CO2加富对紫花苜蓿光合作用原初光能转换的影响

研究了ＣＯ２ 加富对紫花苜蓿（Ｍｅｄｉｃａｇｏ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．） 光合作用原初光能转换的影响。研究结果表明,在ＣＯ２ 加富条件下生长的紫花苜蓿,其叶绿体对光有更强的吸收能力;ＣＯ２ 加富可促进紫花苜蓿叶片ＰＳⅡ原初光能转换效率、ＰＳⅡ潜在活性、ＰＳⅡ电子传递量子产量、以及ＰＳⅠ活化能力的提高;增加荧光光化学猝灭组分,降低非光化学猝灭组分     

镉污染对烤烟光合特性、产量及其品质的影响

采用盆栽方法,研究了cd污染对烤烟叶片光合特性、烟叶品质及其产量的影响。结果表明,随着Cd处理浓度的增加,烟叶净光合速率（砌）和气孔导度（Gs）逐渐降低,胞间CO2浓度（Ci）随Cd浓度的增加逐渐增大;光系统Ⅱ活性（Fv/Fo）、最大光能转换效率（Fv／Fm）、光化学猝灭系数（qP）、非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）、电子传递的量子产率（φps Ⅱ）和有效电子传递速率（ETR）则随Cd浓度的增加而降低;烤烟烟叶中的糖,碱比和氮,碱比升高,化学成分组成趋于不协调,不利于烟叶香吃味的形成。     

外源6-BA对低温胁迫下茄子幼苗光合作用、叶绿素荧光参数及光能分配的影响

本文研究了外源6-BA对低温胁迫下茄子幼苗光合作用、叶绿素荧光参数和能量分配的影响。结果表明,外源6．BA显著增加了低温胁迫下茄子叶绿素含量、净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（t）、气孔导度（Gs）和胞间CO2浓度（c1）;同时外源6-BA明显提高了低温胁迫下茄子幼苗叶片的PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ潜在活性（R／Fo）、PSII天线转化效率（FvFm）、实际光化学效率（φpsⅡ）、光化学猝灭系数（g,）和光化学反应能量（P）,降低了非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）、天线热耗散能量（D）,对非光化学反应耗散能量（E）无明显影响。表明外源6-BA处理通过促进低温胁迫下茄子幼苗光合作用,提高光合电子传递效率,从而保护光合系统,降低低温胁迫对植物的损伤。     

ALA对萝卜不同叶位叶片光合作用与叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以盆栽萝卜为材料,研究了叶面喷布100～300mg／L ALA对萝卜植株生长、光合作用以及叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,ALA促进萝卜植株生长与其促进植株中下部叶片的光合作用有关。ALA处理提高了叶片光合表观量子效率,并降低了光补偿点。叶绿素荧光动力学资料显示,ALA处理不仅降低了叶绿素初始荧光Fv、稳态荧光Fs以及两者的差值ΔFu,还降低了暗适应以及光照下的最大荧光(Fm和Fm′)和可变荧光(Fv和Fv′),但是不影响PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv／Fm),对于中下部叶片PSⅡ实际光化学效率(φPSⅡ)还有明显的促进作用。ALA处理植株叶片光合非循环电子传递速率ETR显著提高,300mg／L ALA处理还降低了光合相对限制值L（PFD）。ALA具有促进叶绿素荧光光化学猝灭和非光化学猝灭的双重特性,其中,前者提高了叶片光化学速率,后者增加热耗散量以及提高热耗散速率。另外,本试验结果显示,ALA处理提高了植株基部叶片的叶绿素含量以及中下部叶片类萝卜素含量。以上参数变化说明ALA通过诱导光抑制保护机制来提高叶片光合效率。     

外源Ca2＋对高温强光胁迫下灌浆期小麦叶片光合机构运转的影响

灌浆期叶面喷施10mmol·L-1 CaCl2对高温强光胁迫下小麦叶片光合电子传递、放氧速率、叶绿素荧光参数和D1蛋白的影响结果表明,Ca2＋预处理可保护D1蛋白,削弱其降解,提高光系统I（PSI）和光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）子传递速率、全链电子传递速率、净光合速率（Pn）、PSII最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、PSII实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）和光化学猝灭（qp）,维持较低的Fo,最终导致小麦适应高温强光的能力提高。     

