Inhibition of cathepsin S attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by suppressing inflammation and apoptosis

Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury leads to high mortality and morbidity due to the incomplete understanding of the underlying mechanism and the consequent lack of effective therapy. The present study revealed and validated key candidate genes in relation to inflammation and apoptosis pathways underlying myocardial I/R injury. Cathepsin S was identified as the top hub protein based on the protein–protein interaction analysis, and, thus, its role during myocardial I/R injury was further investigated. Myocardial I/R in mice resulted in significantly increased levels of myocardial injury biomarkers (cardiac troponin I, lactic dehydrogenase, and creatinine kinase‐MB) and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin‐1β [IL‐1β], IL‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐α), elevated apoptosis rate, and upregulated protein expression of cleaved caspase‐8, cleaved caspase‐3, and cleaved poly ADP‐ribose polymerase. These abovementioned changes were blocked by two different selective cathepsin S inhibitors, LY3000328 or MIV‐247. Moreover, Kaplan–Meier survival plot showed that cathepsin S inhibition improved 21‐day survival rate following myocardial I/R injury. This study demonstrated that the inhibition of cathepsin S alleviated myocardial I/R‐induced injury by suppressing inflammation and apoptosis, which may be used in clinical applications of cardioprotection.     

Effect of adenosine A2A receptor agonist (CGS) on ischemia/reperfusion injury in isolated rat liver

Ischemia/reperfusion injury during liver transplantation is a major cause of primary nonfunctioning graft for which there is no effective treatment other than retransplantation. Adenosine prevents ischemia-reperfusion-induced hepatic injury via its A2A receptors. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of A2A receptor agonist on apoptotic ischemia/reperfusion-induced hepatic injury in rats. Isolated rat livers within University of Wisconsin solution were randomly divided into four groups: (1) continuous perfusion of Krebs-Henseleit solution through the portal vein for 165 minutes (control); (2) 30-minute perfusion followed by 120 minutes of ischemia and 15 minutes of reperfusion; (3) like group 2, but with the administration of CGS 21680, an A2A receptor agonist, 30 microg/100 ml, for 1 minute before ischemia; (4) like group 3, but with administration of SCH 58261, an A2A receptor antagonist. Serum liver enzyme levels were measured by biochemical analysis, and intrahepatic caspase-3 activity was measured by fluorometric assay; apoptotic cells were identified by morphological criteria, the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) fluorometric assay, and immunohistochemistry for caspase-3. Results showed that at 1 minute of reperfusion, there was a statistically significant reduction in liver enzyme levels in the animals pretreated with CGS (p < 0.05). On fluorometric assay, caspase-3 activity was significantly decreased in group 3 compared to group 2 (p < 0.0002). The reduction in postischemic apoptotic hepatic injury in the CGS-treated group was confirmed morphologically, by the significantly fewer apoptotic hepatocyte cells detected (p < 0.05); immunohistochemically, by the significantly weaker activation of caspase-3 compared to the ischemic group (p < 0.05); and by the TUNEL assay (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the administration of A2A receptor agonist before induction of ischemia can attenuate postischemic apoptotic hepatic injury and thereby minimize liver injury. Apoptotic hepatic injury seems to be mediated through caspase-3 activity.     

细胞自噬在大鼠肺缺血/再灌注引发肝脏损伤中的作用*

目的: 探讨肺缺血/再灌注(LI/R)时肝脏损伤的影响,并初步探索细胞自噬(Autophagy)在其中发挥的作用。方法: 构建大鼠缺血/再灌注肺损伤(LI/RI)模型,模型制备方法为大鼠麻醉后切开气管进行机械通气,使用动脉夹将肺门夹闭模拟缺血过程,30 min后松开动脉夹,恢复灌注3 h。24只大鼠随机分为伪手术组(Sham组)、缺血/再灌注组(I/R组)、溶剂组(DMSO组)和自噬抑制剂组(3-MA组),每组均6只,后2组大鼠术前分别腹腔注射DMSO和3-MA,造模结束后使用肺湿/干重比判断造模是否成功;抽取静脉血测定肝脏转氨酶指标ALT与AST;取肝脏组织,光镜下观察肝脏形态改变,以及电镜下观察肝细胞超微结构;使用RT-qPCR和Western blot实验分别检测肝脏组织细胞中自噬相关蛋白的基因mRNA表达水平和蛋白表达水平。结果: 与Sham组相比,其余各组肺湿/干重比均升高;血AST和ALT均有大幅升高且肝脏组织损伤明显,其中以I/R组升高最为明显,光镜下组织形态学及电镜下细胞微细结构均有不同程度的破坏;肝脏中自噬相关蛋白的基因表达水平与蛋白表达水平均有明显不同,表现为自噬上升 (P＜0.01或P＜0.05)。I/R组和DMSO组肝脏组织均有较重损伤,肝细胞结构破坏严重,自噬小体形成,而AST、ALT、自噬相关蛋白转录和表达水平等各项指标均无统计学差异(P＞0.05)。而相较于DMSO组,3-MA组肝脏组织损伤有所减轻,肝细胞微细结构损伤程度低,且无自噬小体形成,血中AST和ALT下降,肝脏组织内自噬水平均下降 (P＜0.05)。结论: 肺缺血/再灌注可引起大鼠肝损伤;细胞自噬可介导大鼠肺缺血/再灌注引起的肝损伤,抑制细胞自噬可以有效减轻大鼠LI/R引起的肝损伤。     

