转基因鱼研究进展

自1985年转基因鱼(Transigenic fish)研究在我国首次报道以来,转基因鱼研究有了很大进展.本文对国内外转基因鱼研究作一全面概述,供有关研究者参考.转基因鱼研究的简况从公开发表的文献看,已对13种(品种)鱼进行过转基因试验.研究目的涉及四方     

转基因鱼生态风险评价及其对策研究进展

遗传改良的转基因鱼具有许多优良经济性状, 但转基因鱼迄今尚未进行商业化养殖, 主要原因之一在于对转基因鱼逃逸或放流到自然水体中可能产生的生态风险的担忧. 本文以具有快速生长特性的转生长激素(GH)基因鱼为对象, 分析了转基因鱼潜在生态风险的实质, 简要综述了通过单因子表型与适合度分析、数学模型推演研究转基因鱼生态风险的现状, 阐述了利用人工模拟生态系统开展转基因鱼生态风险评价的新思路及最新研究成果, 同时评述了采用三倍体途径控制转基因鱼生态风险的策略及原理; 在此基础上, 提出生态风险评价与生态风险防范策略是转基因鱼育种研究体系中不可或缺的重要组成、必须与育种研究同步进行的观点, 以期为转基因鱼育种及生态风险评价和对策研究提供启示.     

转基因鱼

1982年美国科学家R.D.Palmiter等人在世界上首次运用基因工程技术将人的生长激素基因导入小鼠受精卵中,获得了具有快速生长效应的“超级鼠(Supermouse)”,其成熟大小为一般小鼠的两倍.“超级鼠”的诞生,标志着人类从认识、利用和改造家养动物的时代跨入了可以创造新生物品系,乃至于修饰人类自身的新时代,它在生物学,自然科学以及整个人类认识发展史上都具有划时代的意义.     

转基因鱼

朱作言,男,１９４１年出生于湖南省澧县。研究员,博士生导师,中国科学院院士。现任中国科学院水生生物研究所所长,国家淡水生态与生物技术重点实验室主任。１９６５年于北京大学生物系人体及动物生理专业本科（六年制）毕业,１９８０年中国科学院研究生院细胞及发育...     

转基因鱼：生物及技术方面的若干问题

随着70年代基因工程的迅猛发展,人们可以得到真核细胞的基因,通过体外实验也积累了结构与功能方面的大量信息,然而基因存在并起作用于活体内,仅仅依靠体外实验显然是不足取的。到80年代早期,产生了一项革命性的技术,这就是将外源基因显微注射到受精卵,产生携带外源基因的动物品系,并追踪该基因在体内的功能。这种携带有外源基因的动物称     

精子作载体的转基因鱼研究

本文报道了以精子为载体将美洲拟蝶抗冻蛋白基因导入罗非鱼卵,构建转基因鱼的方法,此法简单易行。斑点杂文和ＳｏｕｔｈｅｒｎＢｌｏｔ杂交结果表明,外源基因的整合率为１８．１％,与其它方法构建转基因鱼的外源基因整合率相近。     

用直接注射法生产转基因鱼

本文报道了对鲤鱼、鲫鱼受精卵不加任何去膜处理,用显微操作器把外源基因直接注射到卵核附近,构建转基因鱼的方法。本法操作方便,孵化条件简单,成活率高。斑点杂交和Southern Blot杂交结果表明,外源基因的整合率与其它方法构建的转基因鱼的外源基因的整合率相近。从1988年至今,本组运用这个方法生产转基因鲤鱼、鲫鱼一万余尾。     

我国转基因鱼研制的历史回顾与展望

中国自从诞生了首例转基因鱼以来,在后续30多年里取得了一系列重要研究进展。全球范围的转基因鱼研究包括多种养殖鱼类,目标性状涉及快速生长、抗病抗逆和品质改良。现在已经初步建成转基因鱼育种技术体系和安全评估体系,为转基因鱼产业化奠定了重要基础。本文以转基因黄河鲤育种研究为主线,简要回顾了转基因鱼研究的发展历程,并对转基因鱼育种面临的问题和发展前景进行了分析和展望。     