高大气CO2浓度下氮素对小麦叶片光能利用的影响

关于氮素对高大气CO₂浓度下C₃植物光合作用适应现象的调节机理已有较为深入的研究, 但对其光合作用适应现象的光合能量转化和分配机制缺乏系统分析。该文以大气CO₂浓度和施氮量为处理手段, 通过测定小麦(Triticum aestivum)抽穗期叶片的光合作用-胞间CO₂浓度响应曲线以及荧光动力学参数来测算光合电子传递速率和分配去向, 研究了长期高大气CO₂浓度下小麦叶片光合电子传递和分配对施氮量的响应。结果表明, 与正常大气CO₂浓度处理相比, 高大气CO₂浓度下小麦叶片较多的激发能以热量的形式耗散, 增施氮素可使更多的激发能向光化学反应方向的分配, 降低光合能量的热耗散速率; 大气CO₂浓度升高后小麦叶片光化学淬灭系数无明显变化, 高氮叶片的非光化学猝灭降低而低氮叶片明显升高, 施氮促进PSII反应中心的开放比例, 降低光能的热耗散; 高大气CO₂浓度下高氮叶片通过PSII反应中心的光合电子传递速率(J_F)较高, 而且参与光呼吸的非环式电子流速率(J₀)显著降低, 较正常大气CO₂浓度处理的高氮叶片下降了88.40%, 光合速率增加46.47%; 高大气CO₂浓度下小麦叶片J_F-J₀升高而J₀/J_F显著下降, 光呼吸耗能被抑制, 更多的光合电子分配至光合还原过程。因此, 大气CO₂浓度增高条件下, 小麦叶片激发能的热耗散速率增加, 但增施氮素后小麦叶片PSII反应中心开放比例提高, 光化学速率增加, 进入PSII反应中心的电子流速率明显升高, 光呼吸作用被抑制, 光合电子较多地进入光化学过程, 这可能是高氮条件下光合作用适应性下调被缓解的一个原因。     

ALA对草莓光合作用的影响及其与抗氧化酶的关系

以盆栽草莓为材料,研究了叶面喷布5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)对草莓植株光合作用、叶绿素荧光特性、抗氧化酶活性和丙二醛(M DA)含量的影响.结果表明,100 m g/L ALA处理显著提高草莓叶片净光合速率(Pn),而且这一效应可能与其促进叶绿素含量和羧化效率(CE)提高,降低光呼吸速率(Rp)有关.叶绿素荧光动力学资料显示,ALA处理降低高光强(1 500μm o l.m-2.-s 1)下草莓叶片的初始荧光(Fo),表明它对光合膜系统有一定保护作用.ALA处理不仅明显提高草莓叶片最大荧光(Fm)和可变荧光(Fv),而且提高PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学荧光猝灭(qP)、非光化学荧光猝灭系数(N PQ)、表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学速率(P CR)和天线热耗散(D),而降低了光下相对光合限制值(L(PFD)),表明叶绿素荧光产额提高和天线热耗散是保护光合器官并提高光合效率的两个方面.叶片抗氧化酶活性测定以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性抑制剂二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸(DDC)处理结果表明,ALA对草莓光合作用的促进作用还与其提高抗氧化酶活性有关.     

