馒头中金黄色葡萄球菌生长预测模型的建立

以传统面制品馒头作为研究对象,采用修正的Gompertz（SGompertz）和修正的Logistic（SLogistic）作为一级生长模型,应用Origin 9.0软件分别拟合馒头中金黄色葡萄球菌在10、15、25、30和37 ℃的生长情况,获得其最大比生长速率（μ_max）和迟滞期(λ)。采用平方根模型和二次多项式模型建立馒头中金黄色葡萄球菌的二级生长模型,并对该模型进行验证。结果表明,SGompertz模型能较好地拟合馒头中金黄色葡萄球菌的生长。以μ_max建立的平方根和二次多项式模型,R²分别为0.931 5和0.932 0,偏差因子（B_f）分别为1.123 2和1.050 1,准确因子（A_f）分别为1.221 0和1.190 2,表明采用μ_max进行拟合时,二次多项式模型的拟合效果较好;以迟滞期λ建立的平方根和二次多项式模型,R²分别为0.948 4和0.969 6,B_f分别为0.890 1和0.912 2,A_f分别为1.541 1和1.180 3,表明采用迟滞期λ进行拟合时,二次多项式模型的拟合效果较好。本研究可为馒头等传统面制品的定量风险评估提供参考。     

金黄色葡萄球菌荚膜多糖研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌作为引起人和动物发病的一种主要的致病菌,已严重影响到人们的身体健康和畜牧业的发展。致病性金黄色葡萄球菌多数含有荚膜成分,并且这种荚膜成分与金黄色葡萄球菌的毒力和抗噬菌作用有关。主要从金黄色葡萄球菌荚膜多糖的5型和8型血清学分类、分子结构、影响因素、表达调控等方面简要介绍了目前国内外关于金黄色葡萄球菌荚膜多糖的研究进展。     

金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性变迁

为了解 1 999～ 2 0 0 3年临床分离金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性的变迁情况 ,采用K B方法和微量肉汤稀释法 ,对 1 999年 1月至 2 0 0 3年 1 2月临床分离的 42 3株金黄色葡萄球菌进行药敏试验 ;耐药率的显著性比较采用x2 检验。结果显示 ,1 999～ 2 0 0 3年从临床送检标本中共分离出金黄色葡萄球菌 42 3株。 2 0 0 2～ 2 0 0 3年MRSA的分离率为 1 9.7% (2 9/ 1 47)有增加趋势 ,高于 1 999～ 2 0 0 0年度分离率 1 7.5 % (3 3 / 1 89)。在 2 0 0 2～2 0 0 3年间MSSA对头孢吡肟、环丙沙星、左旋氧氟沙星、复方新诺明、氯霉素和庆大霉素的耐药率分别为0 .0 % ,4.6% ,2 .3 % ,1 .3 % ,6.8%和 2 1 .8%。而对青霉素、红霉素和克林霉素耐药率较高 ,为 5 1 .9% ,70 .4%和 41 .3 %。与 1 999～ 2 0 0 0年比较 ,MSSA对青霉素G、环丙沙星、四环素和复方新诺明的耐药率明显下降 ,p <0 .0 5。 5a间未发现耐万古霉素和替考拉宁菌株。 1 999～ 2 0 0 3年MRSA发生率有增加趋势。耐药性监测有助于遏制抗菌药物的耐药问题。     

实验动物金黄色葡萄球菌LAMP检测方法的建立

目的建立一种能够应用于实验动物金黄色葡萄球菌检测及鉴定的环介导等温扩增（loop-mediatedisothermal amplification,LAMP）方法。方法本研究针对金黄色葡萄球菌特异的nuc基因设计4条引物,对反应条件进行优化。结果通过优化,该方法 60℃、40 min、Mg2＋浓度8 mmol/L、dNTP浓度2.0 mmol/L、甜菜碱浓度0.8mmol/L时,对金黄色葡萄球菌检测限为2 cfu,且与其它常见实验动物致病菌无交叉反应。反应结果可通过添加荧光染料SYBR green I直接肉眼观察。结论本研究建立的金黄色葡萄球菌LAMP方法具有快速、灵敏、操作简单、设备要求低的特点,适用于基层、大批量样本、快速检测的要求。     

