前裂长管茧蜂个体发育研究

前裂长管茧蜂Diachasmimorpha longicaudata（Ashmead）是许多双翅目实蝇类害虫的重要寄生性天敌。在实验室条件下,以桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis（Hendel）为繁育寄主,系统观测了前裂长管茧蜂个体发育过程中各虫态的特征及其相应的发育历期。观察结果表明,前裂长管茧蜂整个生活史由卵、幼虫、蛹及成虫四个阶段组成。其幼虫可划分为四个龄期,一龄幼虫具几质丁的坚硬头壳和镰刀状的颚,形态特征与行为习性与二、三、四龄幼虫完全不同。前裂长管茧蜂约需20天完成世代发育。卵、一龄幼虫、二龄幼虫、三龄幼虫及四龄幼虫的历期依次为1．91、2．02、1．75、2．04和2．31d;蛹的历期介于8～10d,雌性个体发育时间长于雄性。前裂长管茧蜂通常比未被寄生的寄主迟3～5d羽化,雌、雄蜂在羽化后即能交配、产卵,被寄生的桔小实蝇幼虫体表上会留下明显的深褐色产卵孔,寄主化蛹后产卵孔仍保留在其蛹壳上。     

桔小实蝇及其寄生性天敌——前裂长管茧蜂饲养方法

系统介绍了桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis（Hendel）室内饲养的设备、步骤、技术要点、人工饲料配方及环境要求,并以桔小实蝇为寄主,实现了桔小实蝇幼虫一蛹期寄生性天敌前裂长管茧蜂Diachasmimorpha longicaudata（Ashmead）的室内大量繁殖,为进一步利用该蜂防治桔小实蝇打下了良好的基础。     

前裂长管茧蜂寄生行为对桔小实蝇幼虫生理指标的影响

通过观察测定了桔小实蝇幼虫生长发育过程中血淋巴蛋白种类和血细胞的变化以及前裂长管茧蜂的寄生行为对桔小实蝇幼虫各项生理指标的影响。结果表明:不同日龄桔小实蝇幼虫的血细胞浓度随着虫龄的增加呈显著上升趋势,由2龄的16.53×106cells/mL,到3龄的30.14×106cells/mL直至蛹前期的35.94×106cells/mL,但血淋巴蛋白种类没有明显变化。和未寄生幼虫相比,寄生后的幼虫各类型血细胞的浓度均下降,但差异均不显著;血淋巴蛋白种类无明显增减,但浓度有所变化;寄生4 h后血淋巴蛋白质浓度显著降低,接近22 h时升高,至化蛹前期浓度再次下降;寄生行为使幼虫的发育历期从8 d延长至9～11d;4日龄幼虫在被寄生后的第4 d起体重显著高于未被寄生的桔小实蝇幼虫。     

前裂长管茧蜂触角感器的扫描电镜观察

前裂长管茧蜂是许多实蝇类害虫幼虫-蛹期的重要寄生性天敌。通过扫描电镜对其触角感受器进行超微观察,结果发现,前裂长管茧蜂雌蜂触角共发现7种感受器,分别为鳞型感器、Bhm毛、毛型感器、腔型感器、栓锥型感器、钟型感器及板型感器。其中,毛型感器具有3种形态(毛型感器Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ),锥型感器具有2种形态(锥型感器Ⅰ、Ⅱ),但在雄蜂触角上没发现锥形感器Ⅱ。毛型感器和板型感器是前裂长管茧蜂触角上的主要感器,数量较多,分布较广。     