外源硅对纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani)侵染下水稻叶片光合功能的改善

为了进一步探讨外源加硅增强水稻对纹枯病的抗性作用,以抗病品种91SP和感病品种Lemont为材料,研究了人工接种纹枯病菌条件下外源硅对水稻叶片叶绿素含量、光合作用、叶绿素荧光特性和MDA含量的影响。结果表明：（1）外源加硅能降低抗病品种91SP的纹枯病病级和病情指数,显著降低感病品种Lemont的病级和病情指数;（2）接种纹枯病菌后,水稻叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）均明显降低,胞间CO2浓度（Ci）增大,而加硅处理的水稻叶片叶绿素含量、Pn、Gs不同程度增加,Ci有所降低;（3）接种纹枯病菌后,两个品种PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv／Fm）、PSⅡ有效光化学效率（Fv＇／Fm＇）、PSⅡ实际光化学效率（ФPSⅡ）、光化学猝灭系数（qP）和表观光合电子传递速率（ETR）均降低,非光化学猝灭系数（qNP）增大,而对于加硅处理的水稻叶片,上述荧光参数在纹枯病菌侵染条件下的变化均受到不同程度的抑制。（4）外源硅可不同程度地减缓纹枯病菌侵染引起的丙二醛（MDA）含量的增加,对感病品种Lemont的缓解作用要大于抗病品种91SP。可见,外源硅处理可以不同程度地缓解纹枯病菌侵染条件下非气孔因素引起的水稻叶片光合速率的下降以及对光合机构的破坏作用,提高光化学效率,改善叶片的光合功能,减轻叶片膜脂过氧化程度,增强水稻对纹枯病的抗性。     

D，L—甘油醛处理引起的小麦叶片表观光合量子效率的降低

D,L－甘油醛（磷酸核酮糖激酶抑制剂,10mmol/L)处理小麦旗叶1h可降低叶片净光合速率和表观量子效率。同时,光系统Ⅱ光化学效率（ΔF/Fm′）,电子传递速率（ETR）和单位叶面积ATP含量均降低,而胞间二氧化碳浓度（Ci)和叶绿素荧光非光化学猝灭（NPQ）增加,这些结果说明,D,L－甘油醛引起的小麦旗叶表观量子效率降低是由于光合碳同化受阻对光合电子传递的反馈抑制。     

不同氮素水平下二氧化碳加富对草莓叶片光抑制的影响

用便携式调制叶绿素荧光仪和光合仪研究了强光下不同供氮水平（12、4和0.4 mmol·L^-1）和不同CO₂浓度下（700和390 μl·L^-1）丰香草莓叶片的荧光参数及净光合速率的变化.结果表明,CO₂和氮素对草莓叶片光抑制有明显的互作效应.在富CO₂下,12 mmol·L^-1供氮水平的草莓叶片净光合速率升高了62.7%,4和0.4 mmol·L^-1供氮水平则分别降低了7.4%和21.3%;12 mmol·L^-1供氮水平的F_m和F_v/F_m在强光胁迫时降辐减小,暗恢复时F_m和F_v/F_m恢复程度提高,而4和0.4 mmol·L^-1供氮水平却相反.表明氮素供应不足时草莓叶片在富CO₂环境下光合作用出现适应性下调,光抑制增强.     

施氮和大气CO2浓度升高对小麦旗叶光合电子传递和分配的影响

采用开顶式气室盆栽培养小麦,设计2个大气CO2浓度(正常:400 μmol.mol-1;高:760 μmol·mol-1)、2个氮素水平(0和200 mg·kg-1土)的组合处理,通过测定小麦抽穗期旗叶氮素和叶绿素浓度、光合速率(Pn)-胞间CO2浓度(C1)响应曲线及荧光动力学参数,来测算小麦叶片光合电子传递速率等,研究了高大气CO2浓度下施氮对小麦旗叶光合能量分配的影响.结果表明:与正常大气CO2浓度相比,高大气CO2浓度下小麦叶片氮浓度和叶绿素浓度降低,高氮处理的小麦叶片叶绿素a/b升高.施氮后小麦叶片PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ反应中心最大量子产额(Fv'/Fm')、PSⅡ反应中心的开放比例(qr)和PSⅡ反应中心实际光化学效率(φPSⅡ)在大气CO2浓度升高后无明显变化,虽然叶片非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)显著降低,但PSⅡ总电子传递速率(JF)无明显增加;不施氮处理的Fv'/Fm'、φPSⅡ和NPQ在高大气CO2浓度下显著降低,尽管Fv/Fm和qp无明显变化,JF仍显著下降.施氮后小麦叶片JF增加,参与光化学反应的非环式电子流传递速率(Jc)明显升高.大气CO2浓度升高使参与光呼吸的非环式电子流传递速率(J0)、Rubisco氧化速率(V0)、光合电子的光呼吸/光化学传递速率比(J0/Jc)和Rubisco氧化/羧化比(V0/Vc)降低,但使Jc和Rubisco羧化速率(Vc)增加.因此,高大气CO2浓度下小麦叶片氮浓度和叶绿素浓度降低,而增施氮素使通过PSⅡ反应中心的电子流速率显著增加,促进了光合电子流向光化学方向的传递,使更多的电子进入Rubisco羧化过程,Pn显著升高.     

