Embryonic, larval and juvenile development of the roughskin sculpin,Trachidermus fasciatus (Scorpaeniformes: Cottidae)

Embryonic, larval and juvenile development of the catadromous roughskin sculpin,Trachidermus fasciatus, were described using eggs spawned in an aquarium. The eggs, measuring 1.98–2.21 mm in diameter, were light reddish-yellow and had many oil globules, 0.05–0.18 mm in diameter. Hatching occurred 30 days after spawning at 2.3–11.3°C. The newly-hatched larvae, measuring 6.9–7.3 mm BL, had a single oil globule, 9–10+25–26=34–36 myomeres and 6 or 7 large stellate melanophores dorsally along the gut. The yolk was almost resorbed, number of pectoral-fin rays attained 16–17, and two parietal, one nuchal and four preopercular spines were formed, 5 days after hatching, at 8.2–8.4 mm BL. The oil globule disappeared, and one supracleithral spine was formed, 11 days after hatching, at 8.9–9.5 mm BL. Notochord flexion began 15 days after hatching, at 9.7–10.3 mm BL. A posttemporal spine was formed 20 days after hatching, at 10.7–10.9 mm BL. The first dorsal fin spines (VII–VIII), second dorsal fin and anal fin rays (18–19, 16–18, respectively) appeared 23 days after hatching, at 12.0–13.7 mm BL. The pelvic fin spine and rays (I, 4) were formed and black bands on the head and sides of the body began to develop 27 days after hatching, at 13.8–15.8 mm BL. Newly-hatched larvae swam just below the surface in the aquaria. Preflexion larvae (8.9–9.5 mm BL), in which the oil globule had disappeared, swam in the middle layer, while juveniles (13.8–15.8 mm BL) began swimming on the bottom of the aquaria. Swimming behavior observed in the aquaria suggested that the fish started to change to a demersal existence at the juvenile stage.     

Styrax japonica supplementation diet enhances the innate immune response in Epinephelus bruneus against bacterial and protozoan infections

Kelp grouper, Epinephelus bruneus, fed for 30 days with 0% (control), 0.1%, 1.0%, and 2.0% of Styrax japonica supplementation diets, led to reductions in mortality after being challenged with a bacterium (Vibrio harveyi) and a ciliate protozoan (Uronema marinum). The enriched diets significantly increased the survival rate as compared to the controls. The phagocytic and respiratory activities were significantly increased in kelp groupers given 1.0% and 2.0% enriched diets. The complement activity, lysozyme activity, serum bactericidal activity, and total protein level significantly increased with any enriched diet against the pathogens; however antiprotease activity and myeloperoxidase levels significantly increased only with 1.0% and 2.0% enriched diets while the α2-macroglobulin level was significantly enhanced with 1.0% enriched diet. The study suggests that incorporation of S. japonica at 1.0% and 2.0% level in the diet significantly enhances the immune responses in the kelp grouper E. bruneus against V. harveyi and U. marinum.     

Development of eggs, larvae and juveniles of laboratory-reared blue whiting,Sillago parvisquamis (Percoidei: Sillaginidae)

The embryonic, larval and juvenile development of blue whiting,Sillago parvisquamis Gill, are described from a series of laboratory-reared specimens. Mean egg diameter and mean total length (TL) of newly-hatched larvae were 0.71 mm and 1.58 mm, respectively. The eggs were non-adhesive, buoyant and spherical with an oil globule (mean diameter 0.18 mm). Hatching occurred about 20 hours after fertilization at a temperature of 24.0–25.0°C, newly-hatched larvae having 38–40 myomeres. The yolk and oil globule were completely absorbed 3 days after hatching at 2.8–3.2 (mean 3.0) mm TL. Notochord flexion was completed by 7.2–8.2 (7.7) mm TL, and pectoral and caudal fin rays fully developed by approximately 10 mm and 8.5 mm TL, respectively. Completion of fin development occurred in the following sequence: caudal, pectoral, anal and second dorsal, first dorsal and pelvic, the last-mentioned by approximately 11 mm TL. The larvae ofS. parvisquamis andS. japonica, which closely resemble each other in general morphology and pigmentation, could be distinguished as follows. Newly-hatchedS. parvisquamis larvae had more myomeres thanS. japonica (38–40 vs. 32–34) and more melanophores on the dorsal surface of the body (19–28 vs. about 40).Sillago japonica had a vertical band of melanophores on the caudal peduncle, which was lacking in postflexionS. parvisquamis larvae. In addition, juveniles ofS. parvisquamis (larger than 23 mm TL) had melanophores on the body extending anteriorly to below the lateral line to form a midlateral band, whereas no obvious band occurred on similarly-sizedS. japonica juveniles.     