吸入一氧化碳防治肢体缺血／再灌注所致肝脏损伤的实验研究

目的：观察吸入外源性一氧化碳（CO）对肢体缺血／再灌注（I／R）所致肝脏损伤的防治作用。方法：健康SD大鼠100只,随机分为假手术（S）、假手术吸入CO（SC）、I／R、I／R吸入CO（RC）组。通过夹闭股动脉4h、再开放6—72h、10d复制肢体L／R致肝脏损伤模型。S、I／R组吸入普通医用空气,SC、RC组吸入含CO（体积分数为0．05％）的医用空气。光镜观察肝组织病理学变化,全自动生化分析仪检测血谷丙转氨酶（GPT）,流式细胞仪检测肝细胞凋亡百分比及bax、bcl-2的表达水平。结果：S组与SC组比较,各项观察指标无显著差别;与SC组比较,I/R及RC组肝组织呈病理改变,血清GPT及肝细胞凋亡百分比明显升高;I／R组肝细胞bax蛋白的表达水平明显升高。和L／R组相比。RC组肝组织损伤程度减轻,血清GPT、肝细胞凋亡百分比及bax蛋白的表达水平明显降低,而肝细胞bcl-2蛋白的表达水平显著升高。结论：吸入适量外源性CO对肢体I／R所致肝脏损伤有防治效应。     

Ischemic preconditioning attenuates apoptotic cell death associated with ischemia/reperfusion

Apoptosis or programmed cell death is a genetically controlled response for cells to commit suicide and is associated with DNA fragmentation or laddering. The common inducers of apoptosis include oxygen free radicals/oxidative stress and Ca2+ which are also implicated in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury. To examine whether ischemic reperfusion injury is mediated by apoptotic cell death, isolated perfused rat hearts were subjected to 15, 30 or 60 min of ischemia as well as 15 min of ischemia followed by 30, 60, 90 or 120 min of reperfusion. At the end of each experiment, the heart was processed for the evaluation of apoptosis and DNA laddering. Apoptosis was studied by visualizing the apoptotic cardiomyocytes by direct fluorescence detection of digoxigenin-labeled genomic DNA using APOPTAG® in situ apoptosis detection kit. DNA laddering was evaluated by subjecting the DNA obtained from the hearts to 1.8% agarose gel electrophoresis and photographed under UV illumination. The results of our study revealed apoptotic cells only in the 90 and 120 min reperfused hearts as demonstrated by the intense fluorescence of the immunostained digoxigenin-labeled genomic DNA when observed under fluorescence microscopy. None of the ischemic hearts showed any evidence of apoptosis. These results were corroborated with the findings of DNA fragmentation which showed increased ladders of DNA bands in the same reperfused hearts representing integer multiples of the internucleosomal DNA length (about 180 bp). The presence of apoptotic cells and DNA fragmentation in the myocardium were completely abolished by subjecting the myocardium to repeated short-term ischemia and reperfusion which also reduced the ischemic reperfusion injury as evidenced by better recovery of left ventricular performance in the preconditioned myocardium. The results of this study indicate that reperfusion of ischemic heart, but not ischemia, induces apoptotic cell death and DNA fragmentation which can be inhibited by myocardial adaptation to ischemia.     

