Limosilactobacillus fermentum F-6的遗传背景和功能基因组

【目的】Limosilactobacillus fermentum具有增强免疫力、产胞外多糖(exopolysaccharide,EPS)等多种功能特性,广泛应用于食品领域,具有较高经济价值。本文从群体遗传学角度,解析L. fermentum F-6的遗传背景和功能基因特征,为其开发利用提供遗传学基础。【方法】本研究对NCBI已公开的23株L. fermentum全基因组序列和1株模式菌株ATCC 14931T的基因组序列进行比较基因组学分析。利用Roary软件识别核心基因集与泛基因集;采用rapid annotation using subsystem technology(RAST)网站对基因组进行功能注释,以探究F-6基因组特征。【结果】以识别到的997个核心基因构建系统发育树,发现聚类趋势与分离源无关,但F-6与3株食品分离株聚在同一分支。功能注释分析发现,24株L. fermentum中仅F-6含有参与支链氨基酸合成途径的基因(ilvD、leuA等),可为机体提供必需氨基酸。F-6含有大量编码糖基转移酶和UDP-葡萄糖4-表异构酶的基因,且含有1个完整的eps基因簇。与其他L...     

一株污水源多重耐药大肠杆菌的耐药性检测及全基因组测序分析

【背景】水体环境分布广、流动性强,是耐药菌和耐药基因传播的主要媒介。【目的】了解北方污水厂大肠杆菌携带的耐药基因及可移动遗传元件情况。【方法】从北方污水厂筛选出一株多重耐药大肠杆菌,通过药敏试验进行耐药性检验,采用96孔板法测定菌株的最小抑菌浓度,利用酶标仪探究亚抑菌浓度抗生素对菌株生长的影响,并对菌株进行全基因组测序,对其携带的耐药基因及可移动遗传元件进行预测。【结果】大肠杆菌WEC对四环素、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星和红霉素具有耐药性,亚抑菌浓度的四环素、环丙沙星和诺氟沙星能够延缓或抑制菌株的生长。WEC菌株的基因组中包含一条大小为4 782 114 bp的环状染色体和2个大小分别为60 306 bp (pWEC-1)和92 065 bp (pWEC-2)的环状质粒。菌株共携带129个耐药基因,其中128个位于染色体上,在染色体上预测到原噬菌体、基因岛及插入序列的存在,部分可移动遗传元件携带有耐药基因。质粒pWEC-1中无耐药基因,pWEC-2含有1个耐药基因,在质粒基因组中预测到原噬菌体和插入序列。【结论】污水源大肠杆菌WEC是一株多重耐药菌株,其基因组中携带耐药基因和多种可移动遗传元件...     

母乳源乳双歧杆菌Probio-M8的遗传特征及基因组差异比较分析

【目的】母乳源乳双歧杆菌（Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis） Probio-M8具有优良的益生特性,本文拟从全基因组水平解析Probio-M8的遗传特征,并与已有益生功效的乳双歧杆菌的基因组进行比较分析。【方法】本研究基于NCBI已公开的21株乳双歧杆菌和1株模式菌株DSM10140^T的基因组数据,构建了核心基因集与泛基因集,解析该群体的系统发育关系,比较分析Probio-M8的遗传特征及功能基因组。【结果】22株乳双歧杆菌的泛基因集包含1 618个基因,其中核心基因1 514个,占泛基因集的93.57%,表明乳双歧杆菌核心基因集高度保守。以1 514个核心基因构建系统发育树,发现22株乳双歧杆菌分为两个分支,AD011单独为一个分支,Probio-M8和其他菌株与模式菌株DSM10140^T聚在同一分支,且Probio-M8与V9、BB-12、Bi-07、HN019的遗传距离极为接近。进一步分析耐药基因和毒力基因,在Probio-M8与V9、BB-12、Bi-07、HN019基因组上均检测到DfrA...     

Multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection of enterococcal genes vanA and vanB and staphylococcal genes mecA, ileS-2 and femB

The experimental transfer of the vanA gene cluster from Enterococcus faecalis to Staphylococcus aureus has raised fears about the occurrence of such genetic transfer in clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Recently, infections by a S. aureus strain carrying the enterococcal vancomycin resistance vanA gene cluster were reported. The possible emergence and dissemination of these strains is a serious health threat and makes optimization of prevention strategies and fast detection methods absolutely necessary. In the present study, we developed a PCR protocol for simultaneous detection of enterococcal vanA and vanB genes , the staphylococcal methicillin and mupirocin resistance markers mecA and ileS-2, and identification of S. aureus. As no vancomycin-resistant S. aureus isolates were available for our study, we used mixtures of enterococcal and staphylococcal colonies that harbored the different resistance markers to show that these genes could be detected simultaneously. This protocol could be used to facilitate the detection and identification of predictable S. aureus or methicillin-resistant strains carrying vanA or vanB.     

Genetic mapping of the stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn) resistance gene Sr13 in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, the causative agent of stem rust in wheat, is known for its high virulence variability and ability to evolve new virulence to resistance genes. Thus, pyramiding of several resistance genes in a single line is the best strategy for a sustainable control of wheat stem rust. Sr13 is one of the few resistance genes that are effective against wide ranging P. graminis f. sp. tritici races, including the pestilent race Ug99. Its effectiveness to Ug99 makes it a valuable source for resistance to stem rust. Molecular markers play a pivotal role in the genetic characterization of the new sources of resistance as well as in stacking two or more resistance genes in a single line. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop molecular markers for Sr13 facilitating efficient pyramiding of Sr genes. Based on the 158 F₂ individuals derived from a cross of Khapstein/9*LMPG × Morocco and SSR analyses, the Sr13 locus was mapped on chromosome 6A of wheat, and a genetic map comprising about 90 cM was constructed with the closest marker barc37 being located 4.0 cM distally of Sr13. Of the nine mapped markers, barc37 amplified an allele specific for the presence of Sr13 as shown by testing different cultivars and breeding lines. These newly developed markers will increase the efficiency of incorporating Sr13 into cultivars that are widely adopted, but susceptible to hazardous Ug99 and/or assist for the development of new elite lines that are resistant to Ug99.     

一株牛源都柏林沙门氏菌的全基因组测序及毒力与耐药性分析

【背景】沙门氏菌(Salmonella spp.)是重要的人畜共患病原菌,其毒力和耐药性的不断增强引起广泛关注。【目的】了解从通辽市一犊牛死亡病例中所分离牛源都柏林沙门氏菌的毒力及耐药性情况。【方法】以病死犊牛肺脏为材料,经细菌分离纯化及16S rRNA基因测序,鉴定病原为沙门氏菌。采用动物试验、药敏试验和PCR方法对分离菌进行毒力、耐药性,以及毒力基因和耐药基因检测,并对其进行全基因组测序分析。【结果】分离菌具有较强毒力,对小鼠半数致死量为2.8×10⁶ CFU/mL。分离菌为多重耐药菌,仅对多粘菌素B和噻孢霉素敏感,对强力霉素和恩诺沙星中度敏感。检测13种沙门氏菌常见毒力基因,检出率为92.3%。对分离菌进行全基因组测序分析,该菌株为都柏林沙门氏菌,基因组大小为4 965 370 bp,GC含量为52.12%,同时携带2个质粒,大小分别为79 524 bp (pTLS-1)和45 301 bp (pTLS-2)。分离菌中共携带996个毒力基因和24个毒力岛;共携带42个耐药基因,其中4个为可水平转移基因,基因组中存在9个可移动遗传元件,包括插入序列和转座子等。【结论】分离牛源都柏林沙门氏菌菌株具有较强毒力且为多重耐药株,携带大量毒力基因及耐药基因。     