Larval development of the rhizocephalanSacculina polygenea (Crustacea: Cirripedia)

Larval development of the rhizocephalanSacculina polygenea (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala) parasitizing the coastal crabHemigrapsus sanguineus was studied in Vostok Bay, the Sea of Japan. At 22–23°C, the entire cycle of larval development takes 2.5 days and includes five naupliar stages and one cypris stage. Like other rhizocephalans, the larvae ofS. polygenea are lecithotrophic and only grow slightly in size in the course of development, and like all sacculinids, they have no flotation collar. The naupliar stages IV and V have a tubercle between the furcal rami; this tubercle is absent in the larvae of the genusPeltogasterella, but it has been described inS. carcini. The first seta of the antennule only disappears completely at the fourth stage, although it is markedly reduced at the third stage. No morphological differences, except differences in size, are found between male and female nauplii.     

BldM对密旋链霉菌Act12形态发育及抗生素合成的调控

【目的】以多效生防菌株——密旋链霉菌(Streptomyces pactum) Act12为研究材料，探究转录因子BldM对生防链霉菌Act12形态发育及抗生素合成的调控作用。【方法】通过基因工程手段构建bldM基因缺失突变株△bldM及过表达突变株OE-bldM，利用扫描电镜观察、抑菌实验、高效液相色谱检测和实时荧光定量PCR探究缺失突变株△bldM及过表达突变株OE-bldM与野生型(wild) Act12在形态发育、生长速率、寡霉素产量及抗病原菌能力等方面的差异。【结果】经测序验证bldM基因缺失突变体△bldM及过表达突变体OE-bldM均构建成功，其中△bldM寡霉素D产量明显降低且无法形成气生菌丝，而过表达突变株OE-bldM的气生菌丝更加密集，产孢更为丰富。与野生型菌株相比，OE-bldM的寡霉素D产量增加了23%，编码寡霉素核心合成酶基因的转录水平上调了2-3倍，抑菌活性显著增强。【结论】全局性转录调控因子BldM不但能影响Act12气生菌丝及孢子形成，并且参与正调控Act12寡霉素的合成，本研究结果为转录因子BldM的调控功能进行了新的挖掘和补充，并为后续深入研究密旋...     

Reproduction and larval development of the gastropodAlaba vladivostokensis in Vostok Bay, the Sea of Japan

The reproduction and development of the prosobranch gastropodAlaba vladivostokensis Bartsch were studied. In Vostok Bay,A. vladivostokensis reproduces in the warmest season at water temperatures of 19–23°C. The females lay egg masses in the shape of flat, coiled bands on eelgrass leaves and on sargosso thalluses. The total period of development from egg laying to larval settling takes 25–27 days. The reproduction and development patterns and larval morphology ofA. vladivostokensis are similar to that ofAustralaba picta (A. Adams), which inhabits the coast of Japan. It is suggested that the population ofA. vladivostokensis in Peter the Great Bay should considered as part of the wide geographical range ofA. picta.     

钩藤钩器官形态发育的解剖学研究

为了解钩藤钩的微观形态发育过程,该文利用石蜡切片的方法,对钩藤营养器官分枝茎钩的微观形态特征进行解剖和比较分析。结果表明:钩与茎之间在解剖学上既有相关性,又各有其自身的特征; 其相关性表现在茎的内部结构大体上决定着其钩的内部结构,充分体现钩是由着生在茎上的侧枝变态发育形成的; 在钩发育中期逐渐形成与茎类似的内部结构; 茎的内部结构组成在数量上比钩更丰富,钩只有初生结构; 钩藤茎与钩的药用成分积累没有本质的区别,均主要分布在韧皮部和木质部及皮层薄壁细胞。由此可知,钩藤钩器官是由茎变态发育形成,但只有初生结构。该研究结果可辅助解决某些仅靠形态学性状难以解决的分类鉴定问题,为判断钩状茎或卷须茎的变态来源提供理论参考依据。     

Effect of Coriolus versicolor supplemented diet on innate immune response and disease resistance in kelp grouper Epinephelus bruneus against Listonella anguillarum

