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建立了一种基于图像处理的快速瞳孔直径检测算法,运用此算法提取了反映阿片类药物成瘾人员与正常人对瞳孔光反射变化差异的3个特征值:绝对收缩幅度(absolute amplitude of contraction,AAC)、相对收缩幅度(relative amplitude of contraction,RAC)和收缩斜率(SCV,slope of contraction velocity):分别研究了成瘾、性别、近视、年龄、睡眠剥夺等因素对于这3个特征值的影响.不同性别、近视人员、睡眠剥夺人员与正常人之间的3个特征值均无显著差异,成瘾人员与之对比均显著减小.老年人相对于正常青年人,3个特征值都明显减小;与成瘾人员相比,仅在RAC值上有显著差异.结果表明,阿片类药物成瘾人员除了与正常人外,也与其他具有潜在影响瞳孔变化因素的非阿片成瘾人员在瞳孔对光反射的特征值上具有显著差异.该研究的实验数据为进一步建立基于检测瞳孔对光反射其直径发生变化的方法来快速、非接触地鉴别出阿片类药物成瘾人员提供了可靠的依据. 相似文献
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歧义图的双稳态知觉是一种非常有趣的视觉现象,但对其机制还不十分清楚.采用\"运动产生的结构\"(structurefrom-motion)的歧义图和无歧义的对照图,我们研究了这一问题.被试者在报告对歧义图和无歧义图的知觉发生翻转时,其瞳孔都扩张,而且在翻转之后都达到峰值;与无歧义图条件下不同,在报告知觉翻转前,歧义图条件下的瞳孔要明显小于均值,而在瞳孔扩张达到峰值之后,瞳孔仍然明显大于均值.这些结果说明知觉翻转后的瞳孔扩张是一个表达被试知觉状态已改变的指标.而对歧义图和无歧义图刺激的瞳孔反射的差异,可能反映了由歧义图所产生知觉翻转的神经信号和知觉状态的内源性.另外,被试眼动扫视的方向会随着运动轴的变化呈现不同的扫视分布模式,但在歧义图与无歧义图之间分布模式是一致的,这不仅表明被试从歧义图中感知到了与无歧义图同样的信息,也表明瞳孔反射变化与双稳态知觉变化相关的结论具有可靠性.本文对歧义图双稳态知觉的视觉机制提供了新的认识. 相似文献
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光照能明显改变正常人和动物瞳孔的大小,而精神疾病及药物滥用则影响人和动物瞳孔对光的反应性.因此,瞳孔对光反应异常可以用作检测精神疾病和药物滥用的指标.有关药物滥用是如何影响瞳孔对光的反应性的研究还很少.为定量地测量成瘾性药物对瞳孔光反应变化的影响,该文采用猕猴为实验对象,通过在黑暗环境中测量猕猴在吗啡给予前和吗啡给予后的不同时间段,其瞳孔直径大小以及其对光反应能力的变化情况,来系统研究吗啡是如何影响这种非自主性反射系统的.研究发现,吗啡给予降低了猕猴在黑暗环境中的扩瞳反应,并且降低了瞳孔对光反应的收缩率.该文为将瞳孔对光反应特征用作鉴定吸毒者的检测手段提供了实验依据. 相似文献
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糖皮质激素对谷氨酸和GABA受体的电生理反应的快速调制作用 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
在大鼠下丘脑薄片和豚鼠腹腔神经节上,分别用玻璃微电极细胞外和细胞内记录方法,观察了10^6mol/L糖皮质激素(GC)对谷氨酸和GABA受体分层效应的快速调制作用。结果表明,GC灌流后5min,对谷氨酸受体介导的效应起抑制作用,而对GABA受体介导的效应起增强作用。撤除GC后,神经元对谷氨酸和GABA的反应恢复到对照水平。低钙高镁灌流液不能取消GC的调制作用。结果提示,GC在不需要突触环路条件下, 相似文献
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瞳孔大小作为反映个体心理状态的窗口在社会互动中担任着重要的角色。除了非社会性信息(如刺激物理属性等因素)加工被发现影响瞳孔大小变化之外,越来越多的文献指出,瞳孔大小与个体社会信息加工之间也存在密切关系。基于此,本文系统综述了社会性刺激(如面孔和生物运动)本身以及社会性刺激含有的情绪信息对于瞳孔大小的影响,总结出瞳孔大小变化不仅可以反映个体对社会信息的感知,同样可以体现个体对更为复杂的社会互动情境的加工。这种社会性信息加工相关的瞳孔大小变化主要涉及个体的情绪唤醒和社会性注意过程。此外,对于自闭症谱系患者这一在社会互动中存在障碍的特殊群体,有关研究发现其对社会性刺激存在异常的瞳孔反应模式。这一特异性为进一步采用瞳孔指标对自闭症进行早期诊断提供了支持,具有重要的理论和实践意义。 相似文献
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内皮素对麻醉大鼠动脉压力感受器反射的调制作用 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
在27只隔离灌流颈动脉窦区的麻醉大鼠,观察了内皮素(ET-1)对动脉压力感受器反射的调制作用。结果如下:(1)在颈动脉窦区灌流1nmol/L的ET-1时,压力感受器机能曲线向左下方移位,曲线的最大斜率(PS)由0.40±0.02增至0.51±0.02kPa/kPa(P<0.01),压力感受器反射性血压下降幅度(RD)由5.66±0.23增至6.76±0.22kPa(P<0.01)。由此提示,这一剂量的FT-1对压力感受器反射有易化作用。(2)用10nmol/L的ET-1灌流时,压力感受器机能曲线则向右上方移位,PS降至0.28±0.01kPa/kPa(P<0.01),RD降至4.16±0.19kPa(P<0.01);100nmol/L的ET-1可使压力感受器机能曲线向右上方移位更为明显,PS降至0.19±0.03kPa(P<0.001),RD进一步降至3.33±0.38kPa(P<0.001)。这些结果表明,上述两种剂量的ET-1对压力感受器反射有抑制作用。(3)ETA受体选择性阻断剂BQ123(0.15μmol/L)可以阻断ET-1(10nmol/L)对压力感受器反射的抑制效应。(4)预先灌流KATP通道阻断剂格列苯脲(10μmol/L),也可阻断ET-1的效应。综上所述,ET-1对压力感受器反射有双重效应,低剂量时有易化作用,而较高剂量时则有抑制作用,后一作用由ET-1型受体介导并有KATP通道的参与。 相似文献
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G蛋白对神经细胞电压依赖性离子通道的直接调制作用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
神经递质对神经细胞电压依赖性离子通道具有调制作用。近年来观察到,神经递质可通过G蛋白介导对神经细胞电压依赖性离子通道直接发挥调制作用,而不经过目前已知的多种第二信使的介导,使人们对递质,G蛋白与电压依赖性离子通道间的相互关系有了新的认识。 相似文献
