Combined Phospholipid Biomarker-16S rRNA Gene Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis Analysis of Bacterial Diversity and Physiological Status in an Intertidal Microbial Mat

A combined lipid biomarker-16S rRNA gene denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis was used to monitor changes in the physiological status, biomass, and microbial composition of a microbial mat. In the morning hours, an increase in the biomass of layers containing a high density of phototrophs and a decrease in the growth rate in the deep layers were observed. The combined approach also revealed differences in major groups of microorganisms, including green nonsulfur, gram-positive, and heterotrophic bacteria.     

黄土丘陵区植被与地形特征对土壤和土壤微生物生物量生态化学计量特征的影响

研究黄土丘陵区植被与地形特征对土壤和土壤微生物生物量生态化学计量特征影响有助于深入理解黄土丘陵区不同植被带下土壤和土壤微生物相互作用及养分循环规律.选择黄土丘陵区延河流域3个植被区(森林区、森林草原区、草原区)和5种地形部位(阴/阳沟坡、阴/阳梁峁坡、峁顶)的土壤作为研究对象,利用生态化学计量学理论研究植被和地形对土壤和土壤微生物生物量生态化学计量特征的影响.结果表明: 土壤及土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量在不同地形之间的差别主要表现在沟坡位置和阴坡高于其他坡位和阳坡.植被类型的变化对两个土层(0～10、10～20 cm)土壤和土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的影响均达到显著水平,坡向对表层(0～10 cm)土壤和土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的影响强于坡位,而在10～20 cm土层,坡位对土壤和土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷影响更显著.植被类型显著影响土壤C∶N、C∶P、N∶P和土壤微生物生物量C∶N、C∶P,坡向和坡位仅影响土壤C∶P和N∶P,植被类型的变化是影响土壤C∶N的主要因素.同时,植被类型对土壤养分和微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量特征的影响大于地形因子.标准化主轴分析结果表明,黄土丘陵区不同植被带土壤微生物具有内稳性,特别在草原带,土壤微生物生物量生态化学计量学特征具有更加严格的约束比例.在黄土丘陵区,土壤微生物生物量N∶P或许可以作为判断养分限制的另一个有力工具,若将土壤微生物生物量N∶P与植物叶片N∶P配合使用可能有助于我们更加精确地判断黄土丘陵区的土壤养分限制情况.     

Soil biological activity and their seasonal variations in response to long-term application of organic and inorganic fertilizers

The objectives of this study were to explore the effects of long-term and continued application of fertilizers and manures on microbial biomass, soil biological activity and their seasonal variations in surface and subsurface soils in relation to soil fertility. For this, soils were sampled in spring, summer and autumn from Shenyang Long-term Experimental Station, northeastern China. The results showed that soil total nitrogen (N), organic carbon (C), basal respiration, microbial biomass and enzymatic activity increased in manure-amended surface soils, but decreased with soil depth. Long-term application of inorganic fertilizers significantly decreased soil pH value, sucrase activity and microbial biomass C, but increased soil metabolic quotient (qCO₂). However, no significant effect of inorganic fertilizers on soil total N, urease activity and microbial biomass N was observed in comparison with CK0 (neither tillage nor fertilization) and CK (no fertilizers). There was no significant difference between CK0 and CK in soil total N, organic C and microbial activity in surface soil layer (0–20 cm), but these parameters in subsurface soil layer (20–40 cm) were higher in CK than in CK0. Moreover, seasonal changes were observed in terms of soil nutrient contents, enzymatic activity, microbial biomass and soil respiration. There were significant correlations between soil microbial biomass C and N, between organic C and sucrase activity and between total N and urease activity, respectively. It is recommended that combined use of organic manure with inorganic fertilizers should be considered to maintain higher microbial biomass, soil biological activity and soil fertility. Considering considerably high nutrients reserve and microbial activity in subsurface layers of soil and wind-erosion-caused nutrient loss in spring in north China, we also propose that low tillage should be considered to make use of nutrients in soils.     