大鼠肢体缺血预处理对肝缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的：研究肢体缺血预处理对大鼠肝缺血/再灌注损伤是否具有保护作用。方法：雄性SD大鼠32只,随机分为对照组（S组）;缺血/再灌注组（I/R组）;经典缺血预处理组（IPC组）;肢体缺血预处理组（远端缺血预处理组,RPC组）。S组仅行开腹,不作其他处理;IPC组以肝缺血5min作预处理;RPC组以双后肢缺血5min,反复3次作预处理,2个预处理组及I/R组均行肝缺血1h再灌注3h。取血用于血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）与血清谷草转氨酶（AST）检测。切取肝组织用于测定湿干比（W/D）、中性粒细胞（PMN）计数及观察显微、超微结构的变化。结果：与I/R组比较,IPC组,RPC组ALT,AST,W/D值,及PMN计数均明显降低（P〈0.01）,肝脏的显微及超微结构损伤减轻。结论：肢体缺血预处理对大鼠肝脏I/R损伤有明显的保护作用,强度与经典缺血预处理相当,其机制可能与抑制肝脏炎症反应、减轻肝脏水肿、改善肝组织微循环有关。     

Proteasome inhibition attenuates lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia reperfusion in rats

The aim of this study is to investigate the role of proteasome in the pathogenesis of lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) by examining the effect of the proteasome inhibitor lactacystin on neutrophil infiltration, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation. Thirty-two Wistar rats were divided into (1) control, (2) intestinal I/R, (3) 0.2 mg/kg lactacystin pretreated, and (4) 0.6 mg/kg lactacystin pretreated groups (n = 8). Injuries in lung and intestine were induced by intestinal I/R, and were characterized by histological edema, hemorrhage and infiltration of inflammatory cells. The results showed a significant increase in serum creatine kinase B (CK-B) and lung water content in intestine and lung injuries. As compared with the control group, the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in intestine and lung as well as the serum TNF-α level increased significantly in intestinal I/R group. Simultaneously, expression of ICAM-1 and NF-κB p65 was also observed in the I/R group. Pre-treatment with lactacystin markedly reduced 20S proteasome activity in circulating white blood cells and ameliorated intestine and lung injuries. These results demonstrated that the proteasome participates in the pathogenesis of lung injury induced by intestinal I/R. Lactacystin as a proteasome inhibitor can prevent this kind of injury by decreasing ICAM-1 and TNF-α production via the inhibition of NF-κB activation.     

川芎嗪对家兔肺缺血/再灌注损伤时Fas/FasL基因表达的影响

目的:探讨川芎嗪对肺缺血/再灌注损伤(PI/RI)时Fas/FasL基因表达的影响。方法:采用在体兔单肺原位缺血-再灌注模型。实验兔90只,随机均分为假手术对照组(Sham)、肺缺血/再灌注组(I/R)和肺缺血/再灌注加川芎嗪治疗组(LGT)。每组又分为再灌注1h3、h、5 h三个亚组,每个亚组10只,分别于再灌注1 h3、h、5 h三个时点取左肺组织,观察Fas/Fas配体(Fas/FasL)mRNA定位表达、凋亡指数(AI)、肺组织湿、干重比(W/D)、肺损伤组织学定量评价指标(IQA)及光镜、电镜下的组织形态学改变。结果:肺再灌注1 h、3 h、5 h,LGT组Fas/FasLmRNA在肺小动脉内(外)膜、肺小静脉内膜、肺泡上皮及肺支气管上皮弱阳性表达,与I/R组同一时点比较阳性表达明显减弱;AI、W/D和IQA值显著低于I/R组(P<0.01和P<0.05);肺组织形态学异常改变不同程度减轻。结论:川芎嗪可下调肺组织Fas/FasL mRNA的表达而减轻细胞凋亡,对PI/RI发挥积极的防护作用。     

锌对缺血／再灌注肝脏自由基含量和细胞凋亡的影响

目的：观察补锌对缺血再灌注（HIR）大鼠肝脏自由基含量及细胞凋亡的影响。探讨补锌保护肝损伤的机制。方法：用荧光分光光度法测定血清MDA含量;用电子自旋共振法测定肝脏自由基浓度;用流式细胞术检测肝细胞凋亡。结果：HIR组大鼠血清MDA水平和肝自由基产生均增加,补锌后降低;肝脏缺血再灌注后肝细胞凋亡率达到57.72%,补锌后降低40.85%。结论：减少自由基产生和抑制细胞凋亡是锌保护肝缺血再灌注损伤的重要机制。     

