结核分枝杆菌PhoP系统研究进展

Pho P与Pho R组成的Pho PR是结核分枝杆菌重要的双组分调节系统。Pho P作为应答调节子调节基因的表达,这些基因参与细胞壁脂质合成,并对结核分枝杆菌毒力有重要调控作用。本文综述了Pho P的结构、性质以及相关的结核分枝杆菌疫苗研发情况,并提出了未来可能的研究趋势。     

建立液相芯片方法检测鉴别结核分枝杆菌复合群、鸟分枝杆菌与副结核分枝杆菌

运用液相芯片技术原理,以分枝杆菌菌种(群)特异基因序列IS6110、IS1081、IS1245和F57为目标基因,设计筛选4套扩增引物和杂交探针,建立同时检测鉴别结核分枝杆菌复合群、鸟分枝杆菌和副结核分枝杆菌的四重液相基因芯片检测方法。对13种共54株分枝杆菌菌株以及23种常见微生物样品的检测结果显示,四重液相芯片方法可特异检测鉴别目标菌种(群),与其它分枝杆菌菌种或微生物无非特异交叉反应;检测敏感性达2.1×101-2.5×102基因拷贝或0.06-0.74 fg DNA;组内检测变异系数和组间检测变异系数均<10%。采用四重液相芯片方法从临床结核疑似人痰样和牛组织样品中检出结核致病菌,检出率分别达75.6%(99/131)和94.9%(37/39),显著高于培养法(38.9%和53.8%)。对副结核疑似临床样品的检测试验结果显示,四重液相芯片方法与荧光PCR方法的阳性符合率为83%(24/29)。对四重混合模板的检测试验结果显示该液相芯片方法可鉴别不同菌种混合感染。四重液相芯片方法的检测周期<1 d,其中对纯化DNA模板的检测时间可在2-3 h内完成。     

艾滋病合并鸟—胞内复合分枝杆菌感染的研究进展

本文综述了近年方面对艾滋病患者合并鸟－胞内分枝杆菌感染的研究动态,介绍该菌的构成,生物学特征,血清型等病原学及流行特征,叙述其发病机制,病理学,临床表现和实验室诊断;以及常用药物和新的大环内酯类药物的应用,耐药问题及多种药物联用等治疗方法的进展。     

结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因突变的检测(简报)

结核病主要是由结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)引起的一种慢性传染性疾病。利福平是结核病化疗方案中一个关键性的药物,它在结核病的短程化疗中起着重要的作用。但是,在我国结核菌对利福平的耐药发生率呈上升局势,而通过传统的依赖生物生长的药敏试验方法进行结核菌对利福平耐药性检测所需时间较长(4-8周),不能满足临床早期开展有效化疗的需要,所以迫切需要建     

结核分枝杆菌毒素-抗毒素系统 maz EF6缺失突变株的构建及其表型的初步探讨

为构建结核分枝杆菌毒素‐抗毒素系统 m azEF6缺失突变株,并对其表型进行初步探讨,首先用聚合酶链反应（PCR）分别从H37Rv标准株和PUC‐19K质粒扩增出 mazEF6基因的同源臂及卡那霉素抗性基因kan ;然后应用融合PCR技术将 mazEF6基因的同源臂与 kan基因进行杂交拼接,获得目的融合片段,将该融合片段克隆于pMD‐19T（simple）载体形成自杀质粒pMD‐19T‐ΔmazEF6‐kan ,并将自杀质粒转化至大肠埃希菌DH5α中;最后利用电穿孔技术将自杀质粒电转至H37Rv标准株中,在卡那霉素抗性改良罗氏培养基上筛选H37Rv ΔmazEF6缺失突变株单个菌落,提取阳性菌株全基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增克隆片段并测序。将所获得的H37Rv ΔmazEF6缺失突变株进行遗传稳定性检测后,对其表型进行初步研究。结果显示,该缺失株在15代内未发生回复性突变;与野生株相比,缺失株生长速度缓慢且细菌形态短小。本研究证实,融合PCR技术便于快速获得结核分枝杆菌缺失突变株;结核分枝杆菌在缺失毒素‐抗毒素系统 m azEF6基因后生存能力下降,这为进一步研究毒素‐抗毒素系统的作用奠定了基础。     