Abundance, biomass, structure, and activity of the microbial complexes of minerotrophic and ombrotrophic peatlands

Very large microbial biomass was revealed in peat bogs by means of fluorescence microscopy. In ombrotrophic peatlands, the pool of the dry-weight microbial biomass in the 1.5-m layer constituted 3-4 t/ha and was twice as high as in the minerotrophic peat bogs. Fungal biomass was predominant (55-99%) in ombrotrophic peatlands, while bacterial biomass predominated in minerotrophic peatlands (55-86%). In ombrotrophic peatlands, the microbial biomass was concentrated in the upper layers, while in minerotrophic peatlands, it was uniformly distributed in the bulk. After drainage, the microbial pool in the ombrotrophic peatlands increased twofold; that in the minerotrophic peatlands remained at the same level. The potential activity of nitrogen fixation and denitrification was revealed across the whole profile of the peatlands. The average values of these potential activities were five times higher in the minerotrophic peatlands, where bacterial biomass predominated.     

不同森林恢复类型对土壤微生物群落的影响

为了评价不同森林恢复类型与方式对南方红壤丘陵区退化生态系统土壤微生物群落的影响,借助氯仿熏蒸法、平板涂抹法和BIOLOG检测法,比较研究了4种森林恢复类型土壤微生物的群落特征．结果表明,4种森林恢复类型土壤微生物生物量碳、细菌数量差异显著,2项指标均以天然次生林土壤最高,人工林次之,荒地最差;碳源平均颜色变化率(AWCD法)和微生物代谢多样性指数(丰富度和多样性)在5种植被类型的土壤中也有明显差异,其趋势与微生物量碳、细菌数量基本相同;天然次生林土壤微生物群落利用碳源的整体能力和功能多样性比人工林和荒地强．相关分析表明,0～20和20～40cm土壤微生物的代谢多样性与根系生物量紧密相关(r=0．933,P<0．05;r=0．925,P<0．05)．自然恢复更有利于改善土壤微生物的结构和功能．     

退化高寒草甸土壤微生物及酶活性特征

采用Biolog等方法,分析不同退化程度(未退化ND、轻度退化LD、中度退化MD、重度退化SD和黑土滩ED)高寒草甸0～10和10～20 cm土层土壤微生物量碳氮、碳代谢指纹和酶活性.结果表明: 所有草甸土壤微生物量、多样性指数和蔗糖酶活性在0～10 cm土层均显著高于10～20 cm土层,0～10 cm土层脲酶活性则显著低于10～20 cm土层.土壤微生物量C/N随草地退化程度加重显著降低.0～10 cm土层,ND和LD微生物量碳、氮均显著高于其他草地,MD、SD和ED微生物量碳无显著差异,MD微生物量氮显著低于其他草地;平均颜色变化率(AWCD)和McIntosh指数(U)随草地退化程度加重曲线下降,ND与MD间差异显著,其他草地间无显著差异;Shannon指数(H)和Simpson指数(D)在不同草地间均无显著差异;MD和SD脲酶活性最高,ED磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性最低,与其他草地相比均差异显著.10～20 cm土层,ND和LD微生物量碳显著高于其他草地,MD、SD和ED间无显著差异,LD和ED微生物量氮显著高于其他草地,ND和SD间差异不显著;MD碳代谢指数最低,与LD和SD相比差异显著,ND和LD的AWCD和U指数均显著高于ED,H指数和D指数在ND、LD、SD和ED间差异不显著;ND和MD脲酶活性显著高于其他草地,LD、SD和ED间无显著差异;MD磷酸酶活性最高,与LD、SD和ED相比差异显著;MD蔗糖酶活性显著低于其他草地,ND、LD、SD和ED间差异不显著.不同退化程度高寒草地的地下生物量均与微生物量、碳代谢指数和磷酸酶呈显著正相关;脲酶与微生物量氮、H指数和D指数呈显著负相关.     

Mineralogical composition and biomass studies of the microbial mats sediments from the Ebro Delta, Spain.

