光周期对小地老虎生长发育及繁殖的影响

【目的】探明光周期对小地老虎Agrotis ypsilon(Rottemberg)生长发育及繁殖的影响。【方法】在实验条件下观察了5个光周期(0L︰24D,8L︰16D,12L︰12D,16L︰8D和24L︰0D)下小地老虎的生长发育和繁殖情况。【结果】随着光照时间增加,小地老虎生长速度加快,发育历期缩短,孵化率、存活率、羽化率、产卵量先增大后降低。其卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的最适光周期分别为12L︰12D或16L︰8D、16L︰8D、0L︰24D以及12L︰12D。综合来说,光周期16L︰8D最适合小地老虎的生长发育。【结论】研究结果初步揭示了不同光周期对小地老虎生长发育及繁殖状况存在显著的影响,并且不同虫态对光周期变化也呈现不同的变化规律。     

灰飞虱长、短翅型品系对高、低温的适应能力差异

【目的】灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus种群存在长翅和短翅个体,其翅型分化受遗传和环境条件的影响。本研究旨在明确经连续定向选育的灰飞虱长、短翅型品系对高、低温的适应能力差异。【方法】在室内分别长期定向筛选63和65代建立灰飞虱长、短翅型品系,并在南京田间采集灰飞虱自然种群;分别在25℃, 30℃和35℃恒温条件下测定上述灰飞虱长、短翅型品系和自然种群的繁殖力、存活率和发育历期,测定若虫在5℃和-20℃下的存活率以及若虫和成虫的过冷却点,通过品系间存活率、发育历期、生殖力和过冷却点的比较分析,确定灰飞虱长、短翅型品系对高温和低温的耐受能力。【结果】在25℃, 30℃和35℃下,灰飞虱自然种群雌成虫的繁殖力均显著高于室内筛选后的长、短翅型品系,而长、短翅型品系雌成虫之间的繁殖力均无显著差异;长、短翅型品系的繁殖力在25℃和30℃之间均无显著差异,但自然种群在25℃下的繁殖力显著高于30℃条件下的繁殖力;35℃下长、短翅型品系基本无若虫产生。25℃下长翅型品系、短翅型品系和自然种群若虫的存活率无显著差异,但在30℃下,短翅型品系若虫的存活率显著低于自然种群,而与长翅型品系差异不显著;35℃下长、短翅型品系的若虫最长只能存活到3龄,且两品系间无显著差异,而自然种群可存活到5龄。25℃下,短翅型品系若虫的发育历期显著短于自然种群,而与长翅型品系无差异;但是在30℃下,短翅型品系若虫历期显著长于长翅型品系和自然种群。长翅型品系、短翅型品系和自然种群灰飞虱3-4龄若虫在5℃低温下的存活天数无显著差异,并且长翅和短翅型品系在-20℃极端低温下暴露10 min后其死亡率也无显著差异且均显著高于自然种群。3个品系(种群)成虫的过冷却点无显著差异,但5龄若虫的过冷却点表现为短翅型品系显著高于自然种群,而与长翅型品系无显著差异。【结论】经连续定向选育的灰飞虱长、短翅型品系对低温和高温的适应力基本相当,且低于自然种群。在高温条件下灰飞虱短翅型品系的发育速率低于长翅型品系。     

光照时间对双尾新小绥螨生长发育及种群参数的影响

【目的】为了进一步明确光照时间对双尾新小绥螨Neoseiulus bicaudus Wainstein生长发育的影响。【方法】在实验室恒温条件下,采用生命表研究方法,研究在不同光照时间下,双尾新小绥螨捕食土耳其斯坦叶螨的生长发育情况。【结果】双尾新小绥螨在不同光照时间段下均能完成世代周期。在光照时数小于12 h时,从卵发育至成螨的各个发育阶段所需时间均呈缩短趋势,当光照时数大于16 h后各个发育阶段所需的时间又呈增长趋势。产卵期在12L︰12D光照时数下最长为20.74 d,且同其他光照条件均存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。产卵后期、寿命、总产卵量均表现在16L︰8D光照时数下最长,分别为11.93 d、31.05 d和42.4粒。双尾新小绥螨种群的净增值率(R_0)在16L︰8D时达到最大值33.88,在8L︰16D时最低为14.97。【结论】光照时间在12~16 h范围内最适合双尾新小绥螨生长发育。     

