旋歧夜蛾形态和生活史观察

【目的】初步研究旋歧夜蛾Discestratrifolii(Hufnagel)的形态特征、生物学特性以及生活史。【方法】通过室内观察,数据测量与统计,总结与分析了旋歧夜蛾的形态、生物学特性等问题。【结果】在室内饲养条件下,旋歧夜蛾幼虫6龄,旋歧夜蛾完成1代的生命周期为(44.27±3.10)d,卵期(4.02±0.35)d,存活率96.97%±1.20%,幼虫期(17.87±1.40)d,存活率75.76%±6.94%,蛹期(10.48±0.80)d,存活率93.86%±0.46%,成虫期(12.62±2.82)d。【结论】基本明确了旋歧夜蛾的形态和生活史,有助于制定有效的旋歧夜蛾防治措施,同时为旋歧夜蛾其它研究奠定基础。     

幼虫期短时高温暴露对二点委夜蛾存活和繁殖的影响

【目的】随着全球气候变暖,夏季短时极端高温发生的频率逐渐增加。本研究旨在探明二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone幼虫期对高温的适应性。【方法】将二点委夜蛾不同日龄(1,6,12和18日龄)幼虫在不同高温(35,38和41℃)条件下暴露不同时间(0.5,1,2,4和6 h)后转移至适温(26℃)继续饲养,观察短时高温对其存活率、发育历期、化蛹率、羽化率、雌虫寿命、单雌产卵量及次代卵孵化率的影响。【结果】幼虫期短时高温暴露的温度和时间对二点委夜蛾幼虫的存活率和发育历期有显著影响,而对化蛹率、成虫羽化率、雌虫寿命、单雌产卵量以及次代卵孵化率影响不显著。随着温度的升高和处理时间的延长,幼虫存活率逐渐降低,发育历期逐渐延长。其中,18日龄的幼虫最为敏感,38℃和41℃暴露6 h后存活率分别为58.3%和17.7%,显著低于对照,发育历期分别为25.5 d和29.2 d,较对照显著延长。【结论】幼虫期经历短时高温暴露仅对幼虫的存活和发育历期有影响,而对后续蛹和成虫的生长发育及成虫繁殖力没有影响。     

温度对双委夜蛾种群生态学特征的影响

【目的】双委夜蛾Athetis dissimilis(Hampson)是新发现的一种农业害虫,为探索温度对双委夜蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响。【方法】在室内l6,21,26,30,34(±1)℃,RH为70%±5%、光周期为14L︰10D条件下,测定了双委夜蛾各发育阶段的发育历期、存活率及成虫产卵量,组建了双委夜蛾的实验种群生命表。【结果】结果表明,双委夜蛾各虫态的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短;世代发育起点温度(C)为9.88℃,有效积温(K)为906.53日·度;卵的孵化率在不同的温度下无显著差异;幼虫存活率、化蛹率和羽化率则以21~30℃为最高;成虫的产卵量以21~26℃为最高,而在16℃和30℃时显著降低,在34℃下成虫不能交配,30℃成虫交配率仅为46%;生命表分析表明,26℃双委夜蛾的种群趋势指数和内禀增长率取得最大值,分别为98.5和0.1。【结论】21~26℃是最适宜双委夜蛾生长发育和繁殖的温度范围。     

布拉迪小环腹瘿蜂的生物学特性及其寄生对黑腹果蝇生长发育的影响

【目的】调查布拉迪小环腹瘿蜂Leptopilina boulardi的生物学特性,明确该寄生蜂寄生对寄主黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster生长发育的影响。【方法】运用形态成像和统计学的方法,对布拉迪小环腹瘿蜂的发育历期和寄生效率等生物学特性进行研究,同时对布拉迪小环腹瘿蜂寄生后寄主黑腹果蝇发育历期以及蛹期体长和体重的变化进行统计分析。【结果】布拉迪小环腹瘿蜂的卵期平均为0. 98±0. 22 d,幼虫期为10. 22±0. 57 d,雄虫蛹期为8. 09±0. 19 d,雌虫蛹期10. 07±0. 30 d,雌蜂平均比雄蜂约晚2 d羽化。布拉迪小环腹瘿蜂寄生黑腹果蝇2龄幼虫后,黑腹果蝇幼虫出现明显的黑化包囊反应,幼虫发育显著延缓,蛹长和蛹重也显著降低。【结论】布拉迪小环腹瘿蜂是黑腹果蝇的专性寄生蜂。本研究的结果为寄生蜂调控寄主的机制提供了实验依据。     

