蛋白磷酸化修饰在植物-病原微生物互作中的作用研究进展

蛋白磷酸化修饰是植物细胞信号调控的普遍机制。植物-病原微生物互作过程中, 关键调控蛋白的磷酸化状态影响免疫信号的激活。多种病原微生物通过干扰宿主蛋白的磷酸化状态攻击免疫系统, 以提高致病性。该文对植物免疫调控过程中关键元件的磷酸化修饰及其在免疫信号中的调控作用进行了综述。研究植物-病原菌互作过程中关键蛋白的磷酸化修饰, 有助于深入探讨植物-病原微生物互作的分子机理。该文将为寻找广谱抗病的新途径提供理论依据。     

miRNA介导植物-微生物互作中的调控作用及其研究进展北大核心CSCD

微生物与植物之间存在错综复杂的双向交流和串扰,植物与病原微生物互作直接影响寄主植物的生存状况,而植物和益生微生物互作则有利于宿主的生长和健康,共生微生物也会从中受益。不管是病原微生物还是有益微生物进入植物体内,植物miRNA都会迅速做出响应,同时微生物也可以产生miRNA样RNA(miRNA-likeRNA,milRNA)影响植物健康,可见miRNA(或milRNA)是植物与微生物互作过程中迅速响应的重要媒介分子,其内在机制研究近年来取得了许多进展。文中概述了植物-病原微生物、植物-益生微生物互作中miRNA的调控作用,重点阐述了植物miRNA在植物-病原微生物互作过程中对寄主植物抗病性的调控作用和植物-益生微生物互作过程中对宿主植物生长发育及代谢的调控,以及真菌milRNA对寄主植物的跨界调控作用。     

H_2S与Ca~(2+)互作提高黄瓜幼苗耐冷性

硫化氢(hydrogen sulfide,H_2S)是一种新型气体信号分子,钙离子(calcium,Ca~(2+))为重要的第二信使,两者在调控植物生长发育及多种逆境胁迫中分别起着重要作用。然而,H_2S和Ca~(2+)信号在调控植物耐冷性中的作用关系并不十分清楚。本研究针对以上问题以‘津优35号’黄瓜为试材进行研究,结果表明,低温胁迫可诱导H_2S信号的产生,且这种信号可被外源Ca~(2+)增强;低温胁迫可诱导Ca~(2+)信号转导相关基因CaM、CIPK5的mRNA表达,且外源H_2S能够上调低温下CaM、CIPK5的表达量;进一步研究发现,外源H_2S和Ca~(2+)可显著增强植株的抗氧化能力,减少活性氧积累,从而降低低温胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的损伤,且加入Ca~(2+)螯合剂乙二醇二乙醚二胺四乙酸(ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid,EGTA)或钙调素拮抗剂氯丙嗪(chlorpromazine,CPZ)后,H_2S对黄瓜幼苗抗氧化能力的促进效应明显减弱,同样的,H_2S清除剂次牛磺酸(hypotaurine,HT)也会降低Ca~(2+)的作用。以上结果表明H_2S与Ca~(2+)信号间存在着复杂的联系,而且他们可以通过相互作用调控黄瓜幼苗的抗氧化系统,从而增强植株耐冷性。     

14-3-3蛋白与植物细胞信号转导

14-3-3蛋白通过直接蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用对植物代谢关键酶、质膜H^＋ -ATP酶等发挥广泛调节作用。越来越多证据显示14-3-3蛋白通过与转录因子和其他信号分子结合参与调控植物细胞信号转导。对植物细胞中14-3-3蛋白调控信号转导途径,尤其是植物细胞对胁迫响应的调控机制进行了综述。     

豆科植物-根瘤菌共生固氮的免疫调控机制

在长期进化中,根瘤菌与豆科植物形成一种独特的互惠共生关系——共生固氮。根瘤菌-豆科植物共生互作与病原细菌激发植物病原反应极为相似,然而根瘤菌的入侵和定殖并没有激发宿主豆科植物过度的防御反应,植物也进化出特殊的共生信号转导和根瘤发育途径来"邀请"根瘤菌的入侵和定殖。此外,植物防御反应也很大程度上调控根瘤菌与豆科植物共生的宿主特异性。越来越多的研究表明,植物防御反应在调控根瘤菌匹配识别、入侵、定殖以及类菌体发育等方面起关键调控作用。从植物免疫反应角度综述了根瘤菌与豆科植物共生互作的最新进展,通过与病原菌-植物互作的病原反应对比,论述了根瘤中植物感知微生物相关分子模式(MAMP,Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns)和效应蛋白引起的免疫反应的调控机制。     