The mineral composition of the microbial mats at La Banya spit was studied. The spit is formed by a narrow sand bar and a peninsula and is located south of the main body of the Ebro Delta (Tarragona, Spain). Although quartz was the predominant mineral component in all sampling sites, clay, feldspars, calcite, aragonite, halite, dolomite and gypsum were also found. An increase in both the fine material (clay) and the halite content was observed in the sites influenced by nearby salterns. The amount of each mineral did not differ significantly along a 55 cm deep profile, except for halite and aragonite, which reached a maximum in the surface and decreased with depth. Dolomite, which ranged from 0.5 to 5% (w/w), is a possible indicator of sulfate-reducing bacteria activity in the past. Organic carbon and total nitrogen were quantified for biomass assessment. Total nitrogen ranged from 0.1 to 0.56% in the uppermost layer, where the microbial mat is active, but was undetectable at deeper layers. Organic carbon ranged from 1 to 5.5% in the active microbial mat layers and decreased to 0.3% at deeper layers. During the summer, both organic carbon and total nitrogen contents (biomass) of the microbial mat samples from some sites increase, whereas other sites show constant concentrations throughout the year, and others have a fluctuant biomass content.     

Abundance,biomass, structure,and activity of the microbial complexes of minerotrophic and ombrotrophic peatlands

A very large microbial biomass was revealed in peat bogs by means of fluorescence microscopy. In ombrotrophic peatlands, the pool of the dry-weight microbial biomass in the 1.5-m layer constituted 3–4 t/ha and was twice as high as in the minerotrophic peat bogs. Fungal biomass was predominant (55–99%) in ombrotrophic peatlands, while bacterial biomass predominated (55–86%) in minerotrophic peatlands. In ombrotrophic peatlands, the microbial biomass was concentrated in the upper layers, while in minerotrophic peatlands, it was uniformly distributed in the bulk. After drainage, the microbial pool in the ombrotrophic peatlands increased twofold; that in the minerotrophic peatlands remained at the same level. The potential activity of nitrogen fixation and denitrification was revealed across the whole profile of the peatlands. The average values of these potential activities were five times higher in the minerotrophic peatlands, where bacterial biomass predominated.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同植被恢复格局下土壤微生物群落结构

针对典型黄土丘陵沟壑区陕西延安羊圈沟小流域坡面上单一刺槐林、单一撂荒草地以及林草搭配的草地-林地-草地及林地-草地-林地4种不同植被格局,利用磷脂脂肪酸(phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA)谱图分析法对土壤微生物群落结构进行监测研究,旨在揭示坡面上不同的植被恢复格局对土壤微生物群落结构的影响。研究发现4种不同植被格局下,2种林草搭配的植被格局磷脂脂肪酸的结构比较相似,与单一植被格局相比,表层土壤中表征真菌的特征脂肪酸所占的比例有所提高。主成分分析显示4种植被格局0—10 cm土壤微生物群落结构存在差异,差异主要存在于2种林草搭配的植被格局与2种单一的植被格局之间,其中草地-林地-草地的植被格局与刺槐林和撂荒草地之间土壤微生物群落结构的差异均达到了显著水平。不同微生物菌群的量在4种植被格局土壤间显著性差异主要存在于表层土壤中的细菌菌群和革兰氏阳性菌,革兰氏阴性菌和真菌在4种植被格局土壤之间无显著差异。总之,4种不同植被恢复格局的土壤微生物群落结构存在差异且差异主要存在于表层土壤,坡面上人工林的种植及林草搭配的恢复模式较直接撂荒更有利于提高微生物菌群的生物量。     

