Étude de la cohorte nord-finlandaise de 1966: facteurs prédictifs et conséquences de la schizophrénie

Subtle motor, emotional, cognitive and behavioural abnormalities are often present in apparently healthy children and adolescents who later develop schizophrenia. This suggests that some aspects of causation are established long before psychosis becomes manifest. We aim to assess the factors contributing to the development of schizophrenia focusing mainly on genetic factors, pregnancy and delivery complications, early development and scholastic performance, as well as later educational, social and health consequences. This is done by reviewing the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort, its scientific activities, publications and work in progress.     

Sélection dépendant de la fréquence et durée de développement embryonnaire chez Drosophila melanogaster

Sans résuméEquipe de Recherche Associée du C.N.R.S. N^o 406 Analyse et mécanismes de maintien du polymorphisme.     

Influence de la concentration du glucose et de l'azote sur la morphologie de Candida albicans et la formation de ses chlamydospores dans un milieu de culture synthétique

Résumé Candida albicans a été cultivé à l'obsurité, à 28 °C, dans un milieu de culture synthétique liquide dans lequel on fait varier les concentrations de glucose et d'azote. Des indices de chlamydosporulation ont pu etre calculés pour les milieux contenant au plus 0,08 g/l de glucose. Lorsque la concentration de glucose est plus importante, les thalles pseudomycéliens portent, dans certains cas, de nombreuses chlamydospores, mais aussi des chaines de cellules à contenu dense; ces thalles bourgeonnent des éléments levuriformes qui se détachent et continuent à bourgeonner dans le milieu de culture. Les différentes morphologies rencontrées sont décrites, illustrées et ordonnées en fonction des concentrations de glucose et d'azote du milieu.

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Candida albicans was grown in the darkness, at 28 °C, in a synthetic medium in which glucose and nitrogen concentrations were varied. Numeric appraisal of the chlamydospore index was possible only in the medium where glucose concentration was 0,08 g/l or less. When the glucose concentration raised, pseudomycelial thalli bore numerous chlamydospores but sometimes also chains of cells with a dense granular content. These thalli bud yeast cells which separate and bud again in the medium. The different morphological aspects of the cultures are decribed, illustrated and classified according to the glucose and nitrogen concentration of the medium.

     

L'isolement chez le Termite a cou jaune (Calotermes flavicollis Fab.) et ses conséquences

Résumé Des nymphes (dernier et avant-dernier stades) deCalotermes flavicollis ont pu être maintenues en élevages solitaires pendant plus d'un an. Les solitaires muent rarement et subissent surtout des mues régressives. La survie des individus solitaires venant de muer ne s'obtient qu'en leur fournissant de l'aliment proctodéal contenant les indispensables Flagellés symbiotiques. Dans quelques cas, les nymphes du dernier stade ont subi la mue imaginale dans des délais normaux. La transformation en sexué néoténique est possible et les femelles peuvent même pondra des ufs viables.L'élevage deCalotermes solitaires met en valeur l'effet de groupe sur le développement individuel, en fonction du stade atteint par le sujet considéré. Il est vraisemblable que d'autres facteurs (cycle saisonnier, par ex.) interviennent dans le destin individuel.     

Influence de la densité de population larvaire sur la taille des adultes,la durée de développement et la fréquence de la diapause chezPteromalus puparum L. [Hym., Chalcidien]

Summary The parasitoid waspPteromalus puparum was reared for many generations under controlled laboratory conditions: larval development in diapausing pupae ofPieris brassicae, 14 hours photoperiod, temperature of 21 °C or 25 °C. The fluctuations in the density of population appear to be the main source of variation for larval development. An increase in the number of larvae living in the same host pupa results in a decrease of adult size, a reduction of developmental time and a diminution of incidence of larval diapause. According to these results, it appears that a high population density hastens the occurrence of metamorphosis and makes it easier. It is suggested that various nervous stimulations, such as food shortage and interactions between larvae, may induce the onset of neurosecretion by the brain.      