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目的:分析急诊中瞳孔检查对昏迷及休克患者病程判断的重要性。方法:对所有患者进行相关体格检查、实验室检查以及神经系统的检查,将患者按不同的病因类型分为两组,观察按病因分类后患者的瞳孔情况,包括患者是否发生瞳孔散大或缩小,双侧瞳孔是否等大及瞳孔是否发生对光反射消失。结果:148例患者中属于结构性昏迷或休克的患者68例,代谢性昏迷或休克80例,结构性昏迷或休克组患者的瞳孔不等大例数大于代谢性昏迷或休克组,结构性昏迷或休克组患者的瞳孔对光反射消失的例数大于代谢性昏迷或休克组。结论:对患者瞳孔合理科学的检查是急诊中判断患者病因情况的重要方法,对了解患者的病情和及时的救治具有积极意义。 相似文献
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M.?J.?Henze F.?Schaeffel H.-J.?Wagner M.?Ott "author-information "> "author-information__contact u-icon-before "> "mailto:ott@anatu.uni-tuebingen.de " title= "ott@anatu.uni-tuebingen.de " itemprop= "email " data-track= "click " data-track-action= "Email author " data-track-label= " ">Email author 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2004,190(2):139-146
Vietnamese leaf turtles (Geoemyda spengleri) were tested for their ability to focus on prey objects at various distances. Accommodation was continuously measured by infrared photoretinoscopy. All animals investigated during this study showed a surprisingly high precision of accommodation over a range of over 30 D. Measured accommodation matched the target distance accurately for distances between 3 and 17 cm. The turtles switched between independent and coupled accommodation in the two eyes. Independent accommodation was observed when the turtles inspected their environment visually without a defined object of interest. Coupled accommodation was only observed during binocular prey fixation. When a turtle aimed at a target, the symmetrical focus of both eyes persisted even if vision was totally blocked in one eye or altered by ophthalmic lenses. This suggests that the eyes were linked by internal neuronal mechanisms. The pupil of the eye responded clearly to changes in ambient light intensity. A strong decrease in pupil size was also observed when the eye was focused on a close target. In this case, the constriction of the pupil probably aids in the deformation of the eye lens during near-accommodation. 相似文献
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T Katsuura Y Ochiai T Senoo S Lee Y Takahashi Y Shimomura 《Journal of physiological anthropology》2012,31(1):23-5
Background
It has been assumed that light with a higher irradiance of pulsed blue light has a much greater influence than that of light with a lower irradiance of steady blue light, although they have the same multiplication value of irradiance and duration. We examined the non-visual physiological effects of blue pulsed light, and determined whether it is sensed visually as being blue.Findings
Seven young male volunteers participated in the study. We placed a circular screen (diameter 500 mm) in front of the participants and irradiated it using blue and/or white light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and we used halogen lamps as a standard illuminant. We applied three steady light conditions of white LED (F0), blue LED + white LED (F10), and blue LED (F100), and a blue pulsed light condition of a 100-μs pulse width with a 10% duty