金黄色葡萄球菌的流行病学分型

金黄色葡萄球菌引起的医院获得性感染问题至今仍备受国内外有关部门重视。控制感染的一个重要策略就是弄清传染源及传播途径，中断菌株在敏感病人之间或无症状携带者与病人之间的传播，这样的流行病学研究依赖于有高鉴别力的分型系统来辨别菌株的相关性。本文就金葡菌传统的基于表型的噬菌体分型、血清学分型、耐药谱分型、凝固酶分型以及新兴的质粒分型、染色体ＤＮＡ脉冲电泳分型、核糖分型和全细胞蛋白图谱分型等分子生物学分型方法作一综述。     

金黄色葡萄球菌耐药机制的研究进展

多征重耐药性金黄金葡萄球感染越来越引起临床重视。细菌产生β－内酰胺酶是对β－内酰按蟠蠊生素是最主要耐药机制,不产酶株主要是细菌合成新型青霉素结合蛋白２ａ而引起抗生素作用靶位改变之故,它由获得性染色体基因所编码。     

牛奶中金黄色葡萄球菌PCR检测方法的建立与应用

目的:建立一种直接从牛奶中检测金黄色葡萄球菌的PCR快速诊断方法.方法:根据已发表的金黄色葡萄球菌16-23SrRNA特异性序列设计并合成一对引物,通过优化反应条件建立从牛奶中直接检测金黄色葡萄球菌的PCR方法.结果:与细菌的常规分离方法相比,PCR法敏感性高,与其它型葡萄球菌无交叉反应,特异性迭100%,检测细菌基因组DNA最低浓度为35ng/μL,能在5h内对送检的牛奶样品直接进行金黄色葡萄球菌的测定,可用于乳制品中金黄色葡萄球菌的检测.结论:成功建立了快速检测牛奶中金黄色葡萄球菌PCR方法.     

金黄色葡萄球菌病防治研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus, SA)被认为是最常见的食源性致病菌之一,引起人畜的感染性疾病,导致皮肤、软组织和血液感染,引发脓毒症和中毒性休克综合征。随着抗生素的滥用,金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性逐渐增强,导致耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA)的出现,并且在全球范围内散播,严重危害公共卫生安全。目前亟需有效控制SA感染的新疗法,因此本文对金黄色葡萄球菌防治技术的研究进展进行综述,并对其防治前景进行了分析,以期对金黄色葡萄球菌尤其是MRSA的控制提供理论指导。     

金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性分析

目的 分析金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性。方法 对临床各科室送检标本,用MicroScan全自动细菌鉴定仪鉴定细菌种类并检测该菌对抗生素的敏感性。结果 检出金黄色葡萄球菌378株,其中MRSA为197株,检出率为52.1%.MSSA对苯唑西林,阿莫西林-棒酸,第1、2、3代头孢菌素等β-内酰胺类以及喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类均甚敏感。MRSA对万古霉素敏感,未检出对万古霉素耐药或敏感性降低的菌株。对利福平、呋喃妥因有较好的敏感性.而对β-内酰胺类青霉素、苯唑西林和氨苄西林是100%的耐药,对头孢类抗生索、氟喹诺酮、大环内酯类及氨基糖苷类药物耐药率高。结论 β-内酰胺类抗生素、喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类抗生素对MSSA感染的治疗效果较好;MRSA感染首选万古霉素或替考拉宁;利福平不能单独用于MRSA感染的治疗;呋喃妥因可用于创面伤口MRSA感染的治疗。     

金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素

金黄色葡萄球菌是一种重要的病原体,它产生多种类型的毒素,从而引起各种类型的疾病。金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素(Staphylococcal enterotoxins,SEs),是一组血清学上互不相同的热稳定肠毒素,有10个血清型。由于食入了被SEs污染的食品而主要引起肠胃炎,此外,SEs还是一种强的超抗原,它可以刺激非特异性T细胞增殖。SEs各型之间有着相似的结构和功能。     

253株金黄色葡萄球菌耐药现状分析

目的 了解医院金黄色葡萄球菌临床分布情况及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药率,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 回顾分析医院2010年5月至2011年4月检出的金黄色葡萄球菌,采用VITEK-AMS全自动微生物分析仪进行菌种鉴定和药敏分析.结果 共检出金黄色葡萄球菌253株,菌株的主要来源为痰130株(51.4％)、血液39株(15.4％)、创面24株(9.5％);菌株主要科室分布前3位是神内科35株(13.8％)、ICU30( 11.8％)、脑外科26株(10.3％);其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌( MRSA)为165株(65.2％),MRSA对多种抗菌药物耐药率＞70.0％,MSSA为88株(34.8％),对除青霉素、红霉素外的大多数抗菌药物敏感,未发现耐万古霉素菌株.结论 MRSA检出率高,耐药现状严重,应加强对金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性的监测,并根据药敏试验结果合理使用抗菌药物.     