甘蓝型油菜BnaCIPK15基因的表达分析与功能鉴定

CBL-CIPK是高等植物中广泛存在的一类解析Ca~(2+)信号的蛋白。该研究在前期工作基础上,对甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)的BnaCIPK15基因进行了亚细胞定位、双分子荧光互补(BiFC)、酵母双杂交和qRT-PCR检测等一系列分析,以探究BnaCIPK15蛋白在ABA激素响应中的作用。结果显示:(1)亚细胞定位发现,BnaCIPK15蛋白定位于细胞质和细胞核中; BiFC分析发现,BnaCIPK15蛋白与BnaCBL1/3/4/9蛋白之间的互作较强,与BnaCBL10仅有微弱互作。(2)qRT-PCR检测发现,BnaCIPK15基因受ABA和冷胁迫的诱导极显著上调表达,而对百草枯(Paraquat)、活性氧(H_2O_2)和热胁迫的诱导较弱,表明BnaCIPK15基因很可能参与ABA和冷胁迫的调控过程。(3)酵母滴定实验结果显示,BnaCIPK15蛋白与脱落酸(ABA)信号通路中的BnaHAB1蛋白(属于蛋白磷酸酶PP2C家族)存在明显的互作,而与BnaABFs/AREB3/ABI5转录因子无明显互作;BiFC验证显示,BnaCIPK15与BnaHAB1蛋白之间存在互作信号,而BnaCIPK15与BnaHAB2组合没有观察到信号,证明BnaCIPK15与BnaHAB1磷酸酶具有特异互作特征,推测BnaCIPK15可能参与调控ABA信号转导。研究认为,甘蓝型油菜中可能存在基于BnaCIPK15-BnaHAB1的互作模块,并参与ABA的信号转导和网络调控。     

根系代谢物介导的植物-微生物互作的研究进展

植物根系代谢物是植物-微生物互作的桥梁纽带,作为信号物质和微生物营养源调控着微生物的群落结构和多样性,而根区微生物区系的改变则反作用于植物的生长、发育和抗性。本文聚焦植物根系代谢物介导的植物-微生物互作,梳理了植物-微生物互作研究中次级代谢物的种类、作用及其检测手段;探讨了植物通过调节自身代谢物以适应品种进化及繁衍后代过程中发挥的功能作用;阐述了逆境胁迫下植物利用根系代谢物招募特异微生物(解磷、溶磷)或者有益微生物促进自身生长以缓解胁迫压力的机制;分析了根系代谢物作为信号物质诱导植物抗病的方式"求救假说",为可持续农业发展提供思路和理论依据。     

外源Ca~(2+)连续喷施时间对辣椒淹水胁迫的缓解效应研究

以‘博辣红牛’辣椒为材料,研究外源Ca~(2+)连续喷施不同天数对淹水胁迫下辣椒幼苗农艺性状和生理指标的影响,探讨Ca~(2+)对辣椒淹水胁迫伤害的缓解作用和适宜的喷施处理天数。结果显示:(1)辣椒幼苗生物量、壮苗指数、叶绿素、根系活力、脯氨酸、可溶性糖以及CAT和SOD活性随施Ca~(2+)天数的增加呈先升高后下降的趋势,MDA含量随施Ca~(2+)天数的增加呈先下降后上升的趋势。(2)施Ca~(2+)1d(T1d)处理对辣椒淹水胁迫伤害无明显缓解作用,连续施Ca~(2+)3d(T3d)和6d(T6d)处理的缓解效果不断增强,至连续施Ca~(2+)9d(T9d)时缓解效果达到最佳,随后连续施Ca~(2+)12d(T12d)和20d(T20d)处理的缓解效果又逐渐减弱,但仍显著优于T1d处理。研究表明,外源Ca~(2+)可以诱导增加淹水胁迫下辣椒幼苗渗透调节物质含量,上调抗氧化酶活性,降低叶绿素的降解,大幅提高根系活力,从而缓解淹水胁迫所造成的各种伤害,增强其忍耐淹水胁迫能力,并以连续施钙9d对淹水胁迫的缓解效果最佳。     

外源Ca2+和IBA对NaCl胁迫下能源植物杂交狼尾草幼苗生长的影响

以能源植物杂交狼尾草(Pennisetum americanum×P.purpureum)为实验材料,在NaCl胁迫条件下用外源IBA(100 mg/L),CaCl_2(浓度分别为0、1、2、5 mmol/L)处理杂交狼尾草幼苗,处理3周后测定植物的存活率、鲜重、干重、株高、生根数和地上部分、地下部分的离子含量。结果表明,经过IBA溶液预处理的杂交狼尾草幼苗的存活率、鲜重、干重、株高、生根数明显高于未处理的幼苗;在NaCl胁迫下,随着外源Ca~(2+)浓度的升高,杂交狼尾草幼苗的存活率、鲜重、干重、株高、生根数以及Ca~(2+)含量都明显升高并在CaCl_2浓度为2 mmol/L时达到最大值;随着外源Ca~(2+)浓度的升高,Na~+含量、Na~+/K~+降低,当CaCl_2的浓度为2mmol/L时,Na~+含量、Na~+/K~+最低。以上结果表明外源Ca~(2+)和IBA对NaCl胁迫下杂交狼尾草幼苗生长有促进作用,可以缓解NaCl胁迫对杂交狼尾草幼苗生长的抑制作用,提高杂交狼尾草幼苗在NaCl胁迫下的成活率;缓解盐害的最适的Ca~(2+)浓度为2mmol/L。     