不同光周期条件下棉花粉蚧的生长发育和种群增长能力

【目的】 研究阐明不同光周期条件下棉花粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley实验种群的发育历期、繁殖和数量动态规律,为制定该虫防治对策、研究治理措施等提供科学依据。【方法】 以扶桑为寄主,在温度27±1℃、相对湿度70%±5%、光照强度4 000 lx及不同光周期（8L∶16D, 10L∶14D, 12L∶12D, 14L∶10D和16L∶8D）条件下,观察了棉花粉蚧实验种群的生长发育特性和繁殖能力,组建了实验种群生命表。【结果】 不同光周期处理下棉花粉蚧1龄若虫和3龄若虫的发育历期及雌成虫产仔量均发生了变化,但不同龄期若虫存活率之间差异不大。随着光照时间增加,棉花粉蚧1龄若虫、3龄若虫发育速率加快,8 h光照时发育历期分别为5.43 d和6.35 d,而16 h光照时发育历期分别缩短至4.16 d和4.75 d;整个若虫发育历期也由8 h光照时的15.54 d缩短至16 h光照时的12.74 d,世代历期由27.75 d缩短至23.45 d。长光照时雌虫更早进入产仔期,也有利于雌虫繁殖后代,16 h光照时进入产仔期是18日龄,8 和10 h光照时均推迟至22日龄;16 h光照时单雌产仔量为417.06头,明显高于12 ,10 和8 h光照时的353.59,347.61和336.00头。长光照条件下实验种群趋势指数(I)明显较大,增长潜能更大,16,10 和8 h光照时种群趋势指数分别为 175.37,133.94和141.99。该虫生命表参数表明,随着光照时间加长净增值率（R₀）呈逐渐增大趋势,8, 10,12,14和16 h光照时分别为88.57,86.85,100.77,124.16和126.86;内禀增长率、周限增长率表现类似的规律,8～16 h光照时内禀增长率（r_m）为0.1616～0.2066,周限增长率（λ）为1.1754～1.2294;而种群倍增时间（t）则随着光照时加长而缩短,8～16 h光照时为4.29～3.36 d。【结论】 长光照有利于棉花粉蚧生长发育和繁殖,世代历期缩短,种群增长潜能变强。     

亚洲玉米螟性体型二型性及幼虫发育历期与蛹重的关系

【目的】探明亚洲玉米螟不同地理种群性体型二型性及幼虫发育历期与蛹重的关系。【方法】在26℃,L︰D=16︰8条件下,详细记录了来自热带地区的海南省三亚种群,来自亚热带地区的广东省广州和江西省永修种群,及来自温带地区的河北廊坊种群的雌雄幼虫发育历期、蛹重、成虫重,并计算幼虫发育速率。【结果】不同地理种群的雌性个体均显著大于雄性个体。三亚种群雌雄个体的发育历期没有差异,但雌性的生长速率显著大于雄性个体;广州种群、永修种群及廊坊种群,雌雄的生长速率没有差异,但雌性幼虫的发育历期显著长于雄性幼虫。各地理种群蛹重随幼虫发育历期的延长呈下降趋势。【结论】亚洲玉米螟存在明显的性体型二型性,雌雄个体发育历期和生长速率存在地理差异。     