Establishment of Multi-Site Infection Model in Zebrafish Larvae for Studying Staphylococcus aureus Infectious Disease

Zebrafish(Danio rerio) is an ideal model for studying the mechanism of infectious disease and the interaction between host and pathogen.As a teleost,zebrafish has developed a complete immune system which is similar to mammals.Moreover,the easy acquirement of large amounts of transparent embryos makes it a good candidate for gene manipulation and drug screening.In a zebrafish infection model,all of the site,timing,and dose of the bacteria microinjection into the embryo are important factors that determine the bacterial infection of host.Here,we established a multi-site infection model in zebrafish larvae of 36 hours post-fertilization(hpf) by micro-injecting wild-type or GFP-expressing Staphylococcus aereus(5.aureus) with gradient burdens into different embryo sites including the pericardial cavity(PC),eye,the fourth hindbrain ventricle(4V),yolk circulation valley(YCV),caudal vein(CV),yolk body(YB),and Duct of Cuvier(DC) to resemble human infectious disease.With the combination of GFP-expressing S.aureus and transgenic zebrafish Tg(corola:eGFP;lyz:Dsred) and Tg(lyz:Dsred) lines whose macrophages or neutrophils are fluorescent labeled,we observed the dynamic process of bacterial infection by in vivo multicolored confocal fluorescence imaging.Analyses of zebrafish embryo survival, bacterial proliferation and myeloid cells phagocytosis show that the site- and dose-dependent differences exist in infection of different bacterial entry routes.This work provides a consideration for the future study of pathogenesis and host resistance through selection of multi-site infection model.More interaction mechanisms between pathogenic bacteria virulence factors and the immune responses of zebrafish could be determined through zebrafish multi-site infection model.     

金黄色葡萄球菌的快速检测方法

金黄色葡萄球菌是引起食物中毒常见的病原菌之一,其传统检测方法(选择性培养、生化鉴定)步骤多,操作复杂,耗时长、灵敏性不高。近年来以抗原抗体反应为基础的免疫学方法和以DNA为基础的分子生物学技术以其快速性、准确性已经成为微生物检测方法的发展方向。     

Iron depletion and virulence in Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract Staphylococcus aureus is able to grow in the presence of extremely low iron concentrations (0.04 μM). In iron-limiting conditions, this species develops alternative metabolic strategies such as highly efficient iron-uptake mechanisms which are only partially shared with S. epidermidis . Here we summarize the mechanisms induced by iron starvation in S. aureus in order to elucidate the virulence characteristics of this bacterium.     

金黄色葡萄球菌的分离及其抗药性的研究

从土壤中分离出金黄色葡萄球菌后,以其为出发菌株,采用梯度培养皿法,利用青霉素、四环素、红霉素、氯霉素和链霉素5种抗生素,对自然界中和经过NaNO2诱变的菌株进行了耐药性菌株的分离及抗性水平的确定。在自然界中分离的金黄色葡萄球菌只对青霉素(80μg/mL)和四环素(60μg/mL)有抗性,而对红霉素、氯霉素和链霉素则没有抗性。经过NaNO2诱变后,金黄色葡萄球菌对四环素(40μg/mL)的抗性降低,但对青霉素(120μg/mL)和其他3种抗生素的抗性均有所增加。     

2008-2010年舟山某院金黄色葡萄球菌的分布及耐药性变迁

目的 分析舟山医院三年来金黄色葡萄球菌分布及耐药性变迁,并对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)与甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)的耐药性差异做对比.方法 用ATB Expression半自动微生物分析仪进行菌株鉴定及药敏试验,用K-B法测红霉素、克林霉素、头孢西丁、苯唑西林直径,比较耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)与甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)的耐药性差异.结果 金黄色葡萄球菌对苯唑西林、庆大霉素、红霉素、四环素和克林霉素的耐药率有上升的趋势;MRSA对苯唑西林、庆大霉素、复方新诺明、克林霉素、红霉素、青霉素、喹奴普汀-达福普汀、利福平和四环素的耐药率都明显高于MSSA的耐药率,二者间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),D-试验阳性71株,占72.45％.结论 金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性逐渐升高,特别是对MRSA应引起临床的重视,检测克林霉素诱导型耐药具有重要的临床应用价值.     