蚂蚁筑巢对西双版纳热带森林土壤微生物生物量碳及熵的影响

蚂蚁筑巢能够改变热带森林土壤理化环境,从而对土壤微生物生物量碳及熵的时空动态产生重要影响.本研究以西双版纳高檐蒲桃热带森林群落为对象,采用氯仿熏蒸法对蚂蚁巢地和非巢地土壤微生物生物量碳及熵时空动态进行测定.结果表明: 1)蚁巢地平均微生物生物量碳及熵(1.95 g·kg^-1,6.8%)显著高于非巢穴(1.76 g·kg^-1,5.1%);蚁巢地和非蚁巢地土壤微生物生物量碳呈单峰型时间变化趋势,而土壤微生物熵呈“V”型变化格局.2)蚁巢地和非巢地土壤微生物生物量碳及熵均具有明显的垂直变化:微生物生物量碳随土层加深显著降低,微生物熵则沿土层加深显著升高,但蚁巢微生物生物量碳及熵的垂直变化较非巢穴显著. 3)蚂蚁筑巢引起了巢内水分和温度的显著改变,进而影响土壤微生物生物量碳及熵的时空动态.土壤水分分别解释微生物生物量碳及熵的66%～83%和54%～69%,而土壤温度分别解释土壤微生物生物量碳及熵的71%～86%和67%～76%. 4)蚂蚁筑巢引起土壤理化性质变化对土壤微生物生物量碳和熵产生重要影响.蚁巢土壤微生物生物量碳与土壤有机碳、温度、全氮、含水率呈极显著正相关,与容重、硝态氮,水解氮呈显著正相关,与土壤pH呈极显著负相关;除土壤微生物熵与pH呈显著正相关外,与其他土壤理化指标均呈显著负相关.土壤总有机碳、全氮和温度对微生物生物量碳的贡献最大,而土壤总有机碳和全氮对微生物熵的负作用最小.因此,蚂蚁筑巢能够显著改变微生境(如土壤水分与温度)及土壤理化性质(如总有机碳及全氮),进而调控热带森林土壤微生物生物量碳及熵的时空动态.     

渤海泥质海岸典型防护林土壤微生物量季节动态变化

土壤微生物生物量碳、氮是研究土壤肥力、土壤养分转化、循环以及环境变化的重要指标。研究渤海泥质海岸白榆、刺槐、白蜡、群众杨、辽宁杨纯林和辽宁杨刺槐混交林及当地自然生灌草地土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的季节动态及与土壤养分含量变化的关系,以期为沿海防护林树种的选择及林地管理提供科学依据。结果表明:造林能显著增加土壤微生物生物量含量,其中白榆(25 a)土壤微生物生物量碳、氮最高,是对照的2.50倍和2.09倍。0—10 cm土壤层微生物生物量碳、氮大于10—30 cm土层,季节动态变化差异显著。在0—10 cm土层内,渤海泥质海岸典型防护林土壤微生物生物量碳、氮季节动态多表现为春秋两季较高,夏季较低的"V"字型变化;在10—30 cm土层内,防护林土壤微生物生物量碳季节变化规律与0—10 cm土层一致,表现为夏季较低春秋较高的"V"字型,微生物生物量氮主要表现有"V"字型、倒"V"字型与直线型3种变化形式。在0—30 cm土层内,白榆(25 a)、刺槐、白蜡、群众杨、辽宁杨刺槐混交林、白榆(10 a)、辽宁杨及灌草地微生物生物量碳对土壤有机碳的平均贡献率分别为1.59%、1.68%、1.42%、1.54%、2.29%、1.80%、2.02%和1.12%,土壤微生物生物量氮对土壤全氮的平均贡献率分别为1.85%、1.30%、1.08%、1.35%、2.49%、1.57%、2.08%和2.32%。不同类型防护林地土壤微生物量碳、氮之间显著正相关,它们与土壤全氮、有机碳显著正相关,与土壤电导率显著负相关,另外,土壤微生物量碳还与土壤速效磷含量显著正相关。从不同土层微生物量碳、氮季节动态来看,造林可以增加泥质海岸土壤微生物生物量,但是夏季地下水位升高,盐碱上扬,加之树木生长大量利用养分,土壤微生物生物量夏季较低。综合分析土壤微生物生物量和土壤营养库的贡献率,白榆纯林和辽宁杨刺槐混交林更有利于泥质海岸土壤微生物群落功能恢复和营养固定。     

2008年雪灾对武夷山毛竹林土壤微生物生物量氮和可溶性氮的影响

2008年1月,我国南方发生了严重的冰冻雪灾,通过改变资源的有效性和异质性而对生态系统过程产生显著影响。本研究以福建武夷山遭受冰冻雪灾不同危害程度(轻、中、重3种类型)的毛竹林为试验地,探讨了08雪灾干扰后毛竹林不同土层(0～10、10～25、25～40cm)土壤微生物生物量氮和可溶性氮的变化特征。结果表明,除25～40cm土层土壤微生物生物量氮含量外,各土层土壤微生物生物量氮、硝态氮含量均随受灾程度的加重而显著增加,随土层深度的增加而减少,0～10cm土层土壤可溶性有机氮,重度受灾竹林也显著高于轻度与中度受灾竹林。不同受灾竹林间的土壤微生物生物量氮、硝态氮、可溶性有机氮含量均与土壤温度、雪灾输入林地生物量显著正相关,与竹林郁闭度显著负相关,与土壤湿度不相关。本研究结果揭示,由于雪灾导致生物与非生物因素的改变,土壤中的氮可能以硝酸盐和可溶性有机氮的形式从生态系统中流失。     