吲哚乙酸跨界信号调节植物与细菌互作

吲哚-3-乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid,IAA)作为植物体内普遍存在的内源生长素参与调节植物生命活动的诸多方面。研究发现,自然界中不仅植物可以合成IAA,许多微生物(包括植物病原菌或益生菌)同样具有分泌IAA的能力,可以诱发植物病害,或促进植物生长。有趣的是IAA不仅作为细菌的次生代谢物干扰寄主植物的激素稳态,也作为信号分子影响细菌基因表达和生理活动,通过整合进入细菌复杂代谢网络,调节植物与细菌的相互作用。通过讨论植物相关细菌IAA的生物合成途径及其调控,以及参与调节细菌基因表达、影响细菌生理和行为及其与寄主植物的互作等,概述该领域的研究动态与进展,揭示IAA不仅调节植物生长发育和防御,也作为跨界信号在调控植物与微生物互作中发挥重要作用,旨在为深入研究和更好地了解IAA跨界信号机制,通过遗传操纵细菌IAA信号通路以改善植物生长发育及其胁迫耐力提供新思路。     

Ca2+ signals: The versatile decoders of environmental cues

Plants are often subjected to various environmental stresses that lead to deleterious effects on growth, production, sustainability, etc. The information of the incoming stress is read by the plants through the mechanism of signal transduction. The plant Ca²⁺ serves as secondary messenger during adaptations to stressful conditions and developmental processes. A plethora of Ca²⁺ sensors and decoders functions to bring about these changes. The cellular concentrations of Ca²⁺, their subcellular localization, and the specific interaction affinities of Ca²⁺ decoder proteins all work together to make this process a complex but synchronized signaling network. In this review, we focus on the versatility of these sensors and decoders in the model plant Arabidopsis as well as plants of economical importance. Here, we have also thrown light on the possible mechanism of action of these important components.     

Lipid rafts/caveolae as microdomains of calcium signaling

Ca²⁺ is a major signaling molecule in both excitable and non-excitable cells, where it serves critical functions ranging from cell growth to differentiation to cell death. The physiological functions of these cells are tightly regulated in response to changes in cytosolic Ca²⁺ that is achieved by the activation of several plasma membrane (PM) Ca²⁺ channels as well as release of Ca²⁺ from the internal stores. One such channel is referred to as store-operated Ca²⁺ channel that is activated by the release of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca²⁺ which initiates store-operated Ca²⁺ entry (SOCE). Recent advances in the field suggest that some members of TRPCs and Orai channels function as SOCE channels. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate channel activity and the exact nature of where these channels are assembled and regulated remain elusive. Research from several laboratories has demonstrated that key proteins involved in Ca²⁺ signaling are localized in discrete PM lipid rafts/caveolar microdomains. Lipid rafts are cholesterol and sphingolipid-enriched microdomains that function as unique signal transduction platforms. In addition lipid rafts are dynamic in nature which tends to scaffold certain signaling molecules while excluding others. By such spatial segregation, lipid rafts not only provide a favorable environment for intra-molecular cross-talk but also aid to expedite the signal relay. Importantly, Ca²⁺ signaling is shown to initiate from these lipid raft microdomains. Clustering of Ca²⁺ channels and their regulators in such microdomains can provide an exquisite spatiotemporal regulation of Ca²⁺-mediated cellular function. Thus in this review we discuss PM lipid rafts and caveolae as Ca²⁺-signaling microdomains and highlight their importance in organizing and regulating SOCE channels.     

Calcium and secondary CPK signaling in plants in response to herbivore attack

Plant Ca²⁺ signals are involved in a sizable array of intracellular signaling pathways after pest invasion. Upon herbivore feeding there is a dramatic Ca²⁺ influx, followed by the activation of Ca²⁺-dependent signal transduction pathways that include interacting downstream networks of kinases for defense responses. Notably, Ca²⁺-binding sensory proteins such as Ca²⁺-dependent protein kinases (CPKs) have recently been documented to mediate the signaling following Ca²⁺ influx after herbivory, in phytohormone-independent manners. Here, we review the sequence of signal transductions triggered by herbivory-evoked Ca²⁺ signaling leading to CPK actions for defense responses, and discuss in a comparative way the involvement of CPKs in the signal transduction of a variety of other biotic and abiotic stresses.     