食蚜瘿蚊全虫态形态记述

【目的】基于实验室饲养的食蚜瘿蚊Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani)进行个体发育的形态特征描述。为食蚜瘿蚊的鉴定提供基本信息。【方法】在野外采集幼虫,温度(25±1)℃、相对湿度65%±5%、光照16 L∶8 D的室内条件下饲养获得食蚜瘿蚊卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的全部虫态。通过数码采集和电子显微镜详细描述了各虫态的发育特征。【结果】食蚜瘿蚊卵的发育历期为2 d,幼虫期有3个龄期,发育历期5-8 d,蛹期7-10 d以及成虫期3-4 d。【结论】食蚜瘿蚊个体发育特征对食蚜瘿蚊的鉴定和分类有指导意义。     

温度对双委夜蛾实验种群生长发育及繁殖的影响

【目的】双委夜蛾Athetis dissimilis(Hampson)是近几年在中国大陆新发现的农业害虫,与二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone(Mschler)形态相似,危害特点相同。明确温度对其生长发育的影响,对该害虫的预测预报和有效防控具有重要的指导意义。【方法】在光周期16L∶8D,RH 70%±10%的实验室条件下,设置17,21,25,29和33℃5个恒定温度,饲喂人工饲料,研究温度对双委夜蛾发育历期、死亡率及繁殖的影响,并计算各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温。【结果】在17~33℃范围内,双委夜蛾均可以完成整个世代,各虫态发育历期随温度的升高而缩短;17和21℃下,双委夜蛾幼虫有7个龄期,而25℃以上时幼虫只有6个龄期。25℃下双委夜蛾死亡率最低(21.00%),单雌产卵量最高(763.95粒)。整个世代的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为9.38℃和1 015.36日·度。雌雄虫寿命和产卵期随温度的升高逐渐缩短,且各温度下雌虫寿命均较雄虫长,性比(雄雌比)均在1.18~1.20之间。【结论】25℃是双委夜蛾实验种群生长发育和繁殖的适宜温度。     

幼虫密度对二点委夜蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响

【目的】在不同幼虫密度饲养条件下,研究二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone生长发育及繁殖的情况,明确幼虫密度对该害虫的室内种群增长的影响。【方法】本实验设置5个幼虫饲养密度即1,5,10,20和30头/瓶(750 mL),分别观察5个饲养密度下该虫的各个龄期及整个幼虫发育历期及存活率、蛹重、蛹期以及成虫生殖情况。【结果】幼虫密度对该虫幼虫各龄期及整个幼虫发育历期及存活率、蛹重、蛹期以及成虫生殖情况均有显著性影响。整个幼虫发育历期随着密度的增加而缩短,10头/瓶达到最短(18.27 d),之后随着幼虫密度的增加而显著延长;幼虫至蛹的存活率随着密度增高而显著下降,30头/瓶最低(39.37%)。蛹期随着密度的增加而延长(10头/瓶除外)。蛹重和每雌产卵量均以1头/瓶最高,随着幼虫密度的增加而显著下降。雌雄蛾寿命均以10头/瓶最长,与1和5头/瓶没有显著性差异。生命表分析显示:二点委夜蛾的种群增长指数以5头/瓶最高,幼虫密度过低或者过高均不利于种群增长。【结论】幼虫密度是影响二点委夜蛾种群增长的重要因子之一。     

