ecological data indicate that this sand fly species is present in both peri and intradomestic habitats, where it readily bites man. Further evidence comes from experimental infections of wild-caught Lu. columbiana with Le. mexicana after feeding on infected hamsters. Based on these results, it is suggested that this sand fly is the most likely vector in the study area, suggesting the existence of a previously unknown sand fly-parasite association.     

泽米科植物羽片脉序和解剖学及其系统学意义

研究了苏铁目泽米科Zamiaceae 2亚科的所有4族(Stevenson系统, 1992)共10种代表植物的羽片脉序及解剖学特征,结果显示泽米科羽片脉序为二歧分叉的平行脉,无中脉。小刺双子铁Dioon spinulosum、大头非洲铁Encephalartos friderici-guilielmii和摩尔大泽米Macrozamia moorei等的平行脉末端以不同的形式互相连接,而鳞木铁Lepidozamia peroffskyana、粗壮角果铁Ceratozamia mexicana var. robusta、竹叶角果铁C. hildae、佛州泽米Zamia　floridana、柔叶泽米Z. debilis、鳞秕泽米Z. furfuracea和短尖泽米Z. muricata等的平行脉末端不连接而直达叶缘,其中鳞木铁、粗壮角果铁和竹叶角果铁的脉达叶缘后逐渐消失。羽片的横切面结构通常由表皮、下皮厚壁细胞和叶肉组成,表皮层包括上、下表皮各一层,叶肉可能同时分化出近上表面的栅栏组织和近下表面的栅栏组织,或仅有近上表面的栅栏组织分化,或无栅栏组织分化而完全为海绵组织。然而,泽米科没有典型的海绵组织和传输组织分化。小刺双子铁、大头非洲铁、鳞叶木铁和摩尔大泽米的羽片具有粘液道而无工字厚壁组织,在小刺双子铁中粘液道与维管束对生,在另3种中则与维管束轮生;但粗壮角果铁、竹叶角果铁、佛州泽米、柔叶泽米、鳞秕泽米和短尖泽米的羽片则具有工字厚壁组织而没有粘液道,其中粗壮角果铁和竹叶角果铁的羽片工字厚壁组织仅与上表皮相连,而佛州泽米、柔叶泽米、鳞秕泽米和短尖泽米的羽片工字厚壁组织与上、下表皮都相连。羽片脉序和解剖学特征支持Stevenson将泽米铁科分为两亚科的观点。     

Additions to the rust fungi of Argentina

A contribution is made to the rust fungus flora of Argentina: Puccinia baccharidis-boliviensis, P. cordyceps, P. pucarae, and Aecidium hypseocharidicola are described as new species. Cionothrix praelonga, Fromme?lla mexicana var. mexicana, Phakopsora compressa, Prospodium peruvianum, Puccinia amphiospora, P. chaetochloae, P. liabi, P. pappophori, P. sanguinolenta, P. subaquila, Ravenelia havanensis, Uredo leonuri, Uromyces orbicularis, and U. cnidoscoli are new reports for Argentina. New observations on already known species were made: the aecia of Puccinia subaquila and aecia and uredinia of Uromyces cnidoscoli are described for the first time. Senecio hieronymi is a new host for Puccinia lagenophorae. Uredo leonuri belongs to the genus Coleosporium. Melilotus albus is a new host of Uromyces anthyllidis in Argentina.     

Redescription and New Synonymies of Heteronemia Gray, 1835 (Insecta: Phasmatodea) Transferred to the Suborder Areolatae

Re-examination of the holotype of the stick insect species Heteronemia mexicana Gray, 1835, the type species of the genus Heteronemia Gray, 1835, has revealed this species to actually represent the suborder Areolatae. This discovery results in a number of dramatic nomenclatural alterations. As the family Heteronemiidae is based on Heteronemia, all of its more than 160 constituent genera but Heteronemia must be reallocated, being indeed members of the suborder Anareolatae. The Diapheromeridae Kirby, 1904, n.stat., being the next oldest available name, is thus allotted full family rank to encompass them. The following new synonymies have been established: generic synonyms of Heteronemia Gray, 1835 are Bacunculus Burmeister, 1838, Bactridium Saussure, 1868, Bacillidium Uvarov, 1939, and Donusa Stål, 1875. Synonyms of Heteronemia mexicana Gray, 1835, are Prisomera phyllopus Gray, 1835, Bacunculus spatulatus Burmeister, 1838, Bactridium coulonianum Saussure, 1868, Donusa prolixa Stål, 1875, Bacteria foliacea Blanchard, 1851, and Donusa glabriuscula Redtenbacher, 1906. Synonyms of Heteronemia chilensis (Westwood, 1859) are Bacteria cornuta Philippi, 1863, Bacteria collaris Philippi, 1863, and possibly Bacunculus blanchardi Camousseight, 1988. Heteronemia is rediagnosed, becoming the only genus in the family Heteronemiidae and comprising but two valid species, mexicana and chilensis, both from Chile. Hence the holotype of mexicana, claimed to derive from Mexico, was apparently mislabelled. A lectotype is designated for Bacunculus spatulatus Burmeister, 1838.     

A new species of Syspastospora from tropical soils

Syspastospora tropicalis sp. nov. isolated from soil samples from different tropical regions is described and illustrated. The fungus can be easily separated from the other species of the genus by its setose perithecial ascomata with a short papillate neck.