棉铃虫饲养技术与流程

本文介绍了一套简便、实用的棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera常规人工饲养技术及饲养流程。1~3龄幼虫用养虫罐群体饲养,4龄至化蛹用24孔养虫盒单头饲养。成虫饲喂10%蜂蜜水,在成虫产卵笼中把卵产在脱脂纱布上。饲养过程中应重点关注成虫所处空间的湿度、卵和蛹表面的消毒,以及饲养器具和材料的消毒和灭菌、饲养环境光周期等技术要点。本文还对人工饲养过程中的一些关键问题进行了讨论。     

棉铃虫室内饲养技术的改进

在传统人工饲料饲养技术的基础上 ,对棉铃虫的卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的饲养器材和操作方法进行了简化和改进。将产于纱布上的卵经消毒晾干后 ,直接放于塑料保鲜袋中孵化。初孵幼虫用毛笔移入特制的带盖 1 0孔饲养盒 ,每孔 1头 ,孔径和高度为 2 5cm× 1 8cm ,接虫前每孔加人工饲料 4～ 5g ,接虫后加盖 ,直至化蛹。幼虫化蛹后用培养皿收集 ,直接放于成虫饲养笼中 ,任其羽化、交配和产卵。采用这一改进饲养技术 ,幼虫存活率、化蛹率、羽化率等均有显著提高 ,棉铃虫的病害明显减少 ,同时节约饲养成本约 5 0 %。     

用马铃薯人工饲养马铃薯块茎蛾的方法

介绍一种马铃薯块茎蛾Phthorimaeaoperculella的室内人工饲养方法。在人工养虫室内用 1 0 %的蜂蜜水喂养成虫 ,用滤纸收集卵块 ,幼虫在薯块上饲养 ,化蛹于牛皮纸卷成的纸筒中 ,饲养结果发现马铃薯块茎蛾完成 1代大约需要 35～ 4 6d ,室内连续饲养块茎蛾 3代 ,卵的孵化率、幼虫化蛹率、成虫羽化率均在 90 %以上。     

A method for rearing the desert beetle Anatolica polita (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae: Tentyriini)

为了解决深入研究荒漠甲虫环境适应机制时所遇到的各发育阶段试虫材料短缺的问题,本文介绍了饲养拟步甲科鳖甲族昆虫光滑鳖甲Anatolica polita Kaszab的有效方法.将早春季节在野外采集的成虫饲养在2L的塑料烧杯中,收集卵.用玻璃培养皿孵育卵;用改装的盛有沙土的矿泉水瓶单只饲养3龄以上幼虫,以防止幼虫自相残杀.为保持幼虫饲养瓶内的适当湿度,在瓶子底部加入72mL的水,再装入800g沙子,借助毛细现象,形成渐变式含水基质,在最上层的干沙表面加麦麸以饲养幼虫.如需观察计数,可将预蛹、蛹和初孵成虫置于玻璃培养皿中培养.采用此方法饲养的光滑鳖甲可顺利完成生活史,其卵的孵化率为68.67％±2.45％,1～2龄幼虫的存活率为82.95％±7.72％,3～9龄幼虫的存活率为73.80％±4.95％;预蛹、蛹和幼嫩成虫的存活率分别为84.68％±2.35％、88.45％±2.75％和90.56％±4.20％.该方法可以有效实现光滑鳖甲的室内饲养,并可用于其他一些沙栖拟步甲科昆虫的人工饲养.     

空心莲子草叶甲室内大量繁殖研究

为了大量繁殖供环境释放的空心莲子草叶甲Agasicles hygrophila以实现空心莲子草区域减灾, 我们探索出室内大量饲养与繁殖空心莲子草叶甲的方法与流程, 包括用叶片法或苗水培法孵化卵粒、用盒养法饲养各龄幼虫与成虫并供成虫产卵、用栽培活苗笼养法化蛹羽化。在室内成虫终日均能取食、交配、产卵, 产卵前期约4～5 d, 产卵高峰期在羽化后第7～24 天, 每雌平均产卵21.08块, 约570粒。盒养法叶片平均可着卵4.28块, 叶背与叶面着卵量相近; 笼养法叶片平均着卵为1.46块, 卵主要产于叶背。盒养法与笼养法得到的卵孵化率分别为94.02%与92.50%。空心莲子草叶甲除化蛹需在栽培活苗上完成外, 各龄幼虫与成虫均可用离体新鲜苗盒养法密集饲养。初孵1龄幼虫转株（叶）期、3龄老熟幼虫转化蛹苗期是室内大量饲养与繁殖空心莲子草叶甲的关键时期, 高密度成功饲养与繁殖空心莲子草叶甲的最适化蛹接虫量是每株8头, 产卵期雌虫的最适密度是每株5头。     