牛磺酸对家兔缺血/再灌注心肌细胞凋亡的影响

目的:研究牛磺酸(Tau)对家兔缺血/再灌注损伤心肌细胞凋亡的影响.方法:阻断家兔心脏左冠状动脉前降支45 min,再灌注180 min引起心肌缺血/再灌注损伤,在心肌缺血前5 min耳缘静脉注射牛磺酸(200mg/kg),应用DNA片段原位末端标记法 (TUNEL染色),DNA凝胶电泳和流式细胞仪(FCM)观测心肌细胞凋亡.结果:琼脂糖凝胶电泳显示损伤对照组(I/R) 心肌DNA呈云梯状改变,而Tau I/R组无此改变.与损伤对照组(I/R) 比较,Tau I/R组缺血心肌凋亡细胞明显减少(TUNEL染色).流式细胞仪测定I/R组及Tau I/R组缺血心肌凋亡率分别为17.66%±1.54%和4.86%±1.23%.I/R组的缺血心肌Fas和Bax蛋白表达较非缺血心肌高 (P<0.01),Bcl-2/Bax比例较非缺血心肌低(P<0.01);而在Tau I/R组,Fas和Bax蛋白表达较I/R组的低 (P<0.01),Bcl-2/Bax比例较I/R组高(P<0.01).结论:牛磺酸可减少I/R家兔心肌细胞凋亡,其机制与调控凋亡相关基因 Fas,Bax和Bcl-2的蛋白表达有关.     

川芎嗪对脑缺血/再灌注后所致肺损伤的影响

目的：观察川芎嗪对脑缺血／再灌注后肺损伤的影响。方法：采用Pulsinelli等的方法建立大鼠急性全脑缺血／再灌注模型。将Wistar大鼠随机分为三组,即：对照组（Control）、缺血／再灌注组（I／R）、川芎嗪＋缺血／再灌注组（TEP＋I／R）,分别测定各组肺功能（PaO2、PaCO2）,肺系数（LI％）、血浆和肺组织中与自由基有关物质的含量。结果：川芎嗪可有效改善脑缺血／再灌注后肺功能,减轻肺水肿,减少胞浆酶的漏出,增加自由基清除醇的活性,抑制组织脂质过氧化的发生。结论：川芎嗪对脑缺血／再灌注后肺损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能与其抗氧自由基和膜保护作用有关。     

吸入一氧化碳抗肢体缺血/再灌注损伤的实验研究

目的：观察吸入适量一氧化碳（CO）对大鼠肢体缺血/再灌注（I/R）损伤的防治作用。方法：SD大鼠44只,随机分为假手术（S）、I/R、I/R吸入CO（RC）组;通过夹闭股动脉4h、再开放48h,复制肢体I/R损伤模型;RC组行再灌注时,使动物吸入含有CO的医用空气（CO的体积分数为0.05%）,其余两组呼吸正常空气;对比观测缺血肢体大体及骨骼肌组织病理学、缺血肢体湿干重比值（W/D）的变化,流式细胞仪检测肌组织中Bax、Bcl-2的表达水平及细胞凋亡百分比,全自动生化分析仪检测血清乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）和肌酸激酶（CK）的变化。结果：与I/R组比较,RC组动物W/D、血清LDH及CK含量、肌组织中Bax表达水平及细胞凋亡百分比均显著降低,肌组织Bcl-2表达水平显著升高,缺血肢体大体观及肌组织病理学明显改善。结论：吸入适量浓度的外源性CO对肢体I/R损伤有防治作用。     

缺血后处理对大鼠再灌注损伤肺细胞凋亡的影响

目的：探讨缺血后处理对再灌注损伤肺细胞凋亡的影响。方法：健康雄性sD大鼠24只,随机分为对照组（C组）、缺血／再灌注组（I／n组）和缺血后处理组（IPostC组）（n=8）。对比观察各组血清中丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、髓过氧化物酶（MPO）活力及含量变化,原位缺口末端标记法（TUNEL）检测肺组织细胞凋亡情况,免疫组化及RT-PCR法检测肺组织中Bax、Bcl一2蛋白和基因的表达。结果：I／R组与c组相比,MDA含量、MPO活力明显升高,SOD活力明显下降（均P〈0．01）,肺组织原位细胞凋亡检测示I／R组凋亡指数（AI）（39．03±3．46）显著高于C组（2．88±0．34）,Bcl-2／Bax比值在蛋白和基因水平明显降低（均P〈0．01）;IPostC组与I／R组相比MDA含量显著降低（P〈0．05）,MPO活力显著降低（P〈0．01）,SOD活性升高（P〈0．01）,AI为8．03±0．88显著低于L／R组,并能明显升高Bcl-2／Bax比值（均P〈0．01）。结论：缺血后处理通过减轻脂质过氧化反应及中性粒细胞聚集,降低Bax／Bel．2比值,使肺组织细胞凋亡减少,从而有效地减轻肺缺血／再灌注损伤。     