The effect of Coriolus versicolor extract supplemented diets on innate immune response and disease resistance in kelp grouper, Epinephelus bruneus against Listonella anguillarum, is reported. Kelp grouper were divided into four groups of 25 each and fed with C. versicolor enriched diets at 0% (control), 0.01%, 0.1%, and 1.0% level. After 30 days of feeding, all fish were injected interaperitoneally (i.p.) with 50 μl of L. anguillarum (4.7 × 10⁷ CFU) to investigate the immune parameters at weeks 1, 2, and 4. The reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species production were significantly enhanced in fish fed with 0.1% and 1.0% supplementation diets from weeks 1-4 when compared to the non enriched diet fed and infected control. The phagocytic activity significantly increased with 0.1% and 1.0% diets on weeks 2 and 4. The leucocyte myeloperoxidase content, lysozyme activity, and total protein level significantly increased when fed with 0.1% and 1.0% supplementation diets from weeks 1-4. The cumulative mortality was 35% and 45% in 1.0% and 0.1% enriched diet fed groups whereas it was 55% and 80% in 0.01% and 0% groups respectively. The present results suggest that diets enriched with C. versicolor at 0.1% or 1.0% level positively enhance the innate immune system and affords protection from L. anguillarum.     

Identification of instars and species in some larval Polypedilum (Polypedilum) (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Instars II and III of Polypedilum aviceps Townes, Polypedilum convictum (Walker), and Polypedilum illinoense (Malloch) can be identified to species by associating them with instar IV because key taxonomic characters remain relatively unchanged from instar to instar. Instars I cannot be identified to species or genus unless they are associated with older, identifiable larvae reared from the same egg masses. No single character evaluated on slide material can be used to clearly separate instars in all three species. Larvae of P. aviceps can be separated into instars based on any four of seven characters; P. convictum by either of two characters; and, P. illinoense by a combination of two characters. Changes in structures of instars II, III, and IV are described for all three species. Growth ratios for some structures are compared and discussed with regard to Dyar's Rule.     

Early development of dorsal and pelvic fins and their supports in hatchery-reared red-spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara (Perciformes: Serranidae)

Early morphogenesis of dorsal and pelvic fins and their supports in the larval and juvenile red-spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara, was examined using a hatchery-reared series. The dorsal spine anlage first appeared suspended in the middle part of the finfold at ca. 2.5 mm TL. Dorsal and pelvic supports appeared by the time the fish reached ca. 3 mm and started to ossify at ca. 3.5 mm. Elongated spines and their supports developed synchronously in both dorsal and pelvic fins. The formation of dorsal fin supports proceeded from anterior to posterior. The ossification of supports was completed by ca. 33 mm. Spinelets on the second dorsal spine and pelvic spine appeared by ca. 3 mm. In specimens larger than 36 mm, all spinelets on the second dorsal spine and pelvic spine had disappeared. The maximum size of the second dorsal spine and pelvic spine lengths relative to TL were ca. 45% and 44% at 3.3 mm in fish size, respectively. Thereafter, their proportions decreased gradually. Considering the order of development of the elongated spines and mucous cells in the early life stages, the elongated spines might function as antipredator devices. Received: June 20, 2000 / Revised: April 28, 2001 / Accepted: June 11, 2001     

Reproduction and larval development of the gastropod <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptonatica janthostoma</Emphasis> (Gastropoda: Naticidae)

The larval morphology of the gastropod Cryptonatica janthostoma inhabiting the Northwest Pacific was described for the first time. Hatched planktotrophic veligers of C. janthostoma had shells 250 μm in height with 0.8 whorls, a bilobate velum with a dark brown pigmentation band shaped along its edge, pair of eye spots, tentacles and statocysts. The surface of the embryonal shell (protoconch 1) was covered with fine granules extended at the dorsal side and rounded at lateral surfaces. Concentric crests and growth lines occurred on part of the shell of late free-swimming larvae (protoconch 2) The velum of the C. janthostoma larvae remained bilobate during the pelagic stage of development, whereas it was divided in 4 lobes during larval development in most of the other species of the Naticidae family. The veliger of C. janthostoma was similar to that of Natica montagu from Danish waters [16] by its shape, pigmentation, shell sculpture and velum structure.     