亲本体色及环境因子对长绿飞虱成虫体色、寿命与繁殖的影响

【目的】明确亲本体色和环境因素对长绿飞虱Saccharosydne procerus F1代成虫体色的影响及不同体色成虫个体在不同环境中产卵量、交配率、成虫寿命的变化。【方法】长绿飞虱不同体色(黑化与非黑化)亲本所产若虫在室内经不同温度(30℃和22℃)和光周期(20L∶4D和16L∶8D)组合处理,观察成虫黑化率;将不同体色的成虫同样经历这些温度和光周期组合处理,记录成虫寿命、产卵量和交配率变化,分析不同因素对其的贡献率。【结果】长绿飞虱不同体色亲本所产若虫在实验室内经过上述温度和光周期组合处理后,成虫黑化率变化范围为18.6%~60.8%。若虫期高温、长光照以及黑化亲本均显著增加子代中黑化个体的比例。低温短光照条件下非黑化个体寿命显著长于黑化个体,高温长光照则相反;黑化个体交配率与产卵量随着温度和光照时间的下降而下降,非黑化个体的交配率与产卵量则主要受到光周期影响。统计分析表明,在几种因子中,温度对长绿飞虱的交配率变化贡献率最高,为39.1%;光周期对长绿飞虱体色及产卵量变化贡献率最高,分别达到42.5%和47.4%。体色与温度交互作用对长绿飞虱雌、雄成虫寿命的贡献率最高,分别可达50.3%和60.6%。【结论】本研究表明,若虫期光周期对长绿飞虱成虫体色变化影响最显著,且该虫体色变化在一定程度上改变了其成虫生物学特性,提高了该虫对环境的适应性。     

光周期对内蒙古三种草原蝗虫高龄若虫发育、存活、羽化、生殖的影响

研究不同光周期(L8∶D16、L12∶D12及L16∶D8)对毛足棒角蝗Dasyhippus barbipes(F.-W.),亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus decorus asiaticus B.-Bidenko,小翅雏蝗Chorthippus fallax(Zub.)3种草原蝗虫高龄若虫的发育、存活、羽化、生殖的影响。结果表明:在白天温度(28±1)℃,黑夜温度(23±1)℃的恒定温度下,不同光周期对毛足棒角蝗和亚洲小车蝗高龄若虫的发育、羽化、产卵影响不大,但是对其存活率有极显著的影响:毛足棒角蝗和亚洲小车蝗高龄若虫到成虫的发育速度在中光照下(L12∶D12)最快。而在短光照(L8∶D16)下更有利于小翅雏蝗若虫发育,其次是中光照;毛足棒角蝗的羽化在中光照条件下最适宜,而长光照时数(L16∶D8)更有利于亚洲小车蝗和小翅雏蝗的羽化;光周期对亚洲小车蝗产卵影响最为明显,毛足棒角蝗和亚洲小车蝗在中光照和长光照时数条件下有利于它们产卵,而小翅雏蝗在短光照和中光照时数下有利于产卵。     

褐飞虱翅型分化的组织学研究

利用石蜡切片的方法,观察并比较了褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens (Stal)长翅型和短翅型纯系各龄若虫及成虫的翅芽和间接飞行肌的发育情况。发现在4龄的第8h以后间接飞行肌就开始分化,长翅型若虫的间接飞行肌正常发育而短翅型若虫间接飞行肌的发育则被抑制。在5龄初始时方可明显观察到翅芽分化,短翅型若虫前翅芽细胞增殖速度明显慢于长翅型,并且其后翅芽停止发育。本文还比较了长翅型雌、雄性个体之间间接飞行肌的发育情况。     

亚洲玉米螟南昌种群滞育的解除

【目的】为了探明滞育诱导期和滞育期间的光周期和温度如何影响亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis滞育的强度。【方法】采用不同条件下诱导的亚洲玉米螟滞育幼虫转到不同条件下解除滞育的方法,测试了亚洲玉米螟南昌种群滞育幼虫滞育解除的光周期反应、滞育诱导期和滞育期间的光周期和温度对滞育持续时间的影响及田间越冬幼虫滞育解除的时间进程。【结果】滞育解除是由光周期控制的,临界日长为14.5 h。在25℃和28℃,光周期13L︰11D诱导的滞育个体的滞育强度显著弱于11L︰13D和12L︰12D。滞育幼虫在长光周期15L︰9D和22,25和28℃解除滞育,显示了其滞育持续时间随温度的升高显著缩短,从22℃下的72 d降到28℃下的34 d。5℃的低温处理没有缩短滞育持续时间,但低温处理同步了滞育个体的化蛹时间。越冬幼虫不同时期从自然条件下转入恒温25℃,长光周期15L︰9D和短光周期12L︰12D的条件下解除滞育,显示了越冬幼虫滞育初期对光周期仍然敏感,但这种光敏感性在1月份后丧失。3年的田间观察揭示了50%滞育幼虫的化蛹时间出现在4月末至5月上旬,50%羽化时间出现在5月中旬。【结论】亚洲玉米螟滞育幼虫的滞育强度受到滞育诱导期和滞育期间的光周期和温度的显著影响。     