氯化胆碱对低温弱光下黄瓜幼苗叶片细胞膜和光合机构的保护作用

1.07mmol／L氯化胆碱处理降低了低温弱光（6℃．PFD100μmol m^-2s^-1）下黄瓜幼苗叶片膜脂组分中主要是磷脂酰甘油（PG）的饱和脂肪酸含量,增加了膜脂不饱和度：减缓了膜透性的下降、MDA的产生速率、叶绿素的降解及PSII最大量子效率（Fv/Fm）、捕光效率（Fv＇／Fm＇）、光化学猝灭系数（qp）、实际光化学效率（ФPSII）和抗氧化酶POD、APX及CAT活性的下降;提高了非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）和脯氨酸的含量。以上结果表明氯化胆碱处理保护了低温弱光对黄瓜叶片细胞膜和光合机构的伤害。     

Acclimation of Respiratory O2 Uptake in Green Tissues of Field-Grown Native Species after Long-Term Exposure to Elevated Atmospheric CO2

C3 and C4 plants were grown in open-top chambers in the field at two CO2 concentrations, normal ambient (ambient) and normal ambient + 340 [mu]LL-1 (elevated). Dark oxygen uptake was measured in leaves and stems using a liquid-phase Clark-type oxygen electrode. High CO2 treatment decreased dark oxygen uptake in stems of Scirpus olneyi (C3) and leaves of Lindera benzoin (C3) expressed on either a dry weight or area basis. Respiration of Spartina patens (C4) leaves was unaffected by CO2 treatment. Leaf dry weight per unit area was unchanged by CO2, but respiration per unit of carbon or per unit of nitrogen was decreased in the C3 species grown at high CO2. The component of respiration in stems of S. olneyi and leaves of L. benzoin primarily affected by long-term exposure to the elevated CO2 treatment was the activity of the cytochrome pathway. Elevated CO2 had no effect on activity and capacity of the alternative pathway in S. olneyi. The cytochrome c oxidase activity, assayed in a cell-free extract, was strongly decreased by growth at high CO2 in stems of S. olneyi but it was unaffected in S. patens leaves. The activity of cytochrome c oxidase and complex III extracted from mature leaves of L. benzoin was also decreased after one growing season of plant exposure to elevated CO2 concentration. These results show that in some C3 species respiration will be reduced when plants are grown in elevated atmospheric CO2. The possible physiological causes and implications of these effects are discussed.     

Gas Exchange and Co-regulation of Photochemical and Nonphotochemical Quenching in Bean during Chilling at Ambient and Elevated Carbon Dioxide

The effects of elevated (700 micromol mol(-1)) and ambient (350 micromol mol(-1)) CO(2) on gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) during 24 h chilling treatments at 6.5 degrees C. Consistent with previous research on this cultivar, photosynthetic decline during chilling was not significantly affected by CO(2) while post-chilling recovery was more rapid at elevated compared to ambient CO(2). Our primary focus was whether there were also CO(2)-mediated differences in demand on nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) processes during the chilling treatments. We found that photosystem II quantum yield and total NPQ were similar between the CO(2) treatments during chilling. In both CO(2) treatments, chilling caused a shift from total NPQ largely composed of q(E), the protective, rapidly responding component of NPQ, to total NPQ dominated by the more slowly relaxing q(I), related to both protective and damage processes. The switch from q(E) to q(I) during chilling was more pronounced in the elevated CO(2) plants. Using complementary plots of the quantum yields of photochemistry and NPQ we demonstrate that, despite CO(2) effects on the partitioning of NPQ into q(E) and q(I) during chilling, total NPQ was regulated at both CO(2) levels to maximize photochemical utilization of absorbed light energy and dissipate only that fraction of light energy that was in excess of the capacity of photosynthesis. Photodamage did occur during chilling but was repaired within 3 h recovery from chilling in both CO(2) treatments.     