3种寄主上桃蚜的选择性及形态分化

桃蚜是一种重要的农业害虫,寄主广泛,种下分化复杂。以采自黄土高原旱作区桃树、烟草、甘蓝上的桃蚜为研究对象,通过叶片选择法、传统比较形态测定法研究了3种寄主上桃蚜的选择性及形态分化。结果表明:在3种寄主同时存在的情况下,烟草上的桃蚜嗜食烟草,表现为63.5%的桃蚜选择烟草叶,13.8%选择甘蓝叶,8.2%选择桃叶,而甘蓝和桃树上的桃蚜对原寄主没有表现出明显的嗜好性;从形态指标来看,3种寄主上的桃蚜在体长、触角末节长度、后足腿节长度、触角与体长的比例方面存在显著差异(P0.05),说明这几个特征可以作为区分这3种寄主上桃蚜的依据。综合分析可以初步认为黄土高原旱作区烟草上的桃蚜可能形成了寄主专化型-烟草型。     

SEM investigations of the larval development of Imnadia yeyetta and Leptestheria dahalacensis (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata)

This paper presents a SEM documentation of the larval development of the two most abundant Austrian conchostracan species, Imnadia yeyetta (Limnadiidae) and Leptestheria dahalacensis (Leptestheriidae). As in several previously examined spinicaudatan species, five larval stages were documented: Nauplius 1, Nauplius 2, Metanauplius, Peltatulus, and Heilophore. Additionally, three postlarval stages of L. dahalacensis and the first larval instars of Eoleptestheria ticinensis and Limnadia lenticularis are shown and compared with the examined stages. Species identification of conchostracan larval stages is possible by using surface structures, and using SEM methods, except for L. lenticularis which can be identified more easily on the characteristic shape of the labrum.     

Embryonic and larval development of the peanut worm Phascolosoma agassizii (Keferstein 1867) from the Sea of Japan (Sipuncula: Phascolosomatidea)

All stages of the embryonic and larval development of Phascolosoma agassizii from Peter the Great Bay (Sea of Japan) were studied and illustrated using light and electron microscopy. The eggs of P. agassizii have the form of an ellipsoid (long and short axes about 100 and 70?µm, respectively). Egg cleavage is typical, spiral, and unequal. Gastrulation occurs by epiboly. This species possesses two pelagic larval stages, a lecithotrophic trochophore and a planktotrophic pelagosphera. The transformation of trochophore into pelagosphera occurs 80–90?h after fertilization. After 120–180?h, the larva has developed all systems of organs characteristic of the pelagosphera and is capable of feeding. At day 10, pelagospheras can settle, for some time, on the aquarium bottom and move on a ciliated lip, collecting food with the aid of a buccal organ. In addition, the larvae periodically attach themselves to the aquarium bottom or to the surface film of the water by means of a terminal organ. The trunk of the larva elongates by enlargement of the region behind the dorsal anal opening, which is located almost in the middle of the trunk region in the 15-day old larva. In the laboratory, 1-month old larvae spend the greater part of time in the attached state. Being attached by a glandular terminal organ to the aquarium bottom, they characteristically bend the body, actively feeding on microalgae from the substratum surface. The differences in the development of P. agassizii in the isolated West-Pacific and East-Pacific populations are shown and discussed.     

Systematics of theLemnaceae (duckweeds): Inferences from micromolecular and morphological data

Diminutive plants of the duckweed family have been difficult to study systematically because of reduction and character state losses that have accompanied their adaptation to aquatic habitats. Phylogenetic analysis of flavonoid and anatomical-morphological data indicate that evolution in the family has proceeded in a linear manner from complex ancestors to reduced species of subfam.Wolffioideae. The high probability of convergence for character reduction and loss, however, renders this conclusion tentative. Cladograms from combined data require only a slight increase in length to resolve all four genera as monophyletic. These studies indicate the need for more suitable data to evaluate hypotheses of duckweed relationships.     

Distribution and morphological variation of Streptocephalus torvicornis (Waga, 1842) in Northern Africa

The known range of S. torvicornis is extended to areas of the Western and Central Sahara and Sahel. Morphological variation between populations is important, and cannot be accomodated within the known Iberian and Maghrebian subspecific taxa, which appear untenable. A grouping of populations according to drainage basins appears, however, possible. Populations of the Hoggar, Air, and Tibesti waters, draining towards the Soudanian zone, are more closely related than populations from waters draining towards the Atlantic. Tassili-n-ajjer populations from Central Algeria have individual characteristics, and deserve further study.     

Trophic dependencies of some larval chironomidae (Diptera) and fish species in the River Thames

Experiments are described to characterise the heterotrophic potential of Westiellopsis prolifica Janet, which fixes nitrogen under light and dark conditions. The growth of the organism in terms of dry weight increase, was more in fructose, lactose, sucrose, sorbose, galactose, glucose, sodium acetate, mannitol, sorbitol, glycerol, ethyl alcohol and butyl alcohol, when the alga was pretreated with light and subsequently incubated with the substrates in light. Mannose, xylose, acetic acid, propionic acid, fructose 1,6 di Po₄, pyruvic acid, dihydroxyacetone and succinic acid decreased the growth of the organism in the same condition. In dark incubation after pretreatment with light, as well as in the dark, Westiellopsis showed a better growth response to almost all the exogenous substrates. However, after pretreatment either with light or dark, the test organism utilised exogenous substrates quicker in light than in dark incubations. These experiments would suggest that the substrate specificity and efficiency of substrate utilisation by the alga during its heterotrophic growth are governed by the growth conditions.     