荒漠昆虫光滑鳖甲（鞘翅目：拟步甲科：鳖甲族）的人工饲养方法

为了解决深入研究荒漠甲虫环境适应机制时所遇到的各发育阶段试虫材料短缺的问题,本文介绍了饲养拟步甲科鳖甲族昆虫光滑鳖甲Anatolicapolita Kaszab的有效方法。将早春季节在野外采集的成虫饲养在2L的塑料烧杯中,收集卵。用玻璃培养皿孵育卵;用改装的盛有沙土的矿泉水瓶单只饲养3龄以上幼虫,以防止幼虫自相残杀。为保持幼虫饲养瓶内的适当湿度,在瓶子底部加入72mL的水,再装入800g沙子,借助毛细现象,形成渐变式含水基质,在最上层的干沙表面加麦麸以饲养幼虫。如需观察计数,可将预蛹、蛹和初孵成虫置于玻璃培养皿中培养。采用此方法饲养的光滑鳖甲可顺利完成生活史,其卵的孵化率为68．67％±2．45％,1—2龄幼虫的存活率为82．95％±7．72％,3～9龄幼虫的存活率为73．80％±4．95％;预蛹、蛹和幼嫩成虫的存活率分别为84．68％±2．55％、88．45％±2．75％和90．56％±4．20％。该方法可以有效实现光滑鳖甲的室内饲养,并可用于其他一些沙栖拟步甲科昆虫的人工饲养。     

椰心叶甲的耐寒力测定

测定椰心叶甲Brontispalongissima(Gestro)的过冷却点和结冰点。各虫态中过冷却点值以卵和蛹最低,分别为-9.8℃和-9.0℃,成虫较高,雌、雄成虫分别为-5.9℃和-5.5℃;幼虫的过冷却点最高,平均为-4.5℃。结冰点由高到低依次为2龄幼虫、5龄幼虫、4龄幼虫、1龄幼虫、3龄幼虫、雄成虫、雌成虫、蛹和卵,分别为-0.3,-0.8,-1.1,-1.3,-1.3,-2.4,-2.7,-5.4和-5.5℃。综合分析认为,蛹、卵的耐寒能力最强。根据广东地区常年平均气温分析了在自然条件下该虫各虫态越冬情况,但由于生物学特性的限制,越冬虫态主要是成虫、蛹。     

中国大巴山蚊蝎蛉属一新种(长翅目,蚊蝎蛉科)

记述采自中国大巴山的蚊蝎蛉属1新种,周氏蚊蝎蛉Bittacus Choui sp.nov.,模式标本保存于西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆,并通过人工饲养获得卵、幼虫和蛹等所有虫态,提供了成虫、卵、幼虫和蛹等虫态照片,绘制了雌雄外生殖器特征图,简要报道了新种的生物学和生活史.     

沿海榆毡蚧的生物学特性及防治

园林重要害虫沿海榆毡蚧Eriococcus costatus(Danzig)在山西太谷1年发生1代,以2龄若虫及预蛹越冬。雌虫经卵、1龄若虫、2龄若虫、成虫完成生活史。雄虫则经卵、1龄若虫、2龄若虫、预蛹、冬前蛹(无翅型)、无翅雄成虫和部分若虫到冬后化蛹(有翅型)、有翅雄成虫,完成其生活史。影响该虫种群动态的主要生态因子包括温度、湿度、食料、天敌等,其中湿度在初孵若虫期是最主要的影响因子。4月上中旬为该虫的最佳防治时期,杀虫剂宜采用内吸性、触杀型的,且脂溶性效果较好。     

赤松毛虫(Dendrolimus spectabilis)质型多角体病毒经卵传递的研究

昆虫病毒的经卵传递,对于昆虫种群中病毒病的自然发生和传播有着重要意义,有关这方面的工作,前人已有一些报道,作者在利用质型多角体病毒(CPV)防治赤松毛虫工作中,对赤松毛虫CPV经卵传递的现象进行了观察,报道如后。 材料和方法 CPV系中国林科院林科所提供。将CPV悬液浸湿松枝,室内晾干后饲喂6—7龄幼虫,室外选择虫口密度较大的林地,在幼虫6—7龄时用CPV悬液喷雾防治。分别收取室内和防治区松树上的虫蛹,单个置于灭菌玻璃容器中,成虫羽化后,检查蛹便有无多角体。解剖部分成虫观察肠道病变,检查中肠有无多角体,另部分成虫置养虫笼中产卵,幼虫孵化后,单个饲养于灭菌容器中,逐日检查记载子代病死虫数。用扫描电镜检查雌蛾外生殖器和卵的表面有无多角体。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Feeding the vertebrate retina from the Cambrian to the Tertiary

The retina of the vertebrate eye is metabolically active and requires nutritive support. During the last 540 million years it has evolved into forms as complicated and nutritionally demanding as those found in avian or primate eyes. Diffusion from the choroid is generally able to supply the metabolic needs of thin retinae. However, when the thickness exceeds the limits of diffusion, structures are needed to supplement the vascular supply from the choroid. These supplemental nutritive devices include the choroidal gland, the falciform process and preretinal vascular plexus of fish, the conus papillaris of lizards, the pecten oculi of birds, the intraretinal vessels of mammals and a few novel systems that remain difficult to classify. These vascular systems are among the most variable features of the vertebrate eye. Here, we review classical and recent findings regarding such retinal nutrition systems, propose a three category classification for them based on histologic origins and speculate on the evolutionary forces which drove their development.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan