生物絮凝剂γ-聚谷氨酸絮凝性能研究

研究了枯草芽孢杆菌NX-2制备的生物絮凝剂γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)的絮凝活性。γ-PGA对高岭土、活性炭等悬浮液具有较高的絮凝活性,絮凝活性稳定,热稳定性好,用量高于10mg／L时适用pH范围宽,最适投加浓度为20mg/L,加入Ca^2 、Mg^2 、Fe^3 、Al^3 、Fe^2 、Na^ 等金属离子能不同程度增强γ-PGA的絮凝活性,其中Ca^2 助凝效果最高。使用Ca^2 作助凝离子可降低γ-PGA用量,但Ca^2 浓度过高会明显降低γ-PGA的絮凝活性。还研究了γ-PGA对电镀废水的处理效果,实验证明γ-PGA能有效降低电镀废水中Cr^ 3、Ni^ 2等离子的浓度。     

生物絮凝剂絮凝活性评价方法的探讨

对生物絮凝剂絮凝活性的评价方法进行了探讨。研究发现,在固定絮凝剂添加量的情况下仅仅比较絮凝率大小,从而对絮凝活性进行评价的方法是不科学的。絮凝剂絮凝活性应以絮凝率和絮凝剂最适添加量两个指标为其活性评价参数,在有较高絮凝率的情况下,絮凝剂添加量越少则絮凝活性越高。     

生物絮凝剂的最新研究进展及其应用

从絮凝剂的来源和分子组成两方面对生物絮凝剂进行了系统分类,综述了生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选模型以及生物絮凝剂在水处理和发酵工业中的应用,详细阐述了目前国内外提出的几种不同的生物絮凝剂絮凝机理,进而在此基础上剖析了目前生物絮凝剂研究工作中仍然存在的问题,并提出生物絮凝剂今后的主要研究方向。     

生物絮凝剂高产菌株的选育

以野生菌谷氨酸棒杆菌Corynebacterium glutamicumCCTCCM 2 0 10 0 5为出发菌株 ,进行紫外和甲基磺酸乙酯逐级诱变 ,获得一株絮凝剂高产菌XMU YH1111,通过条件优化实验 ,获得突变株XMU YH1111合成生物絮凝剂的最佳发酵条件 :葡萄糖为碳源 ,尿素和酵母膏为氮源 ,培养基初始 pH 4～ 8,种子最佳种龄 16h ,接种量 5 % ,发酵罐通风量 1L/ (L·min) ,搅拌转速 10 0r/min。在此发酵条件下 ,絮凝活性最高可达到 892U/mL ,比原出发菌株CCTCCM 2 0 10 0 5的絮凝活性提高 2倍以上。     

生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选及其性能研究

从土壤中筛选到一株能够产生无色胞外多糖的自生固氮菌菌株,该胞外多糖具有高分子絮凝剂的效果,初步应用于污水、果蔬汁及中药汁,表现出良好的絮凝效果,固形物去除率在80.3% ～ 99.6% 之间.     

检测重金属离子生物传感器的研究进展北大核心CSCD

重金属污染广泛存在于环境中,它能通过生物富集作用对动植物及人类产生危害。利用分析化学方法检测重金属离子对其生物危害缺乏直接检定,生物传感器检测重金属离子吸引了越来越多的研究兴趣。对检测重金属离子的各种生物传感器进行介绍,并分析各种生物传感器的特点,指出依靠先进的生物技术研究方法和成果、了解生物传感器生物敏感材料的结构和功能,进一步开发能够自动操作的便携生物传感器是能够满足重金属污染检测要求的方法。     

微生物吸附金属离子的研究进展

随着工业生产的不断发展,排放到环境中的合重金属离子的废水不论是从数量上还是从种类上都大大的增加了。一方面由于某些金属价格昂贵,另一方面,由于某些金属对生态环境、人体健康具有严重的危害性,因此如何有效地处理合重金属废水已经越来越引起环境保护工作者们的注意和重视。传统的处理方法包括化学沉淀法、化学氧化还原法、离子交换法、膜处理法和电化学法等。但这些方法或因为处理效果不好,或因为经济上不可行,很大程度上限制了它们的实际应用价值。近年来,一种崭新的处理含金属废水的方法——生物吸附法以其高效、廉价的优点逐…     

Effects of metal ions on activity of plasmin

The effects of some metal ions on amidolytic and fibrinogenolytic activities of highly purified human plasmin were investigated in vitro. In the presence of Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Au⁺ in the incubation mixture at the concentrations of 1×10⁻⁵−1×10⁻³ M, the anidolytic plasmin activity was strongly inhibited, whereas Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ at the same concentrations were not effective. The analysis of the kinetic study has shown that Zn²⁺ or Cu²⁺ acts as mixed-type inhibitors of plasmin activity. The inhibition of amidolytic plasmin activity by Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺ was reduced in the presence of EDTA, histidine, or albumin. Incubation of plasmin with Zn²⁺ or Cu²⁺ (at the concentration of 5×10⁻⁴ M) resulted in complete loss of its proteolytic action on fibrinogen, whereas Cd²⁺ and Au⁺ under the same conditions only partially inhibited this process.     

Production of a novel polygalacturonic acid bioflocculant REA-11 by Corynebacterium glutamicum

The production of a novel polygalacturonic acid bioflocculant REA-11 from a newly isolated strain, Corynebacterium glutamicum CCTCC M201005, was investigated. Sucrose was chosen as a carbon source for REA-11 production. Complex nitrogen sources containing urea and an organic nitrogen compound enhanced both bacterial growth and REA-11 production, among which urea plus corn steep liquor was shown to be the most efficient combination. A cost-effective medium for REA-11 production mainly comprised 17 g/l sucrose, 0.45 g/l urea, and 5 ml/l corn steep liquor, under which conditions the flocculating activity reached 390 U/ml. The molar ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C/N) significantly affected REA-11 production, where a C/N ratio of 20:1 was shown to be the best. Interestingly, by simultaneously feeding sucrose and urea at a C/N ratio of 20:1 at 24 h of fermentation, REA-11 production (458 U/ml) was enhanced by 17% compared to the control. In a 10 l jar fermentor, lower dissolved oxygen tension was favorable for REA-11 production: a flocculating activity of 520 U/ml was achieved at a kappaLa of 100 h(-1). REA-11 raw product is relatively thermo-stable at acidic pH ranges of 3.0-6.5. Preliminary application studies showed that REA-11 had stronger flocculating activity to Kaolin clay suspension compared to chemical flocculants. In addition, the capability of decolorizing molasses wastewater indicates the industrial potential of this novel bioflocculant.     

Some effects of metal ions on DNA structure and genetic information transfer

The reaction of metal ions with nucleic acids can lead to a variety of dramatic effects on nucleic acid structure, e.g., crosslinking of the polymer strands, degradation to oligomers and monomers, stabilization or destabilization, and the mispairing of bases. These effects have important implications for genetic information transfer. Metal ions are involved in many aspects of this transfer; we are presently concerned with the effect of metal ions on the orientation of the active site of RNA polymerase. Many of the effects of metal ions on nucleic acid structure involve changes in the conformation of the macromolecules. We have found that conditions that have been used to convert B DNA to Z DNA lead to at least two other conformational changes, and phase diagrams delineate the realms of stability of each of the forms. We have carried out a number of studies that demonstrate that the conversion of B to Z DNA is very closely correlated with a substantial decrease in the ability of the DNA to act as a template for RNA synthesis. A portion of this paper has been taken from another paper on “Changes of Biological Significance Induced by Metal Ions in the Structure of Nucleic Acids,” published in Annali dell' lstituto Superiore di Sanita.     

Some examples of the functions of metal ions in biology

The ways in which certain inorganic elements are used in essential roles within biological systems generally are described. The two roles stressed are (1) electrolytic charge movements and (2) electronic charge movement. The value of helical proteins inside and outside membranes as mechanical coupling devices is analysed.     

Aggregation of fibrinogen molecules by metal ions

The ability of metal ions to cause physical aggregation of neutral solutions of bovine fibrinogen has been studied. Three categories were found: (a) ions (such as Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Mn²⁺) which did not cause aggregation even when present in 1–100 mm concentrations: (b) ions (such as Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺) which caused aggregation in the 0–10 mm concentration range, (c) ions (such as Hg²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cr³⁺, La³⁺) which caused aggregation in the 0–1000 μm concentration range. Aggregation occurs immediately the metal ion is brought into contact with the fibrinogen, and product formation reaches a steady state within 5 min. With the exception of Zn²⁺, all the ions that caused aggregation exhibited a threshold concentration below which no observable aggregation took place. The threshold concentration for Hg²⁺, the most effective ion studied, was 6 μm. Addition of excess EDTA caused resolubilization of the aggregated fibrinogen due to removal of the metal ions. Aggregation is thus thought to be a physical process initiated by binding of metal ions to those carboxyl groups in fibrinogen responsible for keeping the monomers apart in solution. The aggregation does not involve prior proteolytic degradation of the fibrinogen.     