Hox gene expression in larval development of the polychaetes Nereis virens and Platynereis dumerilii (Annelida, Lophotrochozoa)

The bilaterian animals are divided into three great branches: the Deuterostomia, Ecdysozoa, and Lophotrochozoa. The evolution of developmental mechanisms is less studied in the Lophotrochozoa than in the other two clades. We have studied the expression of Hox genes during larval development of two lophotrochozoans, the polychaete annelids Nereis virens and Platynereis dumerilii. As reported previously, the Hox cluster of N. virens consists of at least 11 genes (de Rosa R, Grenier JK, Andreeva T, Cook CE, Adoutte A, Akam M, Carroll SB, Balavoine G, Nature, 399:772–776, 1999; Andreeva TF, Cook C, Korchagina NM, Akam M, Dondua AK, Ontogenez 32:225–233, 2001); we have also cloned nine Hox genes of P. dumerilii. Hox genes are mainly expressed in the descendants of the 2d blastomere, which form the integument of segments, ventral neural ganglia, pre-pygidial growth zone, and the pygidial lobe. Patterns of expression are similar for orthologous genes of both nereids. In Nereis, Hox2, and Hox3 are activated before the blastopore closure, while Hox1 and Hox4 are activated just after this. Hox5 and Post2 are first active during the metatrochophore stage, and Hox7, Lox4, and Lox2 at the late nectochaete stage only. During larval stages, Hox genes are expressed in staggered domains in the developing segments and pygidial lobe. The pattern of expression of Hox cluster genes suggests their involvement in the vectorial regionalization of the larval body along the antero-posterior axis. Hox gene expression in nereids conforms to the canonical patterns postulated for the two other evolutionary branches of the Bilateria, the Ecdysozoa and the Deuterostomia, thus supporting the evolutionary conservatism of the function of Hox genes in development. Milana Kulakova, Nadezhda Bakalenko and Elena Novikova contributed equally to this work.     

小菜蛾幼虫偏好表达的microRNA鉴定及功能研究

[目的]microRNA(miRNA)在昆虫生长发育中发挥重要功能,本研究拟通过鉴定小菜蛾不同发育阶段的miRNA,挖掘幼虫偏好表达的miRNA及其潜在功能.[方法]对小菜蛾卵、3龄幼虫、蛹和成虫的miRNA开展高通量测序,结合生物信息学分析方法,筛选在幼虫期偏好表达的miRNA;借助实时荧光定量PCR技术,验证候选m...     

Effects of temperature during early life history on embryonic and larval development and growth in haddock

The effect of incubation temperature (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10° C) on haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus development and growth during the embryonic period and in subsequent ontogeny in a common post‐hatch thermal environment (6° C) was investigated. Hatching times were inversely proportional to incubation temperature and ranged from 20·3 days at 2° C to 9·1 days at 10° C. Growth rates were directly proportional to incubation temperature during both the embryonic and larval periods. There was a significant decline in growth rates following hatch in all temperature groups. Compared to the endogenously feeding embryos, growth rates in the exogenous period declined by 4·4‐fold at 4° C to 3·9‐fold at 8° C, indicative of the demarcation between the endogenous and exogenous feeding periods. Yolk utilization varied from 17 days at 2° C to 6 days at 10° C and followed a three‐stage sigmoidal pattern with the initial lag period inversely proportional to incubation temperature. Time to 50% yolk depletion varied inversely with temperature but occurred 1–1·5 days post‐hatch at all temperatures. Additionally, the period between 10 and 90% yolk depletion also decreased with increased temperature. Overall developmental rate was sequential with and directly proportional (2·3‐fold increase) to incubation temperature while the time spent in each developmental stage was inversely proportional to temperature. Larger embryos tended to be produced at lower temperatures but this pattern reversed following hatch, as larvae from higher temperature groups grew more rapidly than those from other temperature groups. Larvae from all temperatures achieved a similar length (c.total length 4·5 mm) upon complete yolk absorption. The study demonstrated the significant impact that temperature has upon developmental and growth rates in both endogenous and exogenous feeding periods. It also illustrated that temperature changes during embryogenesis had significant and persistent effects on growth in subsequent ontogeny.