35℃下烟青虫夏滞育率、蛹重及代谢速率的变化

【目的】本文旨在研究烟青虫Helicoverpa assulta在高温下的滞育的发生和生理的变化。【方法】高温可以诱导不同龄期的烟青虫进入夏滞育,本实验在35℃,L︰D=16︰8条件诱导3龄、4龄、6龄、预蛹期的烟青虫夏滞育,并比较研究了滞育蛹和非滞育蛹代谢水平的差异。【结果】研究结果发现,在35℃下,烟青虫的3龄、4龄、6龄幼虫与预蛹期的夏滞育率分别为25.96%、25.71%、22.76%、11.31%,3个幼虫期的滞育率显著高于预蛹期滞育率。不同龄期的滞育诱导中,雄性的夏滞育率都明显高于雌性夏滞育率。并且,滞育蛹显著比未滞育蛹重。对滞育蛹和未滞育蛹的失重动态与呼吸代谢速率比较研究,结果发现:夏滞育虫蛹的失重曲线平缓,显著低于未滞育蛹;并且呼吸代谢速率曲线平缓且显著低于未滞育蛹。【结论】研究表明,高温能诱导烟青虫能进入夏滞育,并且夏滞育蛹能通过维持低的代谢水平来度过不利环境,具有一定的生态适应意义。     

Reliability of Analyses of Hg,Fe, Ca,K, P,pH, Alkalinity,Conductivity, Hardness and Colour from Lakes

The aim of this report has been to present results concerning analytical quality controls of Hg analysis of fish and sediment, analyses of Fe, Ca, total-P, K, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, colour and hardness (Ca + Mg) of lake water samples. Despite the fact that these are standard parameters in many regular water control programs, there are major differences in the reliability with which these parameters can be determined. The focus here is on an overall inter-laboratory comparison between the parameters. Six laboratories have been involved in the analysis. Selected results: pH gives the lowest (average) relative standard deviation (error), about 2 %; conductivity gives an error of about 5–7 %; alkalinity yields an average error of as much as 13–25 %, which is the largest among the parameters studied here; colour also gives a high error, 9–15 %; hardness gives a relative standard deviation of about 6–7 %. Of the other parameters (i. e., Hg, Fe, Ca and P), Hg gives the best reliability and Fe and P the lowest. To have knowledge of the reliability of the analytical data is of paramount importance in most control programs and research projects.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Further studies of the sieve-element plastids of theCaryophyllales includingBarbeuia,Corrigiola, Lyallia,Microtea, Sarcobatus,andTelephium

The sieve-element plastids of 69 species of theCaryophyllales were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. All contained the specific subtype-P3 plastids characterized by a peripheral ring of protein filaments. The presence or absence of an additional central protein crystal and their shape being either polygonal or globular as well as the average sizes of the sieve-element plastids are useful features in the characterization of some families.—Barbeuia contains sieve-element plastids that confirm its placement within thePhytolaccaceae. Lyallia differs fromHectorella by including small starch grains in their sieve-element plastids, which otherwise by their globular crystals negate a closer connection to theCaryophyllaceae. The lack of a central protein crystal in its form-P3fs plastids placesMicrotea best within theChenopodiaceae. Sarcobatus, a so far uncontested member of theChenopodiaceae, contains form-P3cf plastids, i.e., including a central crystal not found elsewhere in this family.Telephium andCorrigiola, shifted back and forth betweenMolluginaceae andCaryophyllaceae, have form-P3cf(s) plastids with a polygonal crystal which favor their placement within theCaryophyllaceae.     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.