鸟分枝杆菌中耐受表面活性物质相关基因的分离及功能鉴定

为筛选鸟分枝杆菌中耐受表面活性物质的基因并探究其相关功能,以认识鸟分枝杆菌适应肺部环境的杀(抑)菌机制,本研究构建鸟分枝杆菌基因组文库,采用生物活性水平筛选策略从基因组文库中筛选耐受十二烷基硫酸钠(sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS)的克隆子,运用生物信息学分析该克隆子完整的开放阅读框及其编码蛋白的二级结构特点。将克隆子的全基因序列与pGEX-4T-3表达质粒连接后转化大肠杆菌,构建过表达目的蛋白的重组菌。检测重组菌分别在含SDS、H_2O_2、NaNO_2和GSNO条件环境下的存活率。结果表明成功构建滴度为1.18×10~4 cfu/mL的鸟分枝杆菌基因组文库,从文库中筛选到一个耐受SDS的基因MAV-4292。生物信息学分析显示,MAV-4292蛋白是一个无信号肽的跨膜蛋白,二级结构以α-螺旋为主。过表达MAV-4292重组菌在2%SDS、5 mmol/L H_2O_2、20 mmol/L NaNO_2和10 mmol/L GSNO体外条件下的存活率均比空载菌显著提高(p0.05)。结果表明,MAV-4292是鸟分枝杆菌中一个耐受表面活性物质的基因,它编码的蛋白参与了肺部表面活性物质、活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)及活性氮(reaetive nitrogen species, RNS)的胁迫应答,是鸟分枝杆菌的毒力因子。     

深圳地区结核分枝杆菌耐利福平株rpoB基因突变分布

目的:调查深圳地区结核分枝杆菌耐利福平(RFP)株rpoB基因突变的分布情况,建立结核分枝杆菌耐药基因快速检测的方法.方法:对55株结核分枝杆菌临床分离株的rpoB基因280个碱基(包括其核心区75个碱基)应用PCR-直接测序法(PCR-DS)测定序列,其中耐利福平株51株,敏感株4株.结果:4株敏感株无突变,92.2%(47/51)耐利福平临床分离株存在rpoB基因突变.基因突变导致531位氨基酸突变率为41.2%(21/51);导致526位氨基酸突变率为29.4%(15/51);导致516位氨基酸突变率为13.7%(7/51).联合突变发生率为2.0%(1/51).未检测到发生缺失或插入碱基突变的菌株.结论:深圳地区结核分枝杆菌耐利福平株发生rpoB基因突变最常见的是531位丝氨酸、526位组氨酸和516位天冬氨酸的基因突变,三者突变率之和为84.3%(43/51).PCR-DS方法可快速测定结核分枝杆菌RFP耐药基因突变.     

鸟分枝杆菌PPE25蛋白对THP-1巨噬细胞免疫效应的影响

[目的]探讨鸟分枝杆菌PPE25在调控人源THP-1巨噬细胞免疫应答反应中的作用及机制.[方法]通过基因扩增、载体构建、诱导表达、分离纯化等过程制备鸟分枝杆菌重组PPE25蛋白;将重组PPE25蛋白作用于THP-1巨噬细胞后,利用流式细胞术检测巨噬细胞凋亡率;运用ELISA方法检测细胞上清中TNF-α的浓度;采取Wes...     

康氏木霉中调控纤维素酶形成的两个调控因子的克隆及功能性分析

锌指蛋白ACEI和Xyrl是里氏木霉中调控纤维素酶和木聚糖酶形成的两个调控因子,它们能竞争性结合木聚糖酶基因xynl的启动子.为进一步研究ACEI和Xyr1调控纤维素酶基因表达的机制,本研究利用PCR技术扩增康氏木霉ACEI和Xyr1 DNA结合区的基因序列,并使其在大肠杆菌中得到表达.凝胶迁移率移动试验表明ACEI和Xyrl的DNA结合区均可与纤维素酶基因cbh1启动子的287 bp序列特异性结合.提示ACEI与Xyr1不仅能竞争性结合xynl启动子,也能竞争性结合cbhl启动子.     

基于RNA-Seq筛选APEC及其PhoP/Q缺失株感染雏鸡肠道免疫相关基因

本研究以禽致病性大肠杆菌(APEC)及其PhoP/Q缺失株感染雏鸡小肠为模型,以分析其免疫相关基因的表达变化为目的,采用转录组测序(RNA-Seq)技术对感染APEC及其PhoP/Q缺失株的雏鸡小肠样本RNA进行测序,分析免疫相关基因的表达变化,结果为野生株攻毒组与对照组相比、野生株攻毒组与缺失株攻毒组相比、缺失株攻毒组与对照组相比,分别筛选出131、105、172个差异表达基因(fold change≥2, FDR≤0.05),GO功能分类结果显示分别有87、99、159个基因得到注释,这些基因主要富集到氧化还原过程、脂蛋白转运、血管内皮细胞迁移、免疫反应、凋亡过程负调控、肝素结合、铁离子结合、CCR趋化因子受体结合等功能,得出APEC及其PhoP/Q缺失株感染雏鸡后引起机体肠道免疫相关基因变化的结论,根据GO功能注释筛选出PTPRC、LCP1、YFV等免疫相关基因,为深入研究雏鸡肠道免疫提供依据。     