黄河三角洲贝壳堤土壤微生物生物量对不同生境因子的响应

从土壤微生物生物量角度分析黄河三角洲贝壳堤不同生境的土壤肥力状况,基于黄河三角洲贝壳堤植被类型,以4种不同生境的土壤为研究对象,测定了微生物生物量碳、氮、磷和相关的土壤理化性质。结果表明,不同生境中土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、土壤微生物生物量(MBN)、土壤微生物生物量(MBP)均值均为滩脊背海侧高潮线向海侧,且表现出明显的垂直分布特征:0—5 cm5—10 cm10—20 cm20—40 cm40—60 cm。土壤MBC、MBN、MBP占土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)百分比变化范围分别为1.09%—3.48%、2.62%—7.27%、0.78%—2.86%,滩脊、背海侧和高潮线处MBC/SOC无显著差异(P0.05),但显著高于向海侧MBC/SOC(P0.05)。土壤MBN/TN、MBP/TP的变化趋势为滩脊和背海侧向海侧和高潮线。滩脊和背海侧土壤微生物碳、氮、磷的非生物限制性因子为土壤含水量、p H值、含盐量;向海侧和高潮线区域土壤微生物碳、氮、磷的非生物限制性因子为含水量和pH值。滩脊、背海侧和高潮线土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷及土壤养分间的相关关系显著或极显著,且协同性和稳定性高,表明土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷可以作为判断黄河三角洲贝壳堤土壤肥力状况的生物学指标,这为黄河三角洲贝壳堤的土壤肥力管理和植被恢复提供一定的理论依据。     

A water-centred framework to assess the effects of salinity on the growth and yield of wheat and barley

We conducted a field experiment in two alpine meadows to investigate the short-term effects of nitrogen enrichment and plant litter biomass on plant species richness, the percent cover of functional groups, soil microbial biomass, and enzyme activity in two alpine meadow communities. The addition of nitrogen fertilizer to experimental plots over two growing seasons increased plant production, as indicated by increases in both the living plant biomass and litter biomass in the Kobresia humilis meadow community. In contrast, fertilization had no significant effect on the amounts of living biomass and litter biomass in the K. tibetica meadow. The litter treatment results indicate that litter removal significantly increased the living biomass and decreased the litter biomass in the K. humilis meadow; however, litter-removal and litter-intact treatments had no impact on the amounts of living biomass and litter biomass in the K. tibetica meadow. Litter production depended on the degree of grass cover and was also influenced by nitrogen enrichment. The increase in plant biomass reflects a strong positive effect of nitrogen enrichment and litter removal on grasses in the K. humilis meadow. Neither fertilization nor litter removal had any impact on the grass biomass in the K. tibetica meadow. Sedge biomass was not significantly affected by either nutrient enrichment or litter removal in either alpine meadow community. The plant species richness decreased in the K. humilis meadow following nitrogen addition. In the K. humilis meadow, microbial biomass C increased significantly in response to the nitrogen enrichment and litter removal treatments. Enzyme activities differed depending on the enzyme and the different alpine meadow communities; in general, enzyme activities were higher in the upper soil layers (0–10 cm and 10–20 cm) than in the lower soil layers (20–40 cm). The amounts of living plant biomass and plant litter biomass in response to the different treatments of the two alpine meadow communities affected the soil microbial biomass C, soil organic C, and soil fertility. These results suggest that the original soil conditions, plant community composition, and community productivity are very important in regulating plant community productivity and microbial biomass and activity.     