温湿度和食物对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫存活及生长发育的影响

【目的】明确重要生态因素对暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela幼虫种群的影响,从而为预测预报其发生提供理论依据。【方法】在室内采用自动控制温度、人工控制湿度的方法,观察温度、湿度和食物对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫存活率及发育历期的影响。【结果】结果表明,20~28℃适宜暗黑鳃金龟1-2龄幼虫的存活,其中24℃时存活率最高,达到74.9%±3.1%;12℃时发育历期最长,32℃时发育历期最短,20℃和24℃下发育历期适中。土壤含水量为7%~19%时暗黑鳃金龟1-2龄幼虫均能存活;其中在7%和19%时,幼虫存活率低于50%,在25%时幼虫全部死亡;在土壤含水量为16%时存活率最高,达到76.4%±2.5%。在供试的6种食物(小麦根、玉米根、棉花根、花生根、大豆根和马铃薯块)中,喂饲花生根的暗黑鳃金龟幼虫存活率最高,达到68.7%±3.2%。取食不同食物的幼虫发育历期差异显著,其中取食花生根的暗黑鳃金龟幼虫期最短,整个幼虫期仅为259 d(3龄幼虫期为227 d);而取食棉花根的幼虫期最长,整个幼虫期为346 d(3龄幼虫期为303 d)。【结论】温度、土壤含水量和食物对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫的存活和生长发育均具有显著影响;在幼虫期调控温湿度及改变其寄主植物结构可有效控制其发生危害。     

黄翅绢野螟生物学特性及田间种群动态

【目的】黄翅绢野螟Diaphania caesalis是热带木本粮食作物菠萝蜜Artocarpus heterophyllus的重要钻蛀性害虫,对热区快速发展的菠萝蜜产业威胁巨大。本研究旨在明确该虫的生物学特性及田间发生规律,为准确预测和高效治理该虫提供理论基础。【方法】在室内温度26±1℃、相对湿度70%±5%、光周期14L∶10D条件下,以菠萝蜜叶片为食料,观察黄翅绢野螟各龄期形态特征、发育历期及繁殖能力,并在田间网室中观察该虫年生活史;通过室内选择和非选择试验,研究该虫的寄主多样性;2018年1-12月通过田间系统调查,分析该虫在海南省琼中县的种群动态规律。【结果】黄翅绢野螟卵、幼虫、预蛹、蛹和成虫的发育历期分别为4.58±0.50, 21.00±1.36, 2.50±0.51, 10.20±0.53和12.31±3.16 d,平均世代历期为50.50±3.54 d。各龄期主要形态特征为:卵椭圆形,表面具网纹;幼虫体黄褐色,化蛹前变白色,蜕裂线呈倒"Y"形;蛹红褐色,足和翅芽长至第5腹节;成虫体麦黄色,前翅有瓜子状和塔状黄斑。雌蛾可多次产卵,单雌产卵量为147.25±84.24粒。幼虫偏好取食菠萝蜜、榴莲蜜Artocarpus champeden和面包果Artocarpus altilis 3种植物。室内和网室观察结果表明,黄翅绢野螟在海南一年发生8代。2018年1-12月田间调查结果表明,从3月开始种群数量明显增加,至7月始终保持相对稳定的水平;7月中下旬至9月为种群高峰期;10月后种群开始回落,至次年2月种群保持在较低的水平。【结论】黄翅绢野螟能以菠萝蜜叶片为食料完成继代繁殖,属寡食性;7-9月是该虫在海南的种群高峰期(第5代),因此精准防控的关键时期为上代(第4代)成虫期,即7-8月。     

二疣犀甲室内生物学特性及形态观察

【目的】 对二疣犀甲Oryctes rhinoceros室内生物学特性及形态进行系统观察。【方法】 在室内一定条件下（温度26±1℃, RH 75%~95%, 光周期10L∶14D）以牛粪和锯末混合物（4∶1, m/m）饲养二疣犀甲各虫态, 每6 h观察记录各虫态的形态学特征及其发育情况, 并测量各虫态的重要发育指标, 如体长、 体宽、 体重等。【结果】 二疣犀甲属于全变态昆虫, 一生经历4个虫态, 分别为卵、 幼虫、 蛹和成虫。二疣犀甲卵的发育历期平均为8.88 d, 整个幼虫期平均需156.82 d, 预蛹和蛹的平均发育历期分别为9.45 d和33.75 d, 二疣犀甲完成一个世代需要326~455 d。1龄幼虫体长为4.16 mm, 体重0.64 g, 之后随龄期迅速增加, 至3龄时, 体长为65.66 mm, 体重增加到12.14 g。蛹期平均体长为51.62 mm, 体重为9.72 g。早期羽化的成虫个体较晚期羽化的大, 表现为体长、 体宽、 角长及体重存在显著差异(P≤0.05)。二疣犀甲成虫具有雌雄二型现象, 子代性比(雌∶雄)为1.23∶1。【结论】 二疣犀甲O. rhinoceros是椰子等棕榈科植物的重要害虫, 基础生物学和形态学研究是防控技术研究的基础, 本研究结果可为生产上防治该虫提供理论依据。     