Selective growth of Staphylococcus aureus from flushed dairy manure wastewater using acriflavine-supplemented mannitol salt agar

AIMS: To investigate the use of mannitol salt agar (MSA) supplemented with acriflavine for selective growth and quantification of Staphylococcus aureus from flushed dairy manure wastewater (FDMW). METHODS AND RESULTS: Minimal inhibitory concentrations of acriflavine in MSA were determined by comparing the growth of S. aureus subsp. aureus (ATCC 33591) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 155) in pure culture. Acriflavine concentrations of 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5 mg l(-1) reduced CFU of S. epidermidis by 43%, 55% and 87%, respectively, while CFU of S. aureus subsp. aureus were only reduced by 15%, 20% and 26% at the respective concentrations of acriflavine. MSA supplemented with 1.5 mg l(-1) acriflavine was tested for selective growth of indigenous S. aureus from three grab samples of FDMW. Acriflavine concentrations of 1.5 mg l(-1) reduced background flora without significantly reducing (P < 0.05) indigenous S. aureus counts. CONCLUSIONS: Acriflavine-supplemented MSA provides an effective media for selective growth and quantification of indigenous S. aureus from FDMW in the presence of high levels of background microflora. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: S. aureus is implicated for mastitis infections in dairy cows. Therefore, a reliable means for monitoring and detecting the organism in FDMW provides a tool for measuring the effectiveness of treatment for reducing S. aureus levels and implementing flushwater recycling without affecting herd health.     

Improved method for electroporation of Staphylococcus aureus

We have developed a significantly improved method for the electroporation of plasmid DNA into Staphylococcus aureus. The highest transformation efficiency achieved with this procedure was 4.0 x 10(8) transformants per microgram of plasmid pSK265 DNA. This represents a 530-fold improvement over the previously reported optimum efficiency of 7.5 x 10(5) transformants per microgram of plasmid DNA after electroporation of S. aureus cells [9]. Identical results were obtained when electrocompetent cells, which had been stored frozen at -80 degrees C, were used. The improved efficiency is due primarily to the use of a modified medium (designated as B2 medium) and secondarily to the use of 0.1-cm cuvettes. Several other plasmids (pI258, pMH109, and pSK270) were also electrotransformed into competent cells using our procedure, and for each plasmid, the transformation efficiency was significantly reduced compared to that observed when pSK265 DNA was used. With respect to plasmid pI258, the transformation efficiency was 3500-fold higher than that reported previously for transformation of this plasmid into S. aureus RN4220 [9]. The optimized electroporation procedure was less successful in transforming other staphylococci. Electrocompetent cells of S. aureus ATCC 29213 and S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 produced 5.5 x 10(5) and 5 x 10(3) transformants per microgram of pSK265 DNA, respectively.     

免疫捕获PCR法快速检测金黄色葡萄球菌

旨在建立一种快速检测金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus,SA)免疫捕获PCR技术,并探讨其灵敏度和特异性。SA特异性抗体包被PCR管以富集待测样品中目标菌,之后在同一PCR管里直接进行免疫捕获PCR,并和直接PCR比较。免疫捕获PCR法可特异性检测2株SA菌株,而无法检测到其它8种常见食源性致病菌,说明该方法对SA具有良好的特异性;该方法对纯菌液而言,检测灵敏度可达到2.35×102CFU/mL,是直接PCR的100倍;对5种食品模拟带菌检测发现,无需增菌培养,其灵敏度可达到2.35×103-2.35×104CFU/mL,是直接PCR的10-100倍。免疫捕获PCR法集免疫学与分子生物学检测技术于一体,具有高特异性、高灵敏度、检测快速、易于操作、成本低廉等诸多优点,是一种适合基层实验室使用的检测技术。