产褪黑素绿色木霉工程菌的构建及生理特性分析

【背景】褪黑素(melatonin)是动植物内广泛存在的一种小分子生物胺类物质,在促进生物生长和提高环境耐受性等方面发挥重要作用。木霉(Trichoderma)既是重要的生防菌株也是高效的工业产品生产菌株,能够合成丰富的代谢产物。【目的】针对目前木霉菌株中还未发现褪黑素合成的问题,构建具有褪黑素合成能力的绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)工程菌,并对其生理特性进行研究。【方法】在绿色木霉Tv-1511中异源表达了来源于人基因组的芳烷基胺N-乙酰转移酶(aralkylamineN-acetyltransferase,AANAT)编码基因hAANAT和乙酰复合胺-O-甲基转移酶(acetylserotonin-O-methyltransferase,ASMT)编码基因hASMT,高效液相色谱法(highperformance liquid chromatography, HPLC)检测了木霉工程菌合成褪黑素的产量,并利用生化方法检测了工程菌的生长、抗逆及对植物的促生抗病能力。【结果】获得了具有褪黑素合成能力的绿色木霉工程菌,此株工程菌具有更好的生长和产孢特性、更强的逆境胁迫耐...     

Association of virulence plasmid and antibiotic resistance determinants with chromosomal multilocus genotypes in Mexican Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains

Background  

Bacterial genomes are mosaic structures composed of genes present in every strain of the same species (core genome), and genes present in some but not all strains of a species (accessory genome). The aim of this study was to compare the genetic diversity of core and accessory genes of a Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium (Typhimurium) population isolated from food-animal and human sources in four regions of Mexico. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and macrorestriction fingerprints by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were used to address the core genetic variation, and genes involved in pathogenesis and antibiotic resistance were selected to evaluate the accessory genome.     

光唇鱼源无乳链球菌的分离鉴定及遗传特征

【目的】为查明浙江养殖光唇鱼大量死亡的病原,了解病原的遗传特征。【方法】本工作对患病光唇鱼进行病原分离,结合形态特征、生理生化特性和16S rRNA基因序列同源性,对分离菌株进行鉴定;采用人工回感试验确定其病原性,并对分离株的血清型、多位点序列分型(multilocus sequence typing,MLST)、毒力基因型和表面蛋白抗原基因型等遗传特征进行分析;此外,还测试了菌株的药敏特性。【结果】从患病光唇鱼体中分离得到优势菌株ACRO-0708,为革兰氏阳性球菌,不溶血,分子与生化鉴定为无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae);人工感染试验证实其对光唇鱼有较强的致病性,LD50为6.47×10~3CFU/g,属于血清型Ⅰb和MLST型ST261,毒力基因型为sip~+bibA~+cfb~+hylB~+iagA~+fbsA~+fbsB~+bac~–bca~–cylE~–scpB~–lmb~–,不携带所检测的6种表面蛋白基因。药敏试验结果显示,对青霉素、氨苄西林等8种药物较敏感,对氯霉素、复方新诺明等7种药物耐药。【结论】引起浙江养殖光唇鱼死亡的病原菌为无乳链球菌,其分子特征与水产动物主要流行的无乳链球菌株具有显著差异,生产中可选用氨苄西林、氟苯尼考等药物进行防治。     