On the observable transition to living matter

In recent developments in chemistry and genetic engineering, the humble researcher dealing with the origin of life finds her(him)self in a grey area of tackling something that even does not yet have a clear definition agreed upon. A series of chemical steps is described to be considered as the life-nonlife transition, if one adheres to the minimalistic definition: life is self-reproduction with variations. The fully artificial RNA system chosen for the exploration corresponds sequence-wise to the reconstructed initial triplet repeats, presumably corresponding to the earliest protein-coding molecules. The demonstrated occurrence of the mismatches (variations) in otherwise complementary syntheses ("self-reproduction"), in this RNA system, opens an experimental and conceptual perspective to explore the origin of life (and its definition), on the apparent edge of the origin.     

Chinese Traditional Bioethics

Chinese traditional bioethics is based on the life origin theory of “Qi (vital force) permeates everything under heaven”, the attitude towards life theory of “loving people” and “loving things”, and the life transcendence theory of “eternity” and “immortality”. The life origin theory answers the question of how life comes into being, which is the basis for exploring the mystery of life. The attitude towards life theory gives answers to the question of how to treat life properly and establishes the basic requirements and criteria for treating life. The life transcendence theory responds to the question of how to make life more meaningful. Those three thoughts support each other and explain each other with the inner logical band between these three basic thoughts, and tentatively offers a reasonable way for the reconstruction of traditional Chinese bioethics, which can be a special theoretical resource for today's bioethical research.     

黄连木种子小蜂的生物学特性和发生规律

通过田间及室内饲养观察,黄连木种子小蜂EurytomaplotnikoviNikolskaya在河南省太行山区为1年发生1代,以老熟幼虫在被害果内过冬。翌年4月中旬开始化蛹,5月下旬至6月上旬为成虫羽化产卵的盛期。幼虫5月中旬开始孵化,在果内取食至8月中、下旬老熟越冬。成虫在果壳内停留4～5d,出壳后成虫寿命:雄虫3～7d,雌虫4～17d,产卵前期3.7d。平均产卵量35.4粒,卵期3～4d。幼虫共5龄,预蛹期4～5d,蛹期8～10d,蛹期发育过程中形态变化的阶段性分为4级。成虫交尾产卵的最适温度为23～25℃,化蛹、羽化较适宜的湿度为65%～70%。     

Hibernation is associated with increased survival and the evolution of slow life histories among mammals

Survival probability is predicted to underlie the evolution of life histories along a slow-fast continuum. Hibernation allows a diverse range of small mammals to exhibit seasonal dormancy, which might increase survival and consequently be associated with relatively slow life histories. We used phylogenetically informed GLS models to test for an effect of hibernation on seasonal and annual survival, and on key attributes of life histories among mammals. Monthly survival was in most cases higher during hibernation compared with the active season, probably because inactivity minimizes predation. Hibernators also have approximately 15 per cent higher annual survival than similar sized non-hibernating species. As predicted, we found an effect of hibernation on the relationships between life history attributes and body mass: small hibernating mammals generally have longer maximum life spans (50% greater for a 50 g species), reproduce at slower rates, mature at older ages and have longer generation times compared with similar-sized non-hibernators. In accordance with evolutionary theories, however, hibernating species do not have longer life spans than non-hibernators with similar survival rates, nor do they have lower reproductive rates than non-hibernators with similar maximum life spans. Thus, our combined results suggest that (i) hibernation is associated with high rates of overwinter and annual survival, and (ii) an increase in survival in hibernating species is linked with the coevolution of traits indicative of relatively slow life histories.     

