PCR在鸭瘟临床诊断和免疫及致病机理研究中的初步应用

根据GenBank文献,应用Oligo 6．0分析软件合成了用于扩增鸭瘟病毒(duck plague virus,DPV)EcoR Ⅰ 765bp片段的1对引物,上游引物(P1)位于EcoR Ⅰ片段的246～266nt,下游引物(P2)位于EcoR Ⅰ片段的727～744nt,以DPV CHa株DNA为模板,筛选PCR最佳反应条件,建立了检测DPV的PCR方法。应用该方法对强毒株DPV鸭胚培养物和弱毒株的鸡胚培养物进行扩增,均可获得498bp的DNA片段。而对正常鸭(鸡)胚和鸡马立克氏病毒、鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒、鸭病毒性肝炎病毒、多杀性巴氏杆菌、大肠杆菌、鸭副伤寒沙门氏菌和鸭疫里默氏杆菌培养物进行检测,结果均呈阳性。扩增产物测序结果与文献报道一致,证明了PCR方法的特异性。对DPV CHa株鸡胚毒提取物DNA进行检测,其最低检出量为10fg。用病毒分离、Dot—ELISA和PCR三种方法分别检测1990～2002年期间送检的临床样品,对所获得的结果进行χ^2分析,证明PCR检出率明显高于前2种方法。CHa株免疫雏鸭后对血液、心、肝、脾、肺、肾、十二指肠、直肠、法氏囊、胸腺、胰腺、延脑、大脑、小脑、舌头、肌肉、骨髓、食道共18种组织和粪便进行PCR检测,结果表明：①皮下接种4h后,心、肝、脾、肾、法氏囊、胸腺、胰腺、延脑、大脑和小脑为阳性,8h后18种组织和粪便均为阳性;②口服接种4h后舌头和食道为阳性,8h后,心、肝、脾、肾、胸腺、胰腺、延脑、大脑、小脑、舌头、食道和血液均为阳性;③滴鼻接种4h后无阳性组织,8h后检测心、肝、脾、肾、胸腺、延脑、大脑、小脑、舌头、食道和血液,均为阳性;④三种途径免疫的鸭,于12h至第21天均检测出DPV DNA。DPV强毒SC1株人工感染成年鸭2h后,即能从脑、肝、脾、法氏囊和胸腺中检出DPV DNA。12h后和死亡鸭的心、肝、脾、肺、肾、十二指肠、直肠、法氏囊、胸腺、胰腺、脑、胸肌、食道、腺胃、血液、舌头、皮肤、骨髓等组织器官和口腔分泌物及粪便中,均检测到DPV的DNA。该研究为阐明鸭瘟病毒在体内分布提供了重要的数据。     

应用原位PCR对鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒早期侵染过程的研究

人工接种 35日龄SPF鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒 ,间隔不同时间采集法氏囊、胸腺、脾、盲肠扁桃体、肾、肝和腿肌进行了原位PCR检测 ,同时观察各组织病理变化。结果无论是H毒株还是Ts毒株 ,接种后 4h肝、肾、脾等组织中即出现明显的阳性信号 ,Ts毒株 4hPI从胸腺、盲肠扁桃体、腿肌等组织中也检出了病毒基因序列。接种H毒株和Ts毒株后 2 8h和 40h ,法氏囊淋巴细胞开始出现变性、坏死。在阳性信号检出的时间上 ,法氏囊较肝、肾、脾等组织是滞后的。H毒株较Ts毒株在早期对法氏囊具有更强的侵染能力。     

应用原位PCR对鸡传染法氏囊病病毒早期侵染过程的研究

人工接种35日龄SPF鸡传染法氏囊病病毒,间隔不同时间采集法氏囊、胸腺、脾、盲肠扁桃体、肾、肝和腿肌进行了原位PCR检测,同时观察各组织病理变化。结果无论是H毒株还是Ts毒株,接种后4h肝、肾、脾等组织中即出现明显的阳性信号,Ts毒株4hPI从胸腺、盲肠扁桃体、腿肌等组织中也检出了病毒基因序列。接种H毒株和Ts毒株后28h和40h,法氏囊淋巴细胞开始出现变性、坏死。在阳性信号检出的时间上,法氏囊较肝、肾、脾等组织是滞后的。H毒株较Ts毒株在早期对法氏囊具有更强的侵染能力。     