ratio (P10). The irradiance of all four conditions at the participant''s eye level was almost the same, at around 12 μW/cm2. We measured their pupil diameter, recorded electroencephalogram readings and Kwansei Gakuin Sleepiness Scale score, and collected subjective evaluations. The subjective bluish score under the F100 condition was significantly higher than those under other conditions. Even under the P10 condition with a 10% duty ratio of blue pulsed light and the F10 condition, the participant did not perceive the light as bluish. Pupillary light response under the P10 pulsed light condition was significantly greater than under the F10 condition, even though the two conditions had equal blue light components.Conclusions
The pupil constricted under the blue pulsed light condition, indicating a non-visual effect of the lighting, even though the participants did not perceive the light as bluish. 相似文献13.
Sang-il Lee Akiko Hida Sei-ichi Tsujimura Takeshi Morita Kazuo Mishima Shigekazu Higuchi 《Journal of physiological anthropology》2013,32(1):16
Background
Our aim was to determine the association between melanopsin gene polymorphism and pupillary light reflex under diverse photic conditions, including different intensities and wavelengths.Methods
A total of 195 visually corrected subjects volunteered for investigation of the melanopsin gene of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of rs1079610 (I394T). The genotype groups were TT (n = 126), TC (n = 55), and CC (n = 8), and 75 of the subjects, including subjects with TT (n = 34), TC (n = 33), and CC (n = 8) participated in our experiment. Three monochromatic lights with peak wavelengths of 465 nm (blue), 536 nm (green), and 632 nm (red) were prepared, and each light was projected to the subjects with five intensities, 12, 13, 14, 14.5 and 15 log photons/(cm2 s), for one minute. The pupil size of the left eye was measured under each light condition after a 1-minute adaptation.Results
The pupils of the TC + CC genotypes (n = 38) were significantly smaller than those of the TT genotype (n = 31) under a blue (463 nm) light condition with 15 log photons/(cm2 s) (P < 0.05). In contrast, there were no significant differences under green (536 nm) and red (632 nm) light conditions. Conversely, relative pupil constrictions of the TC + CC genotypes were greater than those of the TT genotype under both blue and green conditions with high intensities (14.5 and 15 log photons/(cm2 s)). In contrast, there were no significant differences between genotype groups in pupil size and relative pupilloconstriction under the red light conditions.Conclusions
Our findings suggest that the melanopsin gene polymorphism (I394T) functionally interacts with pupillary light reflex, depending on light intensity and, particularly, wavelength, and that under a light condition fulfilling both high intensity and short wavelength, the pupillary light response of subjects with the C allele (TC + CC) is more sensitive to light than that of subjects with the TT genotype. 相似文献14.