鱼类基因转移育种的几个问题

１９８５年,世界上第一批转基因鱼诞生。随后,鱼类基因转移迅速应用到培育高产、优质和抗逆的养殖鱼类新品种,并在解决发育生物学分子生物学和生理学等方面的难题中发挥了重要作用。目前,研究者已经建立了三种成熟的鱼类基因转移方法,即显微注射、电脉冲和精子携带法,证实了转移大受体鱼基因组中的整合、性腺传递、表达和转译表达产物的生物活性。最近,“全鱼”生长激素（ＧＨ）基因的克隆与应用,使快速生长转ＧＨ基因鱼的研     

Progress in the evaluation of transgenic fish for possible ecological risk and its containment strategies

Genetically improved transgenic fish possess many beneficial economic traits; however, the commercial aquaculture of transgenic fish has not been performed till date. One of the major reasons for this is the possible ecological risk associated with the escape or release of the transgenic fish. Using a growth hormone transgenic fish with rapid growth characteristics as a subject, this paper analyzes the following: the essence of the potential ecological risks posed by transgenic fish; ecological risk in the current situation due to transgenic fish via one-factor phenotypic and fitness analysis, and mathematical model deduction. Then, it expounds new ideas and the latest findings using an artificially simulated ecosystem for the evaluation of the ecological risks posed by transgenic fish. Further, the study comments on the strategies and principles of controlling these ecological risks by using a triploid approach. Based on these results, we propose that ecological risk evaluation and prevention strategies are indispensable important components and should be accompanied with breeding research in order to provide enlightments for transgenic fish breeding, evaluation of the ecological risks posed by transgenic fish, and development of containment strategies against the risks.     

转基因植物环境监测进展

近20年来,转基因植物的商业化应用规模越来越大,而转基因生物安全问题依然是转基因植物产业进一步发展的最主要制约因素。转基因植物在商业化应用之前虽然预先进行了风险评估,但是,包括环境监测在内的风险管理措施是确保转基因植物安全应用的必要手段。在转基因作物大规模应用近20年之后,其在靶标生物抗性、对生物多样性的影响、基因漂移、在生态系统中的长期存留等方面产生的环境风险已经渐渐显现出来,表明风险评估无法为转基因植物应用提供足够的安全保障,还必须通过开展系统而长期的环境监测,明确转基因植物在生产应用后的实际环境影响。联合国环境规划署和欧盟等已经制定了转基因植物环境监测的法规和技术指南,一些国家实施了系统的转基因植物环境监测。对转基因植物所产生的环境风险以及环境监测应包括的内容进行了综述。     

Progress in the evaluation of transgenic fish for possi-ble ecological risk and its containment strategies

Genetically improved transgenic fish possess many beneficial economic traits; however, the commercial aquaculture of transgenic fish has not been performed till date. One of the major reasons for this is the possible ecological risk associated with the escape or release of the transgenic fish. Using a growth hormone transgenic fish with rapid growth characteristics as a subject, this paper analyzes the following: the essence of the potential ecological risks posed by transgenic fish; ecological risk in the current situation due to transgenic fish via one-factor phenotypic and fitness analysis, and mathematical model deduction. Then, it expounds new ideas and the latest findings using an artificially simulated ecosystem for the evaluation of the ecological risks posed by transgenic fish. Further, the study comments on the strategies and principles of controlling these ecological risks by using a triploid approach. Based on these results, we propose that ecological risk evaluation and prevention strategies are indispensable important components and should be accompanied with breeding research in order to provide enlightments for transgenic fish breeding, evaluation of the ecological risks posed by transgenic fish, and development of containment strategies against the risks. Supported by the Development Plan of the State Key Fundamental Research of China (Grant Nos. 2007CB109205 and 2007CB109206), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30430540), and the ‘863’ High Technology Project (Grant No. 2006AA10Z141)     

Integration mechanisms of transgenes and population fitness of GH transgenic fish

It has been more than 20 years since the first batch of transgenic fish was produced. Five stable germ-line transmitted growth hormone (GH) transgenic fish lines have been generated. This paper reviews the mechanisms of integration and gene targeting of the transgene, as well as the viability, reproduction and transgenic approaches for the reproductive containment of GH-transgenic fish. Further, we propose that it should be necessary to do the following studies, in particularly, of the breeding of transgeni...     