缺血后处理对肺缺血／再灌注损伤的保护作用及其机制

目的：探讨缺血后处理（聃）是否通过抑制P38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（P38MAPK）活化来减轻再灌注损伤肺细胞的凋亡。方法：雄性SD大鼠40只,随机分成5组（n=8）,即对照组（C组）、肺缺血／再灌注组（I／R组）、肺缺血／再灌注＋缺血后处理组（IPO组）、缺血后处理＋溶剂对照组（D组）、缺血后处理＋SB203580组（SB组）。各组分别于再灌注2h留取左肺组织,检测肺组织湿／干重比（W／D）和总肺含水量（TLW）;光镜观察肺组织形态学结构改变并进行肺组织损伤定量评估（IQA）;原住末端标记法（TUNEL）检测肺细胞凋亡情况并计算凋亡指数（AI）;RT-PCR和免疫组化法测定Bax、Bcl-2基因和蛋白的表达。结果：与C组相比,I／R组W／D、TLW、IQA和AI均显著升高（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,肺组织结构发生明显损伤;Bcl-2、Bcl-2／Bax基因及蛋白表达明显降低,Bax基因及蛋白表达明显升高（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）;IPO组、D组、SB组与I／R组相比,w／D、TLW、IQA和AI均显著降低（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,肺组织结构损伤情况有所改善;Bcl-2、Bcl-2／Bax基因及蛋白表达明显升高,Bax基因及蛋白表达明显降低（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）;D组与IPO组比较各项指标均无明显差异（均P〉0．05）;SB组与IPO组相比,肺组织W／D、TLW、IQA和AI均显著降低（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,肺组织结构未见明显损伤;Bcl-2、Bcl-2／Bax基因及蛋白表达明显升高,Bax基因及蛋白表达明显降低（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论：I／R通过激活P38MAPK导致大鼠肺泡结构严重破坏,肺内细胞大量凋亡;IPO可能是通过抑制P38MAPK通路的激活而减轻L／R损伤。     

RAGE与肝缺血再灌注损伤间的关系

晚期糖化终末产物受体(receptor for advanced glycation end product,RAGE)是一种单穿膜受体,同时也是一种多配体受体,属于免疫球蛋白超家族的成员。其配体包括高速泳动族框1蛋白质(high mobility group box 1,HMGB1)、晚期糖化终末产物(advanced glycation end product,AGE)、S100/钙粒蛋白(calgranulin)及β淀粉样肽等。在肝脏中,RAGE主要表达于巨噬细胞与树突状细胞上。RAGE一旦被激活,就会通过一系列的信号传导,诱导这些细胞释放出多种促炎症的物质,并引起中性粒细胞沉积,产生瀑布式的炎症反应链。肝脏的缺血再灌注(ischemia/reperfusion,I/R)损伤作用机制繁多。其中RAGE作为一个关键的调节点,各种外来和内在的因素都可以通过作用于RAGE从而影响炎症反应。现就肝脏I/R损伤与RAGE之间关系做一综述。     

一种用于研究骨骼肌缺血/再灌注损伤的细胞模型

目的:复制L-6TG大鼠肌母细胞缺血/再灌注损伤的细胞模型.方法:将培养的L-6TG大鼠肌母细胞随机分为2组:①正常对照组(C组),②缺血/再灌注组(I/R组),观测了培养上清中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、细胞内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)、Ca2 含量的变化;采用MTT法检测线粒体的功能;在光镜下观察细胞的形态学改变.结果:与对照组相比,L-6TG大鼠肌母细胞IR 4h后培养上清中LDH、细胞内XOD、Ca2 含量明显增加,细胞内SOD及线粒体呼吸功能明显降低,细胞严重受损,明显圆缩,并有脱落现象.结论:应用模拟缺血液和再灌液可成功复制L-6TG大鼠肌母细胞缺血/再灌注损伤的细胞模型.     