鹌鹑源鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的分离鉴定与耐药性分析

【背景】在鹌鹑养殖过程中,抗菌药物和消毒剂的不规范使用加剧了耐药菌株在动物、场所和食品之间的相互传播,因此,掌握致病菌株在养殖动物中的耐药状况至关重要。【目的】检测北京周边地区鹌鹑蛋源致病菌株的耐药特征和耐药基因的流行情况。【方法】在天津市武清区部分鹌鹑养殖场采集鹌鹑泄殖腔粪便、鹌鹑蛋表、养殖环境和鹌鹑饮水的样品,通过细菌分离培养、菌落形态观察、染色镜检、生化鉴定、血清分型、沙门氏菌inv A基因序列测定等方法对分离菌株进行鉴定。同时进行小鼠攻毒试验,测定小鼠半数致死量(median lethal dose, LD50)。再通过药敏试验和PCR方法对分离菌的耐药表型、耐药基因及毒力基因进行检测。【结果】分离菌株菌落颜色、镜检形态和生化试验结果符合沙门氏菌特性,沙门氏菌inv A基因序列测定与鼠伤寒沙门氏菌参考株相似度为99.44%,鉴定为鼠伤寒沙门氏菌,血清型为1,4,[5],[12]:i:l,2。该菌株对小鼠有致病作用,小鼠LD50为2.10×107 CFU/mL;药敏试验结果显示该菌株对氨苄西林、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢噻呋、链霉素、磺胺甲啞唑、磺胺异啞唑、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星表现耐...     

产气荚膜梭菌前噬菌体的分布特点及遗传进化分析

【目的】分析和研究产气荚膜梭菌中前噬菌体的分布情况、基因组特点及遗传进化关系。【方法】利用PHASTER (phage search tool enhanced release)软件预测产气荚膜梭菌携带的前噬菌体,基于ANI (average nucleotide identity)值对前噬菌体进行分群,利用CARD (comprehensive antibiotic research database)、Res Finder 4.1、VFDB (virulence factors database)和Bac Met(antibacterial biocide&metal resistance genes database)分析前噬菌体携带的耐药基因、毒力基因、抗菌剂/金属离子抗性基因,利用CRISPRCas Finder分析产气荚膜梭菌的CRISPR-Cas系统,利用MEGA 7.0进行前噬菌体的遗传进化关系分析。【结果】产气荚膜梭菌平均携带前噬菌体2.67条,其长度呈双峰分布,平均占基因组2.23%;前噬菌体不携带耐药基因,但携带了α毒素、唾液酶和溶血素等毒力基因以及重金属...     

In Bradyrhizobium japonicum the common nodulation genes, nodABC, are linked to nifA and fixA

Summary Using cloned Rhizobium phaseoli nodulation (nod) genes as hybridization probes homologous restriction fragments were detected in the genome of the slow-growing soybean symbiont, Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain 110. These fragments were isolated from a cosmid library, and were shown to lie 10 kilobasepairs (kb) upstream from the nifA and fixA genes. Specific nod probes from Rhizobium leguminosarum were used to identify nodA-, nodB-, and nodC-like sequences clustered within a 4.5 kb PstI fragment. A mutant was constructed in which the kanamycin resistance gene from Tn5 was inserted into the nodA homologous B. japonicum region. This insertion was precisely located, by DNA sequencing, to near the middle of the nodA gene. B. japonicum mutants carrying this insertion were completely nodulation deficient (Nod^-).     

转鞭毛蛋白基因水稻细菌性条斑病抗性研究

该研究从生防菌枯草芽胞杆菌Bs-916中克隆了鞭毛蛋白基因,利用转基因载体pCAMBIA1300转入水稻,筛选得到98株阳性转基因植株。分子检测结果表明,有12个转基因株系可检测到目的基因的表达。随后抗病性鉴定表明,有3个转基因株系对水稻细菌性条斑病具有较高的抗性。该研究为目前水稻抗细菌性条斑病转基因研究拓宽了可应用基因资源的范围。     

Genetic recombination in Bacillus subtilis 168: effect of recN, recF, recH and addAB mutations on DNA repair and recombination