Effects of some metal ions on rainbow trout erythrocytes glutathione S-transferase enzyme: an in vitro study

Glutathione S-transferase enzyme (GST) (EC 2.5.1.18) was purified from rainbow trout erythrocytes, and some characteristics of the enzyme and effects of some metal ions on enzyme activity were investigated. For this purpose, erythrocyte glutathione S-transferase enzyme which has 16.54 EU/mg protein specific activities was purified 11,026-fold by glutathione-agarose affinity chromatography with a yield of 59%. Temperature was kept under control (+4°C) during purification. Enzyme purification was checked by performing SDS-PAGE. Optimal pH, stable pH, optimal temperature, and K_M and V_max values for GSH and 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) were also determined for the enzyme. In addition, IC₅₀ values, K_i constants and the type of inhibition were determined by means of Line-Weaver-Burk graphs obtained for such inhibitors as Ag⁺; Cd²⁺, Cr²⁺ and Mg²⁺.     

Biodistributions of radioactive bipositive metal ions in tumor-bearing animals

Distributions of the nuclides ⁶⁵ZnCl₂, ⁸⁵SrCl₂, ⁵⁸CoCl₂ and ¹⁰³PdCl₂ in tumor-bearing animals were determined, and, in addition, the distributions of these nuclides in tumor tissues were observed. Their subcellular distribution in tumor and liver was also examined. Generally speaking, retention values of these bipositive metal ions in tumor were smaller than those of tri-, quadri- and pentavalent metal ions. In the case of ⁸⁵SrCl₂, a large amount of this nuclide was taken up by the bone and remained there for a long time. In the case of ¹⁰³PdCl₂, ^l03Pd was avidly taken up by the kidney and liver. Very little of the ¹⁰³Pd taken up into the kidney and liver was excreted. ⁶⁵Zn and ¹⁰³Pd were concentrated in the viable tumor tissue and were not seen in necrotic tumor tissue. In the case of ⁵⁸Co, lysosome played an important role in liver accumulation and played a minor role in tumor accumulation. The distribution of ⁵⁸Co in tumor and liver was fairly similar to that of ⁶⁷Ga, ¹¹¹In, ¹⁶⁹Yb, ⁴⁶Sc, ⁵¹Cr, ⁹⁵Zr, ¹⁸¹Hf, ⁹⁵Nb and ¹⁸²Ta which were reported previously. Lysosome did not play an important role in the accumulation of ⁶⁵Zn, ⁸⁵Sr and ¹⁰³Pd into tumor and liver.     

A novel polygalacturonic acid bioflocculant REA-11 produced by<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Corynebacterium glutamicum</Emphasis>: a proposed biosynthetic pathway and experimental confirmation

Corynebacterium glutamicum CCTCC M201005 produces a novel polygalacturonic acid bioflocculant, REA-11, consisting of galacturonic acid as the main structural unit. A biosynthetic pathway of REA-11 in C. glutamicum CCTCC M201005 was proposed. Evidence for the biosynthetic pathway was provided by: (1) analyzing the response upon addition of UDP-glucose to the culture medium; (2) detecting the presence of several key intermediates in the pathway; and (3) correlating the activities of several key enzymes involved in the pathway with the yields of polygalacturonic acid. The production of polygalacturonic acid was improved by 24%, while the activities of UDP-galactose epimerase and UDP-galactose dehydrogenase were improved by 200% and 50%, respectively, upon addition of 100 M UDP-glucose. In addition, the key intermediates in the proposed biosynthetic pathway, such as UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose, and UDP-glucuronic acid, were detected in cell-free extracts. Furthermore, the activities of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (R²=0.97), UDP-galactose epimerase (R²=0.75) and UDP-galactose dehydrogenase (R²=0.89) were well correlated with the yields of polygalacturonic acid when different sugars were used as sole carbon sources. Therefore, the biosynthetic pathway of REA-11 in C. glutamicum CCTCC M201005 starts from phosphate-1-glucose, which was then converted to UDP-glucose by UDP-pyrophosphorylase. Predominantly, the UDP-glucose was converted to UDP-galactose by UDP-galactose epimerase; the latter was further converted to UDP-galacturonic acid by UDP-galactose dehydrogenase, which was presumably polymerized to polygalacturonic acid bioflocculant REA-11 by an unknown glucosyltransferase and a polymerase.     

Potential carcinogenicity of some transition metal ions

Potential carcinogenicity of some transition metal ions was tested using a direct-current polarography method. The measurements were based on the reduction of tested compounds in an anhydrous solution using α-lipoic acid as the detection compound. The potential carcinogenicity was expressed in terms of the parameter tg α, which is known to directly correlate with the carcinogenicity of tested compounds. For the metal ions tested, tg α was found to decrease in the following sequence: Fe(III) > Pb(II) > V(IV) > Fe(II) > Mn(II) > Cu(II). Zero values of tg α were found for Cd(II) and Mn(III).