前裂长管茧蜂低温储存技术的研究

前裂长管茧蜂Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) 是桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) 及多种其他实蝇害虫幼虫期重要的天敌寄生蜂。本文研究了该蜂低温储存的适宜虫期、温度和时间条件。结果表明,在5℃条件下12日龄的前裂长管茧蜂受低温影响最小,储存3 d后羽化率达94.67%,与对照的9533%无显著差异;储存6 d后蜂蛹羽化率下降到70.00%,低于对照但高于其他日龄。相同日龄的前裂长管茧蜂随着储存时间的延长,其羽化率逐渐降低,甚至不羽化。为进一步研究冷存对前裂长管茧蜂品质的影响,以储存温度(2、5、8、11和14 ℃)和储存时间(3、6、9和12 d)为参试因子,对12日龄前裂长管茧蜂冷藏后的羽化率、繁殖子代数、繁殖子代雌蜂数、子代性比、雌蜂寿命、发育历期以及种群趋势指数进行综合分析。结果表明：12日龄的前裂长管茧蜂在8℃下储存3 d,其种群趋势指数为29.32;14℃下储存6 d和9 d的种群趋势指数分别为32.85和27.04,均高于对照的25.16。因此上述组合是前裂长管茧蜂蛹低温储存的适宜条件。     

人工草地在退化草地恢复中的作用及其研究现状

分析了草地类型生态系统退化的现状、原因及其恢复途径,提出人工草地的建立是恢复退化天然草地的有效途径;综述了人工草地的研究进展。提出高效型人工草地的建立是缓解草原压力、促进牧区可持续发展的良策;从高效角度出发。种植饲用玉米可以作为建立人工草地的一个有益尝试．     

蚜茧蜂对多世代棉蚜生长发育与繁殖的胁迫作用

天敌不仅直接捕食或寄生害虫,而且还能通过胁迫作用改变害虫的生长发育与繁殖,间接地影响害虫的适合度。本文以棉田重要害虫棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover及其寄生性天敌蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebia japonica Ashmead为对象,在相同的大气二氧化碳浓度环境中研究了直接放蚜茧蜂和通过笼罩间接放蚜茧蜂所产生的胁迫作用对连续3代棉蚜生长发育与繁殖的影响。结果表明,直接放蚜茧蜂的胁迫作用使第1代棉蚜繁殖率明显下降;第2代如果继续受到寄生蜂的直接胁迫,棉蚜生长发育与繁殖得到恢复,但受到持续间接胁迫作用却使棉蚜繁殖率明显下降;第3代如果棉蚜继续受到寄生蜂的直接或间接胁迫,与当代或与前一代后一直未受到寄生蜂胁迫作用相比,其整个若虫发育历期明显延长或缩短,但其繁殖率均明显下降。我们的结果显示:评价天敌作用时,不仅仅考虑其直接的捕食或寄生作用,还应该综合考虑其"间接"的生态效应。     

不同温度对麦蛾茧蜂实验种群生长发育的影响

在15,20,25和30℃4个温度梯度下,测定了麦蛾茧蜂Habrobracon hebetor(Say)成蜂寿命、生殖力、发育历期等生物学参数。结果表明,在实验温度范围内,卵期在15℃最长,为(9.50±1.39)d;幼虫发育历期在20℃最长,为(6.60±1.41)d;蛹期在15℃最长,为(23.71±2.63)d。雌蜂的寿命在15℃时最长,为(50.15±6.9)d;30℃时最短,为(9.20±3.12)d雄蜂的寿命在15℃时最长,为(11.45±3.52)d;30℃时最短为(5.90±1.62)d。产卵量在25℃最大,为(208.50±40.12)粒;羽化数、羽化率在30℃最高,分别为(23.60±9.33)%和(35.87±13.87)%;温度变化对麦蛾茧蜂雌成蜂生物学参数具有显著影响。     

温度对白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂发育和繁殖的影响

为了提高白蜡窄吉丁Agrilus planipennis的重要天敌——白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂Spathius agrili Yang的繁育效率, 本研究调查了不同温度（22, 24, 26, 28, 30和32℃）对该蜂生长发育及繁殖的影响。结果表明, 在22~32℃范围内, 白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂的卵、茧蛹及世代发育速率均随着温度的升高而加快, 而幼虫的发育速率在26℃时最快. 卵、幼虫、茧蛹和世代的发育起点温度分别为14.34, 16.89, 14.16和13.84℃, 有效积温分别为24.59, 61.16, 166.27和276.80日·度。温度对白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂的寄生率、寄生成功率、产卵量、子代蜂数量和性比都有不同程度的影响。据此提出适于人工繁育白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂的温度范围为26~28℃。     

中国长颊茧蜂属二新种(膜翅目,茧蜂科,小腹茧蜂亚科)

描述长颊茧蜂属2新种:尖管长颊茧蜂Dolichogenidea acutituba sp.nov.和显角长颊茧蜂Dolichogenidea angularis sp.nov..文中对新种进行了详细的描述,附有新种鉴别特征图,并与近似种做了比较.所有标本保存于福建农林大学益虫研究室.     