Olfactory preferences of Popillia japonica, Vanessa cardui, and Aphis glycines for Glycine max grown under elevated CO2

Levels of atmospheric CO(2) have been increasing steadily over the last century and are projected to increase even more dramatically in the future. Soybeans (Glycine max L.) grown under elevated levels of CO(2) have larger herbivore populations than soybeans grown under ambient levels of CO(2). Increased abundance could reflect the fact that these herbivores are drawn in by increased amounts of volatiles or changes in the composition of volatiles released by plants grown under elevated CO(2) conditions. To determine impacts of elevated CO(2) on olfactory preferences, Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica Newman) and soybean aphids (Aphis glycines Matsumura) were placed in Y-tube olfactometers with a choice between ambient levels of CO(2) gas versus elevated levels of CO(2) gas or damaged and undamaged leaves and plants grown under ambient levels of CO(2) versus damaged and undamaged plants grown under elevated levels of CO(2). All plants had been grown from seeds under ambient or elevated levels of CO(2). Painted lady butterflies (Vanessa cardui L.) were placed in an oviposition chamber with a choice between plants grown under ambient and elevated levels of CO(2). A. glycines and V. cardui showed no significant preference for plants in either treatment. P. japonica showed no significant preference between ambient levels and elevated levels of CO(2) gas. There was a significant P. japonica preference for damaged plants grown under ambient CO(2) versus undamaged plants but no preference for damaged plants grown under elevated CO(2) versus undamaged plants. P. japonica also preferred damaged plants grown under elevated levels of CO(2) versus damaged plants grown under ambient levels of CO(2). This lack of preference for damaged plants grown under elevated CO(2) versus undamaged plants could be the result of the identical elevated levels of a green leaf volatile (2-hexenal) present in all foliage grown under elevated CO(2) regardless of damage status. Green leaf volatiles are typically released from damaged leaves and are used as kairomones by many herbivorous insects for host plant location. An increase in production of volatiles in soybeans grown under elevated CO(2) conditions may lead to larger herbivore outbreaks in the future.     

不同氮源下生长的柚树叶片光合参数对高浓度CO2驯化作用的比较

比较研究了在不同形式氮源下生长柚树叶片光合对高浓度 CO2 驯化过程中有关参数变化。植株生长在人工混成土壤中 ,分别浇灌含有 2 mmol L- 1N的 NO- 3 - N,NH+ 4 - N和 NH4 NO3- N溶液。空气 CO2 增高处理时向生长植株的开顶透明罩中通入 74.4Pa CO2 ,以空气 CO2 生长的植株为对照。利用 CI- 30 1 ( CID,Inc) CO2 气体交换系统测定叶片光合速率和通过光合作用相关响应曲线计算光合参数。结果表明 ,在 CO2分压倍增下 ,NO- 3 - N生长植株光饱和光合速率较大气 CO2 分压下的高。而生长在 NH+ 4 - N和 NH4 NO3- N的植株光合速率与大气 CO2 分压下的相近 ,表现对高 CO2 的驯化。在空气 CO2 倍增下无论供给何种形式氮源并不影响Γ* ,但可增高 Rd( P<0 .0 5 )。 CO2 分压倍增下供给 NO- 3 - N植株的 Vcmax和 Jmax较大气分压相应的植株高 ,而 NH+ 4 - N和 NH4 NO3- N植株则与大气 CO2分压的相应植株相似 ( P>0 .0 5 )。无论供给何种形式氮源 ,生长在空气 CO2 分压倍增下不改变叶片单位面积干重 ,叶绿素含量和叶片中氮在 Rubisco、生物能学组分和捕光色素复合体组分的分配系数 ;但能改变叶片中氮含量。植物对高 CO2 的驯化可能受到不同形式氮利用性的影响 ,在对高 CO2 驯化过程亦反映叶片中氮在不同光合功能组分     