聚合酶链反应技术检测禽网状内皮组织增殖病病毒

目的建立聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术检测禽网状内皮组织增殖病病毒(REV)的方法。方法提取感染REV-T和脾坏死病毒(SNV)的SPF鸡胚成纤维细胞DNA为模板,利用前病毒长末端重复序列(LTR)区引物进行扩增。采集肿瘤病鸡,以及人工感染REV 28 d后鸡肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、心脏、胸腺、法氏囊等器官,进行扩增。同时将采集的脏器组织,进行HE染色和免疫组化试验(IHC)。结果REV-T感染的组织未检测出电泳条带,而SNV感染的细胞中检测到了一条300bp特异而清晰的电泳条带,而且SNV感染的鸡组织中,PCR方法检测到了特异的条带。通过HE染色和免疫组化技术观察到了肿瘤组织,肿瘤细胞的形态、分布。结论PCR检测REV更快捷,特异更好。     

鹅圆环病毒感染性克隆的构建及其转染试验

设计带BamHⅠ酶切标记位点的引物,PCR扩增鹅圆环病毒(Goose circovirus,GoCV)全长基因组,将2个基因组顺式连接插入到pGEM-T Easy载体中,获得GoCV全长基因组头尾串联二聚体感染性克隆质粒pGEMT-2GoCV。EcoRⅠ酶切线性化pGEMT-2GoCV,与脂质体混合转染GoCV阴性鹅胚和雏鹅,常规PCR检测发现GoCV在转染鹅体内增殖,鹅胚转染组于孵出第2周和第4周检出血清阳性,且其中一个个体于4周龄扑杀时检出法氏囊阳性,雏鹅转染组于转染后2周检出血清阳性。试验进一步对扩增片段进行了BamHⅠ标记位点的检测,并应用GoCV实时荧光定量PCR方法对转染阳性样品进行了定量,结果显示阳性法氏囊组织中病毒含量为1.57×106拷贝/mg,阳性血清含病毒拷贝数在3.52×104～5.92×105拷贝/μL。综上,本试验构建的GoCV全长基因组头尾串联二聚体感染性克隆DNA可以转染鹅胚和雏鹅并增殖出带标记的GoCV克隆。     

鸭群中REV感染的流行病学调查

[目的]了解网状内皮组织增生病病毒(REV)在鸭群中的感染状态.[方法]从山东省不同地区送检的病(死)鸭中,随机采集法氏囊、脾脏和肝脏等220份样品.细胞培养分离病毒,以提取的组织DNA为模板进行特异性斑点杂交、PCR和nest-PCR检测.从不同地区阳性样品中任选一个进行克隆测序、同源性比较和进化树分析.[结果]从35/39份法氏囊、54/84份脾脏和32/97份肝脏DNA样品中检出REV(121/220).其中法氏囊的检出率最高,显著高于肝脏、脾脏(P<0.01),但用细胞培养分离病毒、常规PCR、组织DNA直接点杂交检测时,均未检出REV.YN-1和BZ-1株env基因片段与美国分离的鸭源SNV株同源性高达99.8%,LQ-1株env基因片段与美国鸡源分离株的同源性为100%,均高于近几年中国鸡源分离株.[结论]在检测REV感染时,应加强对法氏囊的检测,但由于REV在感染鸭的组织中含量很低,应采用更为敏感的nest-PCR.同源性和进化树分析表明,我国鸭源REV很可能是在引进未经对REV检疫的种鸭时引入的.     