Ultrastructure du lobe postérieur de l'hypophyse du rat et ses modifications au cours de l'excrétion de vasopressine

Résumé Le lobe postérieur de l'hypophyse a été examiné sur coupes ultrafines chez 45 rats (24 normaux, 17 déshydratés respectivement 1, 2 et 4 jours, et 4 anesthésiés à l'éther), après fixation au glutaraldéhyde ou selon la méthode de Karnovsky, post-fixation osmiée et double contraste à l'acétate d'uranyle et au citrate de plomb. Des fibres neurosécrétoires sombres et claires sont reconnaissables, mais les données manquent encore pour interpréter cette différence. Des densifications juxta-membranaires sont observées dans les terminaisons neurosécrétoires là où se trouvent des amas de microvésicules. Des fibres neurosécrétoires traversent parfois des pituicytes; il est aussi souvent observé des fibres, chargées de granules, libres dans un espace péricapillaire. Les espaces péricapillaires, ramifiés en tous sens loin des vaisseaux, développent une large surface de contact avec les extrémités nerveuses et les prolongements de pituicytes.Dans des conditions techniques bien contrôlées, la déshydratation n'entraîne pas de modifications appréciables des granules de neurosécrétat après 24 h. Ensuite les granules sont diminués en nombre, de façon très considérable le 4e jour; mais les granules restants ont un contenu dense normal; jamais il n'a été observé d'aspects de granules vides . Après anesthésie prolongée à l'éther, il n'y a aucune modification visible ni du nombre, ni de la densité des granules. Ces observations sont discutées quant au mécanisme de l'excrétion de vasopressine; elles sont en faveur de l'existence de deux pools hormonaux, l'un libre et rapidement disponible, l'autre plus fortement lié et certainement contenu dans les granules jouant le rôle de réserve. Toutefois un mécanisme d'exocytose granulaire ne peut être formellement exclu.

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Ultrastructure of the rat's hypophysial neural lobe and it's changes during vasopressin release

Summary Hypophysial neural lobes of 45 rats (24 controls, 17 dehydrated resp. 1, 2 and 4 days, and 4 ether anesthetized) were fixed either with glutaraldehyde or according to Karnovsky and post-fixed in osmium tetroxyde; ultrathin sections were stained by uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Dark and clear neurosecretory fibres were observed, but sufficient data are still lacking for a valuable interpretation of these aspects. Juxta-membraneous densifications are visible in limited areas of neurosecretory terminals where clusters of microvesicles are present. Neurosecretory fibres happen to be completely encircled by pituioyte cytoplasm; fibres loaded with elementary granules are frequently encountered running free in a pericapillary space. Pericapillary spaces stretch out branching far away from vessels, resulting in a widespread contact with nerve terminals and pituicyte processes.In accurately controlled technical conditions, dehydratation does not result in any noticeable change of neurosecretory granules after 24 h. A decrease of the number of granules follows and is extremely conspicuous after 4 days; though, remaining granules keep a normal dense content, and aspects of empty granules have never been observed. After prolonged ether anesthesia, no visible change either in number or electron density of granules was observed. These findings are discussed in consideration of the mechanism of vasopressin release; they support the hypothesis of two hormonal pools, one of which would be free and rapidly available for release, the other being more tightly bound and certainly located in granules representing a storage site. Though granular exocytosis cannot be absolutely excluded.

Travail effectué avec l'aide, en matériel et en assistance technique, du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. — Nous remercions particulièrement Mme J. Bottini pour son aide précieuse dans la préparation du manuscrit et Mr. B. Dutillet pour sa participation aux contrôles en microscopie optique.     