塔里木沙漠公路防护林土壤微生物活性分异特征

利用Biolog法、熏蒸提取和比色滴定的方法,测定了土壤碳源代谢强度、生物量和酶活性,分析了塔里木沙漠公路防护林土壤微生物活性的分异特征.结果表明: 随着防护林定植年限增加,土壤微生物代谢活性(AWCD)和多样性指数明显增加,但不同土层间无明显差异;不同年限林地间过氧化氢酶差异极显著,纤维素酶和蔗糖酶差异显著;随着防护林定植年限增加,土壤微生物生物量增大,不同年限林地间微生物生物量碳和氮的差异极显著和显著,而微生物生物量磷无显著差异;土壤微生物的AWCD值与速效养分显著正相关,但与容重和水分的相关性不大.在现有的管理制度和气候条件下,随定植年限增加,塔里木沙漠公路防护林土壤代谢活性逐渐提高.     

内蒙古草甸草原土壤理化性质和微生物学特性对刈割与氮添加的响应

频繁的刈割和氮输入增加是导致草地生态系统退化的重要原因.土壤微生物学特性作为评估土壤质量的重要生物学指标,对草地刈割和氮输入增加的响应规律仍不十分明确.本研究依托内蒙古呼伦贝尔草原刈割复合氮添加野外实验平台,分析了土壤理化性质、土壤微生物生物量、土壤呼吸和土壤酶对刈割、氮添加的响应及其生长季动态变化.结果表明: 刈割显著降低了土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷和土壤呼吸(基础呼吸和底物诱导呼吸),与刈割后导致的水分限制及碳限制有关.刈割显著降低了氮磷获取酶(N-乙酰-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶和酸性磷酸单酯酶)的活性,符合“资源分配假说”.氮添加显著降低土壤pH值,但土壤微生物生物量对氮添加和pH降低均无显著响应,表明氮输入增加引起的土壤酸化不是影响微生物生物量的主要因素.氮添加对土壤呼吸和酶活性也无显著影响,与以往在典型草原的大多数研究结果不一致.刈割和氮添加复合处理显著降低了土壤微生物生物量磷,但提高了土壤中有效磷含量,降低了酸性磷酸酶活性.微生物生物量碳、氮、磷和土壤呼吸等的相关参数均在7月最高,这与夏季高温多雨有关.土壤酶活性在春夏季较高,生长季末期较低.这表明在该草甸草原,刈割将导致土壤碳氮磷养分失衡,从而加剧草原退化;而氮添加在短期内并未对土壤微生物生物量和活性产生显著影响.     

Microbial properties of soil aggregates created by earthworms and other factors: spherical and prismatic soil aggregates from unreclaimed post-mining sites

Soil aggregates between 2 and 5 mm from 35- and 45-year-old unreclaimed post-mining sites near Sokolov (Czech Republic) were divided into two groups: spherical and prismatic. X-ray tomography indicated that prismatic aggregates consisted of fragments of claystone bonded together by amorphous clay and roots while spherical aggregates consisted of a clay matrix and organic fragments of various sizes. Prismatic aggregates were presumed to be formed by plant roots and physical processes during weathering of Tertiary mudstone, while earthworms were presumed to contribute to the formation of spherical aggregates. The effects of drying and rewetting and glucose addition on microbial respiration, microbial biomass, and counts of bacteria in these aggregates were determined. Spherical aggregates contained a greater percentage of C and N and a higher C-to-N ratio than prismatic ones. The C content of the particulate organic matter was also higher in the spherical than in the prismatic aggregates. Although spherical aggregates had a higher microbial respiration and biomass, the growth of microbial biomass in spherical aggregates was negatively correlated with initial microbial biomass, indicating competition between bacteria. Specific respiration was negatively correlated with microbial biomass. Direct counts of bacteria were higher in spherical than in prismatic aggregates. Bacterial numbers were more stable in the center than in the surface layers of the aggregates. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that bacteria often occurred as individual cells in prismatic aggregates but as small clusters of cells in spherical aggregates. Ratios of colony forming units (cultivatable bacteria) to direct counts were higher in spherical than in prismatic aggregates. Spherical aggregates also contained faster growing bacteria.     