鸭细小病毒04Nb株的分离鉴定与rep基因测序与分析

采集浙江宁波地区以腹泻、呼吸困难为主要症状的病鸭肝组织,接种正常鸭胚尿囊腔增殖病毒.雏鸭感染试验显示发病症状及病理变化明显,死亡率为75%.电镜下可见纯化病毒直径约20nm左右的球形病毒粒子.免疫琼脂扩散实验结果显示与鸭细小病毒(duckparvovirus DPV)标准株阳性血清有明显沉淀线.经SDS-PAGE呈现3条结构蛋白带,与DPV标准株一致;参照GenBankDPV非结构蛋白基因序列设计引物,PCR扩增反应获得目的条带,克隆测序后,与DPV代表株序列同源性达98%.根据上述实验结果,确定引起本次鸭场疫病的病原为DPV.为进一步研究该分离株rep基因的序列特征,对其rep基因克隆测序,与GenBank中两株DPV、两株鹅细小病毒(GPV)进行序列比对,结果显示rep基因核苷酸序列与DPV参考毒株同源性为98%以上,与GPV同源性为80%左右.     

鸭细小病毒04Nb株的分离鉴定与rep基因测序与分析

采集浙江宁波地区以腹泻、呼吸困难为主要症状的病鸭肝组织,接种正常鸭胚尿囊腔增殖病毒。雏鸭感染试验显示发病症状及病理变化明显,死亡率为75%。电镜下可见纯化病毒直径约20nm左右的球形病毒粒子。免疫琼脂扩散实验结果显示与鸭细小病毒(duckparvovirusDPV)标准株阳性血清有明显沉淀线。经SDS-PAGE呈现3条结构蛋白带,与DPV标准株一致;参照GenBankDPV非结构蛋白基因序列设计引物,PCR扩增反应获得目的条带,克隆测序后,与DPV代表株序列同源性达98%。根据上述实验结果,确定引起本次鸭场疫病的病原为DPV。为进一步研究该分离株rep基因的序列特征,对其rep基因克隆测序,与GenBank中两株DPV、两株鹅细小病毒(GPV)进行序列比对,结果显示rep基因核苷酸序列与DPV参考毒株同源性为98%以上,与GPV同源性为80%左右。     

K亚群禽白血病病毒实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法的建立及初步应用

根据GenBank数据库K亚群禽白血病病毒(Subgroup K avian leukosis virus,ALV-K)特异性抗原gp85的基因序列,设计一组ALV-K特异性的引物和探针,并构建阳性重组质粒。在对反应体系进行优化的基础上,建立了ALV-K的实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法并进行了特异性试验、敏感性试验和重复性试验。结果显示,本方法能对ALV-K进行特异性扩增,而对A亚群、B亚群、J亚群、E亚群禽白血病毒和新城疫病毒(NDV)、鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)、禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒(REV)、禽流感病毒(AIV)等禽病病原未见扩增。该方法最低能够检测到3.4×10~1拷贝数/μL的阳性质粒,灵敏度是RT-PCR的100倍。应用本方法对人工攻毒ALV-K的SPF鸡各脏器进行病毒定量分析,结果显示,在攻毒鸡体内心、肝、脾、肺、肾等脏器中均能检测到ALV-K,且肝、肾和脾中的病毒含量显著高于心和肺(P0.01)。     

随机引物PCR扩增鸡胚致死孤儿病毒DNA的研究

在电镜下观察鸭病毒性肝炎病毒鸡胚尿囊液种毒时,另看到一大小为70~80nm,无囊膜,20面体对称的病毒颗粒.为了解该污染病毒,作者挑选了4条随机引物对此未知病毒分别进行反转录PCR和直接PCR扩增,结果共扩增出3条基因片段,经测序(一个反应)后分析与禽腺病毒1型--鸡胚致死孤儿病毒基因组部分序列同源性分别高达99.5%、99.6%和99.5%.从而得知鸭病毒性肝炎病毒鸡胚尿囊液种毒受到了鸡胚致死孤儿病毒的严重污染.     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000