在世界范围内,乳腺癌是最常见的女性恶性肿瘤,严重危害人民健康。最近的流行病学和临床研究发现炎性反应与乳腺肿瘤有着一定的联系。炎症构成肿瘤微环境的一部分,炎性细胞的变化影响着肿瘤的进展,包括乳腺癌细胞增殖,侵袭,免疫力降低,转移等。检验外周静脉血中的白细胞、中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、血小板以及衍生出的中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(NLR)、派生中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞(d-NLR)、血小板/淋巴细胞比值(PLR)、淋巴细胞/单核细胞比值(LMR)等可以反映许多恶性肿瘤细胞的炎性状态。深入研究外周血中常见的标记物与乳腺癌的治疗及预后的关系,为临床医师提供有价值的参考信息,将具有重要的临床意义和应用前景。本文就外周血中常见的标记物进行相关论述,以期为乳腺癌的治疗及预后提供一个新的方法。 相似文献
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Persistent quadriceps strength deficits in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLr) have been attributed to arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of vibration-induced hamstrings fatigue on AMI in patients with ACLr. Eight participants with unilateral ACLr (post-surgery time: M = 46.5, SD = 23.5 months; age: M = 21.4, SD = 1.4 years) and eight individuals with no previous history of knee injury (age: M = 22.5, SD = 2.5 years) were recruited. A fatigue protocol, consisting of 10 min of prolonged local hamstrings vibration, was applied to both the ACLr and control groups. The central activation ratio (CAR) of the quadriceps was measured with a superimposed burst of electrical stimulation, and hamstrings/quadriceps coactivation was assessed using electromyography (EMG) during isometric knee extension exercises, both before and after prolonged local vibration. For the ACLr group, the hamstrings strength, measured by a load cell on a purpose-built chair, was significantly (P = 0.016) reduced about 14.5%, indicating fatigue was actually induced in the hamstrings. At baseline, the ACLr group showed a trend (P = 0.051) toward a lower quadriceps CAR (M = 93.2%, SD = 6.2% versus M = 98.1%, SD = 1.1%) and significantly (P = 0.001) higher hamstrings/quadriceps coactivation (M = 15.1%, SD = 6.2% versus M = 7.5%, SD = 4.0%) during knee extension compared to the control group. The fatigue protocol significantly (P = 0.001) increased quadriceps CAR (from M = 93.2%, SD = 6.2% to M = 97.9%, SD = 2.8%) and significantly (P = 0.006) decreased hamstrings/quadriceps coactivation during knee extension (from M = 15.1%, SD = 6.2% to M = 9.5%, SD = 4.5%) in the ACLr group. In conclusion, vibration-induced hamstrings fatigue can alleviate AMI of the quadriceps in patients with ACLr. This finding has clinical implications in the management of recovery for ACLr patients with quadriceps strength deficits and dysfunction. 相似文献
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ObjectivesAdaptive steepest descent projection onto convex sets (ASD-POCS) algorithms with Lp-norm (0 < p ≤ 1) regularization have shown great promise in sparse-view X-ray CT reconstruction. However, the difference in p value selection can lead to varying algorithm performance of noise and resolution. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a reliable method to evaluate the resolution and noise properties of the ASD-POCS algorithms under different Lp-norm priors.MethodsA comparative performance evaluation of ASD-POCS algorithms under different Lp-norm (0 < p ≤ 2) priors were performed in terms of modulation transfer function (MTF), noise power spectrum (NPS) and noise equivalent quanta (NEQ). Simulation data sets from the EGSnrc/BEAMnrc Monte Carlo system and an actual mouse data set were used for algorithms comparison.ResultsA considerable MTF improvement can be achieved with the decrement of p. L1 regularization based algorithm obtains the best noise performance, and shows superiority in NEQ evaluation. The advantage of L1-norm prior is also confirmed by the reconstructions from the actual mouse data set through contrast to noise ratio (CNR) comparison.ConclusionAlthough the ASD-POCS algorithms using small Lp-norm (p ≤ 0.5) priors yield a higher MTF than do the high Lp-norms, the best noise-resolution performance is achieved when p is between 0.8 and 1. The results are expected to be a reference to the choice of p in Lp-norm (0 < p ≤ 2) regularization. 相似文献