高寒半湿润沙地植物与土壤微生物多样性对植被恢复的响应

为探究植被恢复对高寒半湿润沙化脆弱生态系统的恢复效应,明确植物群落与土壤微生物多样性对恢复的响应,为高寒沙化植被恢复提供科学支撑。以青藏高原东南缘沙化地为对象,通过连续种植老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus)进行植被恢复,分析连续3年恢复后,植物群落物种组成与多样性的变化,土壤微生物群落不同季节数量与多样性的变化,探讨植物与土壤微生物多样性对植被恢复的响应特征。结果表明:老芒麦作为建群种促进植被恢复过程,3年后植物群落物种数量相较对照增加了13种,而物种种类相较对照新增14种,川甘亚菊(Ajania potaninii)从群落中消失,总体表现为短命植物和对水分需求较高的植物种类增加,植物群落物种多样性增加;土壤中微生物群落和微生物数量季节性变化剧烈,在非生长季节后期(4月),土壤细菌含量相较对照组增加了1.2倍(0-15 cm)与1.8倍(15-30 cm),真菌含量相较对照组增加了0.5倍(0-15 cm)和5.1倍(15-30 cm),放线菌相较对照组增加了1.5(0-15 cm)倍和4倍(15-30 cm);土壤微生物多样性显著增加。种植老芒麦恢复高寒半湿润沙化脆弱生态系统,促进了植物群落物种多样性与土壤微生物群落多样性恢复,这将有助于高寒沙化生态系统恢复过程。     

Detection of microbial biomass by intact polar membrane lipid analysis in the water column and surface sediments of the Black Sea

The stratified water column of the Black Sea produces a vertical succession of redox zones, stimulating microbial activity at the interfaces. Our study of intact polar membrane lipids (IPLs) in suspended particulate matter and sediments highlights their potential as biomarkers for assessing the taxonomic composition of live microbial biomass. Intact polar membrane lipids in oxic waters above the chemocline represent contributions of bacterial and eukaryotic photosynthetic algae, while anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria and sulfate-reducing bacteria comprise a substantial amount of microbial biomass in deeper suboxic and anoxic layers. Intact polar membrane lipids such as betaine lipids and glycosidic ceramides suggest unspecified anaerobic bacteria in the anoxic zone. Distributions of polar head groups and core lipids show planktonic archaea below the oxic zone; methanotrophic archaea are only a minor fraction of archaeal biomass in the anoxic zone, contrasting previous observations based on the apolar derivatives of archaeal lipids. Sediments contain algal and bacterial IPLs from the water column, but transport to the sediment is selective; bacterial and archaeal IPLs are also produced within the sediments. Intact polar membrane lipid distributions in the Black Sea are stratified in accordance with geochemical profiles and provide information on vertical successions of major microbial groups contributing to suspended biomass. This study vastly extends our knowledge of the distribution of complex microbial lipids in the ocean.     

C:N:P stoichiometry in soil: is there a “Redfield ratio” for the microbial biomass?

Well-constrained carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus (C:N:P) ratios in planktonic biomass, and their importance in advancing our understanding of biological processes and nutrient cycling in marine ecosystems, has motivated ecologists to search for similar patterns in terrestrial ecosystems. Recent analyses indicate the existence of “Redfield-like” ratios in plants, and such data may provide insight into the nature of nutrient limitation in terrestrial ecosystems. We searched for analogous patterns in the soil and the soil microbial biomass by conducting a review of the literature. Although soil is characterized by high biological diversity, structural complexity and spatial heterogeneity, we found remarkably consistent C:N:P ratios in both total soil pools and the soil microbial biomass. Our analysis indicates that, similar to marine phytoplankton, element concentrations of individual phylogenetic groups within the soil microbial community may vary, but on average, atomic C:N:P ratios in both the soil (186:13:1) and the soil microbial biomass (60:7:1) are well-constrained at the global scale. We did see significant variation in soil and microbial element ratios between vegetation types (i.e., forest versus grassland), but in most cases, the similarities in soil and microbial element ratios among sites and across large scales were more apparent than the differences. Consistent microbial biomass element ratios, combined with data linking specific patterns of microbial element stoichiometry with direct evidence of microbial nutrient limitation, suggest that measuring the proportions of C, N and P in the microbial biomass may represent another useful tool for assessing nutrient limitation of ecosystem processes in terrestrial ecosystems.