A recN ^– (recN1) strain of Bacillus subtilis was constructed. The effects of this and recF, recH and addAB mutations on recombination proficiency were tested. Mutations in the recN, recF recH and addAB genes, when present in an otherwise Rec⁺ B. subtilis strain, did not affect genetic exchange. Strains carrying different combinations of mutations in these genes were constructed and examined for their sensitivity to 4-nitroquinoline1-oxide (4NQO) and recombination proficiency. The recH mutation did not affect the 4NQO sensitivity of recN and recF cells and it only marginally affected that of addA addB cells. However, it reduced genetic recombination in these cells 10²- to 10⁴-fold. The addA addB mutations increased the 4NQO sensitivity of recF and recN cells, but completely blocked genetic recombination of recF cells and marginally affected recombination in recN cells. The recN mutation did not affect the recombinational capacity of recF cells. These data indicate that the recN gene product is required for, DNA repair and recombination and that the recF, recH and addAB genes provide overlapping activities that compensate for the effects of single mutants proficiency. We proposed that the recF, recH, recB and addA gene products define four different epistatic groups.     

一株嗜酸硫杆菌M4-422-6的分离及其全基因组测序和比较基因组学分析

【目的】开展具有硫氧化能力的嗜酸硫杆菌属(Acidithiobacillus)的分离及其比较基因组学分析,不仅可以丰富硫氧化细菌菌种资源,而且有助于加深理解嗜酸硫杆菌的分子进化与生态适应机制。【方法】利用以硫代硫酸钠为唯一能源的培养基分离具有硫氧化能力的细菌;利用Illumina HiSeq X和Oxford Nanopore测序平台对一株嗜酸硫杆菌M4-422-6进行全基因组测序;利用相关生物信息学分析软件对原始数据进行组装和基因组注释,并与一株亲缘关系最近的菌株Igneacidithiobacillus copahuensis VAN18-1进行比较基因组学分析。【结果】分离获得一株具有硫氧化能力的嗜酸硫杆菌M4-422-6。基因组注释结果显示,菌株M4-422-6基因组由1个染色体和2个质粒组成,基因组大小为2 917 823 bp,G+C含量为58.54%,共编码2 925个蛋白。16S rRNA基因和基因组系统发育树显示,菌株M4-422-6代表嗜酸硫杆菌属的一个潜在新种。功能基因注释结果显示,菌株Acidithiobacillus sp. M4-422-6拥有与菌株特性相关的众多基因,包括硫氧化相关基因、CO₂固定相关基因和耐酸相关基因。比较基因组学分析发现,虽然菌株M4-422-6与VAN18-1的亲缘关系最近,但两者仍拥有众多的差异基因,主要包括噬菌体抗性相关基因和移动元件编码基因。【结论】菌株M4-422-6代表嗜酸硫杆菌属的一个潜在新种,该菌株具有同种内菌株所不具有的特有基因,并据此推测嗜酸硫杆菌种内分化可归因于对特定生态位的适应。     

The Hermes transposon of Musca domestica and its use as a mutagen of Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Transposon mutagenesis allows for the discovery and characterization of genes by creating mutations that can be easily mapped and sequenced. Moreover, this method allows for a relatively unbiased approach to isolating genes of interest. Recently, a system of transposon based mutagenesis for Schizosaccharomyces pombe became available. This mutagenesis relies on Hermes, a DNA transposon from the house fly that readily integrates into the chromosomes of S. pombe. The Hermes system is distinct from the retrotransposons of S. pombe because it efficiently integrates into open reading frames. To mutagenize S. pombe, cells are transformed with a plasmid that contains a drug resistance marker flanked by the terminal inverted repeats of Hermes. The Hermes transposase expressed from a second plasmid excises the resistance marker with the inverted repeats and inserts this DNA into chromosomal sites. After S. pombe with these two plasmids grow 25 generations, approximately 2% of the cells contain insertions. Of the cells with insertions, 68% contain single integration events. The protocols listed here provide the detailed information necessary to mutagenize a strain of interest, screen for specific phenotypes, and sequence the positions of insertion.     