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Gravitropic stimulation of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings resulted in a continuous curvature of the coleoptiles in a direction opposing the vector of gravity when the seedlings were rotated on a horizontal clinostat. The orientation of this response, however, was reversed when the gravitropic stimulation was preceeded by symmetric preirradiation with blue light (12.7 mol photons·m–2). The fluence-response curve of this blue light exhibited a lower threshold at 0.5 mol·m–2, and could be separated into two parts: fluences exceeding 5 mol·m–2 reversed the direction of the gravitropic response, whereas for a range between the threshold and 4 mol·m–2 a split population was obtained. In all cases a very strong curvature resulted either in the direction of gravity or in the opposite orientation. A minor fraction of seedlings, however, curved towards the caryopsis. Furthermore, the capacity of blue light to reverse the direction of the gravitropic response disappeared with the duration of gravitropic stimulation and it depended on the delay time between both stimulations. Thistonic blue-light influence appears to be transient, which is in contrast to the stability observed fortropistic blue-light effects.This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. 相似文献
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de Zavalía N Plano SA Fernandez DC Lanzani MF Salido E Belforte N Sarmiento MI Golombek DA Rosenstein RE 《Journal of neurochemistry》2011,117(5):904-914
Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness worldwide, characterized by retinal ganglion cell degeneration and damage to the optic nerve. We investigated the non-image forming visual system in an experimental model of glaucoma in rats induced by weekly injections of chondroitin sulphate (CS) in the eye anterior chamber. Animals were unilaterally or bilaterally injected with CS or vehicle for 6 or 10 weeks. In the retinas from eyes injected with CS, a similar decrease in melanopsin and Thy-1 levels was observed. CS injections induced a similar decrease in the number of melanopsin-containing cells and superior collicular retinal ganglion cells. Experimental glaucoma induced a significant decrease in the afferent pupil light reflex. White light significantly decreased nocturnal pineal melatonin content in control and glaucomatous animals, whereas blue light decreased this parameter in vehicle- but not in CS-injected animals. A significant decrease in light-induced c-Fos expression in the suprachiasmatic nuclei was observed in glaucomatous animals. General rhythmicity and gross entrainment appear to be conserved, but glaucomatous animals exhibited a delayed phase angle with respect to lights off and a significant increase in the percentage of diurnal activity. These results indicate the glaucoma induced significant alterations in the non-image forming visual system. 相似文献
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应用遥感技术可以建立光化学植被指数(Photochemical reflectance index, PRI)和光能利用效率(Light use efficiency, LUE)的关系,LUE可用来估算净初级生产力(Net primary productivity, NPP)。因而,用PRI估算植物的LUE,为估算NPP提供了新的方法,弥补了以往以经验模式通过温度和水分对最大LUE的胁迫来获取实际LUE的不足,进而可提高NPP的估算精度。研究表明:PRI和LUE在叶片、冠层和景观尺度上都有着很好的相关性,但是随着尺度的变化,很多因素会对这一关系产生干扰,如水分、氮元素含量、叶面积指数和太阳高度角等,从而削弱了PRI和LUE的关系。该文对建立PRI和LUE的关系过程中的影响因素进行了分析,并指出今后这一研究领域中可能改进的方面,主要包括526 nm 和545 nm 处的反射率对531 nm 处的反射率的作用机制、PRI随LUE的饱和现象、PRI和LUE关系的时间效应以及利用PRI估算LUE的尺度效应。 相似文献