Inducible transgenic expression in the short‐lived fish Nothobranchius furzeri

This study demonstrates inducible transgenic expression in the exceptionally short‐lived turquoise killifish Nothobranchius furzeri, which is a useful vertebrate model for ageing research. Transgenic N. furzeri bearing a green fluorescent protein (Gfp) containing construct under the control of a heat shock protein 70 promoter were generated, heat shock‐induced and reversible Gfp expression was demonstrated and germline transmission of the transgene to the F1 and F2 generations was achieved. The availability of this inducible transgenic expression system will make the study of ageing‐related antagonistically pleiotropic genes possible using this unique vertebrate model organism.     

转基因动物研究进展及前景

本文综述了国内外转基因动物的概念、制备、意义、应用、特点等方面的研究进展,系统分析了转基因研究中的问题及其原因,展望了转基因动物的前景。     

环境DNA技术在鱼类生态学中的应用研究进展

全球渔业衰退是21世纪人类面临的重要挑战之一。为了有效地遏制鱼类资源的衰退,精确的鱼类生态调查是其首要任务。传统的鱼类监测以渔获物采集与形态学鉴定为主,往往耗时耗力且效果不佳,已无法满足现阶段大尺度上的精确调查。环境DNA （eDNA）技术作为一种近年来新兴的鱼类生态调查方法,其与传统方法相比具有灵敏度高、经济高效、采样受限小且对生态系统无干扰的优势,目前其已被广泛地应用于鱼类物种监测、多样性调查、生物量评估以及繁殖活动监测等方面的研究。然而,eDNA技术在鱼类生态学研究的具体应用中暴露出的一些问题将会影响其监测结果的精确性,诸如操作流程的不规范、基因数据库的不完善以及eDNA在环境中生态学过程的不明确等。鉴于上述原因,首先对eDNA技术的发展历程、分析流程以及eDNA技术在鱼类生态学研究领域中的研究进展进行了综述,而后着重分析了eDNA技术的发展当前所面临的困难与挑战,并提出了相应的解决方案,最后对eDNA技术未来在鱼类生态学研究领域中的发展趋势做出了展望。通过本研究,以期能够为eDNA技术在鱼类生态学领域中的准确应用提供理论基础。     

Environmental risk assessment of transgenic miraculin-accumulating tomato in a confined field trial in Japan

The commercial use of genetically modified (GM) crops requires prior assessment of the risks to the environment when these crops are grown in the field or distributed. Assessments protocols vary across countries and GM crop events, but there is a common need to assess environmental biosafety. In this study, we conducted an environmental risk assessment in a confined field of GM tomato plants that can produce miraculin, a taste-altering protein that causes sour tastes to be perceived as sweet, for practical use in Japan. The evaluation was conducted for 1) competitiveness (the ability to compete with wild plants for nutrients, sunlight, and growing areas and prevent their growth) and 2) the production of toxic substances (the ability to produce substances that interfere with the habitat and growth of wild plants, animals, and microorganisms). Investigations of plant morphology and growth characteristics as well as tolerance to low temperature during early growth and overwintering for assessment endpoints related to competitiveness showed no biologically meaningful difference between GM tomato and non-GM tomato. In addition, harmful substances in plant residues and root secretions were assessed by the plow-in method, succeeding crop test and soil microflora tests, and it was determined that GM tomato does not exhibit an increase in harmful substances. Based on these results, it was concluded that GM miraculin-accumulating tomato is comparable to conventional tomato and is unlikely to have unintended adverse effects in the natural environment of Japan.