Spread and evolution of Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance

Worldwide spread of Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance to conventional antimalarials, chloroquine and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, has been imposing a serious public health problem in many endemic regions. Recent discovery of drug resistance-associated genes, pfcrt, pfmdr1, dhfr, and dhps, and applications of microsatellite markers flanking the genes have revealed the evolution of parasite resistance to these antimalarials and the geographical spread of drug resistance. Here, we review our recent knowledge of the evolution and spread of parasite resistance to chloroquine and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine. In both antimalarials, resistance appears to be largely explained by the invasion of limited resistant lineages to many endemic regions. However, multiple, indigenous evolutionary origins of resistant lineages have also been demonstrated. Further molecular evolutionary and population genetic approaches will greatly facilitate our understanding of the evolution and spread of parasite drug resistance, and will contribute to developing strategies for better control of malaria.     

A cycloheximide-resistant mutant of Tetrahymena pyriformis

A mutant of Tetrahymena pyriformis, syngen 1, resistant to cycloheximide was obtained after mutagenesis (with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine) followed by a cross (to obtain macro-nuclear expression of the mutant phenotype). A genetic analysis has shown that cycloheximide resistance in the mutant strain is due to a dominant nuclear allele, designated chx-1. Heterozygotes (chx-1/chx⁺) are initially resistant but segregate stable, sensitive cell lines during vegetative growth, demonstrating that allelic exclusion occurs with this determinant, as with many others in syngen 1. This feature, coupled with the selective advantage conferred by the chx-1 allele in the presence of cycloheximide, makes this mutation a useful genetic tool. A strain homozygous for the chx-1 allele exhibits an exponential growth rate identical to that of the wild type in proteose peptone-yeast extract medium in the absence of cycloheximide. In 10 μg/ml of the drug, the resistant cells grow at a somewhat lower rate, after an initial lag and adaptation to the presence of the drug. This concentration causes complete inhibition of growth and eventual lysis of wild-type cells. The cellular basis for cycloheximide resistance and adaptation in the mutant is presently under investigation.     

Mutations affecting regulation of the anabolic argF and the catabolic aru genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO

Summary The nucleotide sequence required for a fully functional promoter and operator of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa argF gene (argF _po), the arginine-repressible gene for anabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase, was defined within a 160 by region. The streptomycin (Sm) resistance genes strAB of plasmid RSF1010 were fused to argF _po. This construct in P. aeruginosa strain PAO conferred resistance to Sm. Mutants of strain PAO were selected which were resistant to Sm in the presence of arginine due to constitutive expression of argF _po —strAB. These mutants were designated argR. They were unable to grow or grew poorly on arginine or ornithine as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. This growth defect (Aru^–/Oru^– phenotype) was correlated with a reduced level of N-succinylornithine aminotransferase, an enzyme participating in the major aerobic pathway for arginine and ornithine catabolism in this organism. The argR mutants were classified into four groups by transduction analysis and three argR mutations were mapped on the PAO chromosome. argR9901 and argR9902 were co-transducible with car-9 (at 1 min) and thus close to the oru-310 locus; argR9906 was localized in the oruI (=aru) gene cluster (67 min). Some aru mutants, which have been isolated previously and which produce very low amounts of all enzymes in the arginine succinyltransferase pathway, were unable to repress the argF gene in an arginine medium. Thus, P. aeruginosa PAO appears to have multiple genes that are involved in the regulation of both the anabolic argF and the catabolic aru genes.Abbreviations Arg^– arginine auxotrophy - Aru arginine utilization - Oru ornithine utilization     

去甲万古霉素生产菌株Amycolatopsis orientalis遗传操作体系的建立

为了对去甲万古霉素高产菌中的功能基因进行研究,以整合型p ZMW为载体,考察了去甲万古霉素生产菌东方拟无枝酸菌属间接合转移限制因素,优化3个关键限制因素:产孢培养基为YD,起始孢子量控制在1×10~8~4×10~8/反应,抗生素覆盖时间为16~17 h为宜。建立了东方拟无枝酸菌生产菌株NCPC 2-48的操作方法和培养条件,使体内分析该菌的生物合成及调控基因的功能成为可能,并为建立其他放线菌遗传操作体系提供了参考。