Contribution à la connaissance des Desmidiées du Sud-est de la Province de Québec et de la Gaspésie

Sans résumé     

Fonctions histoenzymatiques lors de l'évolution et de la lutéolyse du corps jaune de la lapine

Résumé Trente cinq enzymes sont recherchées lors de l'étude comparative de la lutéinisation et la lutéolyse. Vingt six sont histochimiquement décelables dans les corps jaunes gestatifs leur permettant de stocker et métaboliser glucides, corps gras, nucléotides, amines, phosphates, sulfates et d'autres métabolites. Les activités importantes des enzymes de la voie des pentoses, des diaphorases et de la stéroïde 3 ol DH témoigneraient d'une stéroïdogenèse active. Les cellules lutéiniques thécales semblent histoenzymatiquement mieux pourvues au début de la luteinisation; les cellules lutéiniques granuleuses le sont pendant les stades ultérieurs.La lutéolyse est marquée par une diminution de la plupart des activités enzymatiques. Les activités tant qu'elles existent, sont topographiquement limitées (ilôts actifs extra lutéaux) et surtout métaboliquement restreintes. L'équipement enzymatique des structures lutéales très involuées suggère plutôt qu'une stéroïdogenèse même résiduelle des processus typiques et une activité des éléments conjonctifs (fibrillogenèse).

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Histoenzymatic functions of the evolution and the luteolysis of the corpus luteum of the rabbit

Summary 35 enzymes were investigated in the course of a comparative study on the luteinisation and luteolysis. 26 of them were found in the corpora lutea during gestation. They were able as a consequence to stock and the metabolize glucides, lipides, nucleotides, amines, phosphates, sulphates as well as other metabolites. The strong activities of the pentose shunt's enzymes, of the tetrazolium reductases and ⁵ 3 OH-steroide DH indicated most probably an active steroidogenesis. The theca-luteinic cells appeared having a stronger histoenzymatic activity in the beginning of the luteinisation; the granuloso-luteinic cells showed a stronger activity in the later stades.The luteolysis is characterized by a decrease of the activity of the preponderant number of the enzymes mainly in the degenerated luteal cells. The enzymes activities as far as such existed were topographically limited (active extraluteal islands) and restricted mainly in their metabolizing possibilities. The author's results suggested as more probable the existence of a process of lysis and an activity of the connective tissue elements (fibrillogenesis) than a steroidogenesis, even though in a residual or terminal form.

     

Conséquences de la chimiothérapie anticancéreuse sur la fertilité de la femme

Sterility is a potential toxic effect of chemotherapy. This risk is well established for alkylating agents, but is less clearly defined for anthracyclines, methotrexate and fluorouracil and poorly defined for alkaloids, platinum, etoposide and taxanes. The main predictive factors for ovarian toxicity are the additive effect of cytotoxic drugs, the cumulative dose of each drug and the patient’s age. This effect of chemotherapy is evaluated on menstrual cycles, hormonal assays and the number of pregnancies observed in patient cohorts. Chemotherapy induces destruction of oocytes and granulosa cells. In mice, it has been shown that adriamycin may induce oocyte apoptosis, which can be prevented by modulation of cycle cell signalling (dysregulation of Bax gene or, on the contrary, expression of its antagonist gene Bcl-2 or inhibition of apoptosis with sphingosine-1-phosphate or caspase inhibitors). Clinical data in the literature are usually based on retrospective studies and are somewhat confused: global fertility after MOPP chemotherapy for Hodgkin’s disease is about 20%, adjuvant chemotherapy with CMF, F(A)C or TAC for breast cancer induces amenorrhea in 50% to 70% of cases, PVB or BEP chemotherapy for ovarian germ cell tumors has little effect on fertility when the uterus and one ovary can be preserved, and the majority of women treated with methotrexate, actinomycin D or various combinations for persistent trophoblastic disease remain fertile. Preservation of fertility is a major goal for cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: in vitro fertilization could preserve the couple’s fertility, but is usually not feasible as it would delay initiation of chemotherapy until after stimulation of ovulation; oocyte or ovarian tissue cryopreservation is at the stage of research; oral contraceptives have not been demonstrated to be effective to preserve ovarian function; gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists prevent cyclophosphamide toxicity in rat and monkey ovaries, and a few pilot clinical studies suggest that chemotherapy-induced amenorrhea could be prevented by administration of GnRH analogues simultaneously to chemotherapy, but randomised studies are necessary.     