Elevated CO(2) induces biochemical and ultrastructural changes in leaves of the C(4) cereal sorghum

We analyzed the impact of growth at either 350 (ambient) or 700 (elevated) microL L(-1) CO(2) on key elements of the C(4) pathway (photosynthesis, carbon isotope discrimination, and leaf anatomy) using the C(4) cereal sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.). Gas-exchange analysis of the CO(2) response of photosynthesis indicated that both carboxylation efficiency and the CO(2) saturated rate of photosynthesis were lower in plants grown at elevated relative to ambient CO(2). This was accompanied by a 49% reduction in the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase content of leaves (area basis) in the elevated CO(2)-grown plants, but no change in Rubisco content. Despite the lower phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase content, there was a 3-fold increase in C isotope discrimination in leaves of plants grown at elevated CO(2) and bundle sheath leakiness was estimated to be 24% and 33%, respectively, for the ambient and elevated CO(2)-grown plants. However, we could detect no difference in quantum yield. The ratio of quantum yield of CO(2) fixation to PSII efficiency was lower in plants grown at elevated CO(2), but only when leaf internal was below 50 microL L(-1). This suggests a reduction in the efficiency of the C(4) cycle when [CO(2)] is low, and also implies increased electron transport to acceptors other than CO(2). Analysis of leaf sections using a transmission electron microscope indicated a 2-fold decrease in the thickness of the bundle sheath cell walls in plants grown at elevated relative to ambient CO(2). These results suggest that significant acclimation to increased CO(2) concentrations occurs in sorghum.     

Growth in Elevated CO2 Can Both Increase and Decrease Photochemistry and Photoinhibition of Photosynthesis in a Predictable Manner. Dactylis glomerata Grown in Two Levels of Nitrogen Nutrition

Biochemically based models of C(3) photosynthesis can be used to predict that when photosynthesis is limited by the amount of Rubisco, increasing atmospheric CO(2) partial pressure (pCO(2)) will increase light-saturated linear electron flow through photosystem II (J(t)). This is because the stimulation of electron flow to the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle (J(c)) will be greater than the competitive suppression of electron flow to the photorespiratory carbon oxidation cycle (J(o)). Where elevated pCO(2) increases J(t), then the ratio of absorbed energy dissipated photochemically to that dissipated non-photochemically will rise. These predictions were tested on Dactylis glomerata grown in fully controlled environments, at either ambient (35 Pa) or elevated (65 Pa) pCO(2), and at two levels of nitrogen nutrition. As was predicted, for D. glomerata grown in high nitrogen, J(t) was significantly higher in plants grown and measured at elevated pCO(2) than for plants grown and measured at ambient pCO(2). This was due to a significant increase in J(c) exceeding any suppression of J(o). This increase in photochemistry at elevated pCO(2) protected against photoinhibition at high light. For plants grown at low nitrogen, J(t) was significantly lower in plants grown and measured at elevated pCO(2) than for plants grown and measured at ambient pCO(2). Elevated pCO(2) again suppressed J(o); however growth in elevated pCO(2) resulted in an acclimatory decrease in leaf Rubisco content that removed any stimulation of J(c). Consistent with decreased photochemistry, for leaves grown at low nitrogen, the recovery from a 3-h photoinhibitory treatment was slower at elevated pCO(2).     

大气CO2浓度倍增对植物暗呼吸的影响

以长期生长于350和700μmolCO_2·mol~(-1)空气的开顶式培养室的杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)、玉米(Zea mays L.)等10种植物的离体成熟叶片或整株为材料,研究不同测定温度(15～35℃)下,CO_2浓度倍增对植物暗呼吸的影响。结果表明:在较低温度(15℃、20℃)下,CO_2浓度倍增对植物暗呼吸没有显著效应,在较高温度(30℃、35℃)下多数被测植物的暗呼吸显著增强。讨论了实验所得结果在未来全球气候变化中的可能的意义。