Identification and characterization of a gene encoding a 35-kDa protein from Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is the causative agent of Johne's disease, a chronic enteritis in ruminants. A gene homologous to that of 35-kDa antigen of Mycobacterium leprae was cloned and sequenced from Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. The database searches revealed 82.79% and 95.67% similarities of its nucleotide sequence, with those of immunodominant 35-kDa protein of M. leprae and M. avium, respectively.     

Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis and its potential survival tactics

Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (Map) is an important animal pathogen with a potential, but as yet unproven, role in human disease. This review briefly describes the characteristics of Map that distinguish it from other Mycobacterium spp., presenting new information arising from completion of the sequencing of the Map genome. It then focuses on the potential mechanisms Map might employ to survive and disseminate in the environment, including interaction with protozoa and insects, dormancy, biofilm formation and aerosolization.     

Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium complex and related subspecies as causative agents of zoonotic and occupational diseases

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) cause zoonotic infections transmitted by birds and livestock herds. These pathogens have remained as serious economic and health threats in most areas of the world. As zoonotic diseases, the risk of development of occupational disease and even death outcome necessitate implementation of control strategies to prevent its spread. Zoonotic MAP infections include Crohn’s disease, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, sarcoidosis, diabetes mellitus, and immune-related diseases (such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis). Paratuberculosis has classified as type B epidemic zoonotic disease according to world health organization which is transmitted to human through consumption of dairy and meat products. In addition, MAC causes pulmonary manifestations and lymphadenitis in normal hosts and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) progression (by serotypes 1, 4, and 8). Furthermore, other subspecies have caused respiratory abscesses, neck lymph nodes, and disseminated osteomyelitis in children and ulcers. However, the data over the occupational relatedness of these subspecies is rare. These agents can cause occupational infections in susceptible herd breeders. Several molecular methods have been recognized as proper strategies for tracking the infection. In this study, some zoonotic aspects, worldwide prevalence and control strategies regarding infections due to MAP and MAC and related subspecies has been reviewed.     

Characterisation of IS901 integration sites in the Mycobacterium avium genome

Data are presented on the identification and characterisation of 17 chromosomal integration loci of the insertion element IS901 in the Mycobacterium avium (cervine strain JD88/118) genome. Thirteen of these integration loci have been mapped to their corresponding positions on the M. avium strain 104 (an IS901(-) strain) genome (The Institute for Genome Research (TIGR) unfinished genome-sequencing project). Sequence data for both upstream and downstream sequence flanking regions were obtained for 12 insertion loci, while upstream sequence was obtained for five others. A consensus IS901 insertion target sequence compiled from all 17 integration sites was in broad agreement with earlier reports that were based on only two such loci. Analysis of IS901 integration site flanking sequences revealed that, like IS900 in M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis, IS901 inserts preferentially between a putative ribosome-binding sequence (RBS) and the translational start codon of an open reading frame (ORF). In BLAST X and BLAST P searches of the GenBank database, these ORFs were shown to share significant homologies with a number of other prokaryotic genes.     

Expression profiles of low molecular mass heat shock proteins by Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare

Closely related non-tuberculous mycobacterial species, Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare, were compared for the profiles of their production of low molecular mass heat shock proteins at 45 degrees C, by performing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of bacterial cell lysate proteins. All of the M. intracellulare but not M. avium strains potently increased the production of the 18-kDa heat shock protein, when cultured at 45 degrees C. Half of the M. intracellulare strains with high sensitivity to 45 degrees C produced not only the 18-kDa heat shock protein but also the 16-kDa heat shock protein at 45 degrees C. These findings indicate that M. avium and M. intracellulare differentially respond to 45 degrees C heat shock in terms of the production of low molecular mass heat shock proteins.     

Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare chromatotypes defined by curvilinear gradient HPLC of mycolic acids

Seventy-nine strains of Mycobacterium avium complex bacteria (MAC), previously characterized by genetic probe analysis, were assayed using two methods of reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) that employed curvilinear gradients. Although different in column length and cycle time, the methods produced equivalent results, yielding seven distinct chromatographic patterns (chromatotypes) of M. avium and M. intracellulare based on the ratio of mycolate concentrations in the late vs. the middle of three peak clusters (L:M ratio). The M. avium strains (n = 36) were assigned to chromatotypes 1 through 4 (L:M ratios less than 3), and the M. intracellulare strains (n = 25) to chromatotypes 5 through 7 (L:M ratios greater than 4). Of 18 Mycobacterium 'X' strains, seven resembled M. avium, seven others resembled M. intracellulare, and four were intermediate between M. avium and M. intracellulare.     

Mycobacterium avium resists exposure to the acidic conditions of the stomach

Organisms of the Mycobacterium avium complex are common pathogens in immunosuppressed patients such as individuals with AIDS. There is evidence that in AIDS patients, the main route for M. avium infection is the gastrointestinal tract. The stomach is a formidable barrier to pathogens and the ability to resist exposure to pH lower than 3 has been shown to be a virulence determinant of enteric pathogens. Incubation of three clinical isolates of M. avium under acidic pH revealed resistance of M. avium grown both to the exponential and stationary phase at pH 2.2 for 2 h. Inhibition of protein synthesis had no effect on the acid tolerance. When the duration of the incubation at pH 2.2 was extended to 24 h, bacteria grown to the stationary phase had a significantly greater tolerance to acid than exponential phase bacteria. M. avium incubated with acid in the presence of water was significantly more resistant to pH 2.2 than M. avium in the presence of buffer. Pre-adaptation in water prior to exposure to acidic conditions was also associated with increased resistance to pH 2.2. Isoosmolarity of Hank's balanced salt solution appears to be responsible for the impaired resistance to acid between 2 and 24 h of incubation. These findings indicate that M. avium is naturally tolerant to pH<3 and that pre-adaptation under conditions similar to the conditions where M. avium is found in the environment results in increased acid resistance.     

Humic and fulvic acids stimulate the growth of Mycobacterium avium

Mycobacterium avium, an environmental, opportunistic pathogenic mycobacterium, has been isolated frequently and in high numbers from waters in Finland and from acid, brown water swamps of the southeastern coastal USA. M. avium has also been recovered in high numbers from Finnish drinking water and frequently isolated from Finnish AIDS patients. Boreal forests and brown water swamps are similar in that they are rich in humic and fulvic acids and of low pH and dissolved oxygen. Growth of representative isolates of M. avium in natural water was stimulated markedly by the addition of humic and fulvic acids. Further, the M. avium isolates grew at pH levels as low at 4.0 and at oxygen levels equal to 4% of atmospheric levels. The high numbers of M. avium in boreal waters and brown water swamps are likely due to their ability to proliferate in those humic- and fulvic-rich, acidic, micro-aerobic environments.     

Characterization and expression of secA in Mycobacterium avium

Mycobacterium avium is both a pathogen that infects several hosts such as humans, pigs, and birds, as well as a microorganism that is encountered in environmental sources (soil and water). Protein secretion by the bacterium is likely to influence its ability to overcome adverse and competitive conditions both within or outside the host. Using a combination of cloning and information available in the databank, we characterized the secA gene from M. avium, encoding for a major preprotein translocase subunit associated with the secretion system of prokaryotics. In addition, we cloned the secA promoter sequence in a reporter construct upstream of a promoterless gfp. It was determined that the secA of M. avium shares large homology with the secA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis but not with secA of Mycobacterium leprae. secA expression was determined to be greater at logarithmic growth phase although it was also expressed at low levels during the stationary phase. secA expression was also observed when the bacteria were incubated in water as well as within human monocyte-derived macrophages and in conditions that are associated with biofilm formation. Future evaluation of the sec pathway in M. avium might provide important information about secreted proteins that are required for survival in different environments.     

Identification and cloning of the Mycobacterium avium folA gene, required for dihydrofolate reductase activity

Dihydrofolate reductase is an essential bacterial enzyme necessary for the maintenance of intracellular folate pools in a biochemically active reduced state. In this report, the Mycobacterium avium folA gene was identified by functional genetic complementation, sequenced, and expressed for the first time. It has an open reading frame of 543 bp with a G+C content of 73%. The translated polypeptide sequence shows 58% identity to the consensus sequence of the conserved regions from eight other bacterial dihydrofolate reductases. Recombinant M. avium dihydrofolate reductase was expressed actively in Escherichia coli, and SDS-PAGE analysis revealed a 20 kDa species, agreeable with that predicted from the polypeptide sequence.