Développement de l’appareil Papillon 50™ et de ses applicateurs pour la radiothérapie 50 kV des cancers du rectum et de la peau

ObjectiveContact X-Ray 50 kV (CXRT) has proven its efficiency to treat rectum and skin cancers. The goal of this technological research was to design and produce a new CXRT machine with dedicated applicators to replace the Philips unit not any more manufactured.Materials and methodsThe P50 was assembled in UK and the characteristics of the machine were evaluated with spectrometers, ions chambers, Gafchromic films and Monte Carlo code. The applicators were designed and manufactured in Nice. Dosimetric data were measured for each applicator. Validated protocols were used to treat patients.ResultsBetween September 2009 and November 2011, the performances of the P50 was judged satisfactory with a dose rate close to 15 Gy/min depending on the applicator. The dose distribution was according to objectives. Clinical results achieved in 62 patients treated in centre Antoine-Lacassagne for rectum, skin or eyelid cancers confirmed the efficiency and good tolerance of CXRT. Similar results in rectal cancer were observed in Clatterbridge with 120 rectal cancers treated with P50.DiscussionThese results are encouraging and should contribute to the international dissemination of CXRT. New machine (Papillon Plus) should be designed and produced for intraoperative irradiation and treatment of vaginal vault.ConclusionThis experience of research and development well structured within the frame of TecSan project should be encouraged further to facilitate technological innovation in the field of radiotherapy.     

Etude des fluctuations annuelles des copépodes et du phytoplancton dans la manche et le golfe de gascogne par la méthode d'analyse de la variance et du coefficient de correlation

2275 samples have been collected with the Continuous Plankton Recorder of Hardy at a standard depth of 10 meteres in the English Channel and the Bay of Biscay between 1958–1965. Biological as well as statistical analyses have been carried out to provide data on annual fluctuations of 34 species of copepods and phytoplankton. Methods of analysis of variance and the correlation coefficient analysis were used for this purpose. The results are presented in the form of triangular matrices showing the annual fluctuations of species in the different areas considered and the relationship between different species in each area. These methods allowed us to define separate groups of species that could be called annual communities.

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Extrait d'une thèse de Doctorat en Oceanographie biologique, soutenue à la faculté des Sciences de Paris le 19 décembre 1967. Ce travail a été subventionné par the Office of Naval Research, Department of the United States Navy en vertu du contrat No 62558-3612.

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Extrait d'une thèse de Doctorat en Oceanographie biologique, soutenue à la faculté des Sciences de Paris le 19 décembre 1967. Ce travail a été subventionné par the Office of Naval Research, Department of the United States Navy en vertu du contrat No 62558-3612.     

Mise en évidence de la zone à Platynota (Kimméridgien inférieur) dans le Massif du Montejunto (Portugal); conséquences stratigraphiques et paléontologiques

The section has been logged on the southern slope of the Montejunto Mountain, near Cabanas de Torres (North of Tage River, Portugal). Typical ammonites of the Platynota zone with species-index Sutneria platynota (Reinecke) have been found in the lower part of the «Marnes d'Abadia formation. Orthosphinctes and Desmoides subzones of early Kimmeridgian are paleontologically well characterized. Unlike what is usually thought, the lower Kimmeridgian does occur. More fossiliferous beds of the «Marnocalcaires de Tojeira formation are coincident with Upper Oxfordian (Planula zone and Upper part of the Bimammatum zone). They yield Ardescia gr. enayi Atrops which appear earlier in Portugal than in South-eastern France.