Crosstalk between calcium and reactive oxygen species signaling in cancer

The interplay between Ca²⁺ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling pathways is well established, with reciprocal regulation occurring at a number of subcellular locations. Many Ca²⁺ channels at the cell surface and intracellular organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria are regulated by redox modifications. In turn, Ca²⁺ signaling can influence the cellular generation of ROS, from sources such as NADPH oxidases and mitochondria. This relationship has been explored in great depth during the process of apoptosis, where surges of Ca²⁺ and ROS are important mediators of cell death. More recently, coordinated and localized Ca²⁺ and ROS transients appear to play a major role in a vast variety of pro-survival signaling pathways that may be crucial for both physiological and pathophysiological functions. While much work is required to firmly establish this Ca²⁺-ROS relationship in cancer, existing evidence from other disease models suggests this crosstalk is likely of significant importance in tumorigenesis. In this review, we describe the regulation of Ca²⁺ channels and transporters by oxidants and discuss the potential consequences of the ROS-Ca²⁺ interplay in tumor cells.     

植物体内钙信号及其在调节干旱胁迫中的作用

钙作为植物体内第二信使广泛参与了植物响应的各种非生物和生物胁迫的信号传导。胁迫信号通过激活位于细胞质膜上的钙离子通道,产生胞质内特异性的钙信号,传递至钙信号感受蛋白,如钙调素(calmodulin,CaM)、钙依赖蛋白激酶(Ca2+-dependent protein kinases,CDPK)和类钙调磷酸酶B蛋白(calcineurin B-like protein,CBL)等,进而引起胞内一系列生理生化变化,最终对胁迫做出响应。钙信号在植物响应干旱胁迫信号系统中起枢纽作用,主要通过调节气孔运动,水通道蛋白(aquaporin,AQP)和抗氧化酶活性来减少水分流失,提高水分利用率,最终降低干旱对植物细胞的伤害,并具有一定的生态学功能。该文对近年来国内外有关植物体内钙信号的研究进展以及在干旱逆境中的调节作用进行综述,并对今后的研究做了展望。     

Regulation of CRAC channels by protein interactions and post-translational modification

Store-operated Ca²⁺ entry (SOCE) is a widespread mechanism to elevate the intracellular Ca²⁺ concentrations and stimulate downstream signaling pathways affecting proliferation, secretion, differentiation and death in different cell types. In immune cells, immune receptor stimulation induces intracellular Ca²⁺ store depletion that subsequently activates Ca²⁺-release-activated-Ca²⁺ (CRAC) channels, a prototype of store-operated Ca²⁺ (SOC) channels. CRAC channel opening leads to activation of diverse downstream signaling pathways affecting proliferation, differentiation, cytokine production and cell death. Recent identification of STIM1 as the endoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ sensor and Orai1 as the pore subunit of CRAC channels has provided the much-needed molecular tools to dissect the mechanism of activation and regulation of CRAC channels. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in understanding the associating partners and posttranslational modifications of Orai1 and STIM1 proteins that regulate diverse aspects of CRAC channel function.     

Ca(2+) signaling mechanisms of cell survival and cell death: an introduction

Ca²⁺ regulates many steps in cell death mechanisms, and is potentially involved in all types of cell death. Moreover, virtually all elements of the cellular Ca²⁺ toolbox seem to contribute to remodeling of the Ca²⁺ signaling machinery during cell death processes. As expected from the ubiquitous nature of Ca²⁺ signaling, these mechanisms are operative in all cell types, and their malfunction may lead to a wide diversity of pathological implications. The contributions in this Special Issue deal with many different aspects of the relation between Ca²⁺ signaling and cell death. They illustrate the complexity of this relation, and importantly they give an outlook on potential new therapeutic targets for treatment of diseases connected to defects in cell death pathways.     

Identification of new functions of Ca2+ release from intracellular stores in central nervous system

Ca²⁺ release from intracellular stores regulates muscle contraction and a vast array of cell functions, but its role in the central nervous system (CNS) has not been completely elucidated. A new method of blocking IP₃ signaling by artificially expressing IP₃ 5-phosphatase has been used to clarify the functions of intracellular Ca²⁺ mobilization in CNS. Here I review two of such functions: the activity-dependent synaptic maintenance mechanism and the regulation of neuronal growth by spontaneous Ca²⁺ oscillations in astrocytes. These findings add new bases for better understanding CNS functions and suggest the presence of as yet unidentified neuronal and glial functions that are regulated by Ca²⁺ store-dependent Ca²⁺ signaling.