Resource partitioning in two coexisting cladocerans,Daphnia magna and Scapheloberis kingi (Anomopoda: Daphniidae), in north-eastern Algeria

Life-history traits of two coexisting cladocerans, Daphnia magna Straus and Scapheloberis kingi Sars, inhabiting a temporary pond in north-eastern Algeria were monitored in 2013 under laboratory conditions. Their life histories were compared for differences in traits such as age and size at first reproduction, size of neonates, brood size, number of broods per female, total life span and intrinsic rate of increase (r_m). Data were recorded during their entire life cycle. Daphnia magna, the larger species, could possibly be more successful in colonising temporary habitats than S. kingi because it allocates more energy to reproduction. Scapheloberis kingi, the smaller species, starts reproduction early, resulting in a smaller brood size and a shorter life span with fewer broods. Consequently, S. kingi produces a smaller number of neonates during its lifetime and has a lower r_m. In contrast, D. magna delays reproduction but produces a larger brood size and, because it is longer-lived, produces more broods and so produces a greater number of neonates and has a higher r_m over its lifetime.     

Longitudinal Relationships Among Overweight,Life Satisfaction,and Aspirations in Young Women

Objective: This study investigated associations of overweight status and changes in overweight status over time with life satisfaction and future aspirations among a community sample of young women. Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 7865 young women, initially 18 to 23 years of age, completed two surveys that were 4 years apart. These women provided data on their future life aspirations in the areas of further education, work/career, marital status, and children, as well as their satisfaction with achievements to date in a number of life domains. Women reported their height and weight and their sociodemographic characteristics, including current socioeconomic status (occupation). Results: Young women's aspirations were cross‐sectionally related to BMI category, such that obese women were less likely to aspire to further education, although this relationship seemed explained largely by current occupation. Even after adjusting for current occupation, young women who were obese were more dissatisfied with work/career/study, family relationships, partner relationships, and social activities. Weight status was also longitudinally associated with aspirations and life satisfaction. Women who were overweight or obese at both surveys were more likely than other women to aspire to “other” types of employment (including self‐employed and unpaid work in the home) as opposed to full‐time employment. They were also less likely to be satisfied with study or partner relationships. Women who resolved their overweight/obesity status were more likely to aspire to being childless than other women. Discussion: These results suggest that being overweight/obese may have a lasting effect on young women's life satisfaction and their future life aspirations.     

Aspects of Reproductive Biology of the Scalloped Hammerhead Shark, Sphyrna Lewini, off Northeastern Brazil

Ninety four scalloped hammerhead sharks, Sphyrna lewini (53 females and 41 males) ranging in size from 121 to 321cm total length (TL), were collected from surface gillnetters operating off northeastern Brazil and throughout the southwestern equatorial Atlantic Ocean between January and December 1996. A common regression for TL and eviscerated weight (EW) was calculated as, logEW = –11.786 + 2.889 logTL. Females and males were categorised into reproductive stages (4 and 2, respectively) according to morphological changes in their gonads. Size at sexual maturity for females was estimated to be 240cm, while males appeared to mature at between 180 and 200cm. Gravid females had between 2 and 21 embryos or pups, varying in TL from 3 to 38cm. There was no relationship between maternal length and size of litter. Copulation and parturition appear to occur outside the sampled area and possibly closer to the coast. With the exception of slightly lower uterine and ovarian fecundities, the results support the few existing data on the reproductive cycle of S. lewini in other areas.     

The effects of Nosema algerae on the horizontal life table attributes of Anopheles stephensi under laboratory conditions

Under controlled insectary conditions, infection with Nosema algerae (Cnidospora: Microsporidia) was found to significantly alter the life table characteristics of Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) as follows: immature to adult survivorship decreased and developmental time was slightly delayed, female and male life expectancy at emergence decreased, fecundity, and thus the net reproductive rate, decreased, and the instantaneous rate of increase and the instantaneous birth and death rates decreased. The time in life of female reproduction and generation time were not significantly altered. Results are discussed in the context of vectorial capacity for malaria.