Parasitism on medfly by Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in different guava cultivars

The parasitism efficiency of the Braconidae wasp, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead), was checked on four guava cultivars (Paluma, Sassaoca, Pedro Sato and Kumagai) infested with larvae of medfly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Five blocks of eight fruits, each with two fruits of each cultivar, were put inside C. capitata adult cages, during 2h for oviposition, and a week later, when the larvae inside guavas were developed, the fruits were exposed to parasitoids for 24h. The mean fruit weight, larvae mortality, number of pupae, percentage of medfly and parasitoid emergence were evaluated. There was not statistical difference among cultivars to weight, larvae mortality, number of pupae e emergence of medfly. The percentage of parasitism was higher in Pedro Sato cultivar (19.8%) compared with Kumagai cultivar (2.9%), but it was statistically similar to the other cultivars.     

Flight Tunnel Responses of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to Olfactory and Visual Stimuli

Cohorts of mass-reared, naive Diachasmimorpha longicaudata, parasitoids of tephritid fruit flies, were released in a laminar airflow wind tunnel to study their responses to visual and olfactory stimuli associated with their host habitat. Parasitoids were five times more likely to land on yellow plastic spheres emitting the odor of ripe, guava fruit (Psidium guajava L.) than to spheres emitting clean air. The rate of landing was not modified by the presence of green artificial leaves adjacent to the spheres in the tunnel or by the inclusion of green leaf volatiles emanating with the guava odors. However, hovering activity was twice as frequent around spheres adjacent to artificial leaves than around isolated spheres. Oviposition activity on spheres emitting guava odor was not affected by the presence of artificial leaves nor by green leaf volatiles. This suggests that inexperienced D. longicaudata may be instinctively attracted to foliage and to fruit odor but that landing (arrestment) and oviposition are influenced more by odor than by the appearance of fruit or foliage. D. longicaudata are not instinctively attracted to larvae of Bactrocera dorsalis in the absence of host-habitat stimuli. More wasp activity occurred around oviposition units containing larvae if the odor of ripe/overripe guava was present. Successful wasp reproduction occurred only in units with guava odor.     

桔小实蝇本地寄生蜂长尾全裂茧蜂成虫

应用扫描电镜（SEM）对桔小实蝇本地寄生蜂长尾全裂茧蜂 Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) 成虫的触角感器进行观察。结果表明：长尾全裂茧蜂成虫触角由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,鞭节共 49-52小节。在触角上共有 8种感器,分别为 Bhm鬃毛、毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、板形感器、腔锥形感器、钟形感器、嗅孔。毛型感器是主要感器,数量多且分布广,其次为板形感器。除了腔锥形感器 Ⅱ外,雌雄蜂没有明显的二型现象。     

桔小实蝇本地寄生蜂长尾全裂茧蜂雌成虫产卵器感器的扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电镜(SEM)对桔小实蝇本地寄生蜂长尾全裂茧蜂Diachasmimorpha longicaudata(Ashmead)雌成虫的产卵器感器进行观察.结果表明:长尾全裂茧蜂的产卵器由2根产卵鞘和产卵针两部分构成,产卵鞘上分布有倒钩状组织.在产卵器上共有7种感器,分别为B(o)hm鬃毛、毛形感器Ⅰ、毛形感器Ⅱ、钟形感器Ⅰ、钟形感器Ⅱ、表皮刺和分泌毛孔.并对各个感器的形态、分布及生理功能做了阐述.     

First record of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) attacking Toxotrypana curvicauda Gerstaecker (Diptera: Tephritidae)

A new host record is reported for the braconid wasp Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), parasitizing papaya fruit fly larvae Toxotrypana curvicauda Gerstaecker (Diptera: Tephritidae) in México.