Recombinant human erythropoietin attenuates hepatic injury induced by ischemia/reperfusion in an isolated mouse liver model

Introduction Apoptosis is a central mechanism of cell death following reperfusion of the ischemic liver. Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) have an important role in the treatment of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, by preventing apoptosis. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of different regimens of rhEPO in preventing apoptosis following I/R-induced hepatic injury. Material and methods Isolated mouse livers were randomly divided into five groups: (1) control group, perfused for the whole study period (105 min); (2) 30-min perfusion followed by 90 min of ischemia and 15 min of reperfusion; (3), (4) and (5) like group 2, but with administration of rhEPO 5,000 units/kg i.p. at 30 min, 24 h, or both 30 min and 24 h respectively, before induction of ischemia. Perfusate liver enzyme levels and intrahepatic caspase-3 activity were measured, and apoptotic cells were identified by morphological criteria, TUNEL assay, and immunohistochemistry for caspase-3. Using immunoblot the expression of the proapoptotic JNK and inhibitor of NFκB (IκBα) were also evaluated. von Willebrand factor (vWF) immunohistochemistry was used as a marker of endothelial cells. Results Compared to the I/R livers, all 3 rhEPO pretreated groups showed: a significant reduction in liver enzyme levels (P < 0.05) and intrahepatic caspase-3 activity (P < 0.05), fewer apoptotic hepatocytes (P < 0.05) and positive vWF staining in numerous endothelial cells lining the sinusoids. EPO decreased JNK phosphorylation and the degradation of the inhibitor of NFκB (IκBα) during I/R. There was no added benefit of the multiple- over the single-dose rhEPO regimen. Conclusion Pretreatment with one dose of rhEPO can attenuate post-I/R hepatocyte apoptotic liver damage. NFκB and JNK activation is likely to play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of I/R hepatic injury and might have a key role in EPO-mediated protective effects. This effect is associated with the increase in sinusoidal vWF immunostaining suggests an additional effect of rhEPO in liver angiogenesis recovery. These findings have important implications for the potential use of rhEPO in I/R injury during liver transplantation. Edith Hochhauser and Orit Pappo are first two coauthors.     

Downregulation of tripartite motif protein 11 attenuates cardiomyocyte apoptosis after ischemia/reperfusion injury via DUSP1-JNK1/2

Currently, the prevention of ischemic diseases such as myocardial infarction associated with ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury remains to be a challenge. Thus, this study was designed to explore the effects of tripartite motif protein 11 (TRIM11) on cardiomyocytes I/R injury and its underlying mechanism. Cardiomyocytes AC16 were used to establish an I/R injury cell model. After TRIM11 downregulation in I/R cells, cell proliferation (0, 12, 24, and 48 h) and apoptosis at 48 h as well as the related molecular changes in oxidative stress-related pathways was detected. Further, after the treatment of TRIM11 overexpression, SP600125, or DUSP1 overexpression, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and related genes were detected again. As per our findings, it was determined that TRIM11 was highly expressed in the cardiomyocytes AC16 after I/R injury. Downregulation of TRIM11 was determined to have significantly reduced I/R-induced proliferation suppression and apoptosis. Besides, I/R-activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling and cleaved caspase 3 and Bax expression were significantly inhibited by TRIM11 downregulation. In addition, the overexpression of TRIM11 significantly promoted apoptosis in AC16 cells, and JNK1/2 inhibition and DUSP1 overexpression potently counteracted the induction of TRIM11 overexpression in AC16 cells. These suggested that the downregulation of TRIM11 attenuates apoptosis in AC16 cells after I/R injury probably through the DUSP1-JNK1/2 pathways.     

Hydrogen-rich saline reduces lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in rats

Objective. Hydrogen has been reported to selectively reduce the hydroxyl radical, the most cytotoxic of reactive oxygen species. In this study we investigated the effects of hydrogen-rich saline on the prevention of lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in rats. Methods. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 30, 200-220 g) were divided randomly into three experimental groups: sham operated, intestinal I/R plus saline treatment (5 ml/kg, i.v.), and intestinal I/R plus hydrogen-rich saline treatment (5 ml/kg, i.v.) groups. Intestinal I/R was produced by 90 min of intestinal ischemia followed by a 4 h of reperfusion. Results. Hydrogen-rich saline treatment decreased the neutrophil infiltration, the lipid membrane peroxidation, NF-κB activation and the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin IL-1β and TNF-α in the lung tissues compared with those in saline-treated rat. Conclusion. Hydrogen-rich saline attenuates lung injury induced by intestinal I/R.