Utilization of oligosaccharides by three pathogenic isolates of colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Summary Utilization of six oligosaccharides (viz., sucrose, maltose, cellobiose, lactose, raffinose and melezitose) by the isolates ofColletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. causing leaf-spot diseases ofCarissa carandas L.,Eucalyptus robusta Sm. andBougainvillaea glabra Choizy has been studied. Daily chromatographic analysis of the culture medium revealed that the utilization of sucrose, maltose, cellobiose and raffinose was through a hydrolytic pathway. In case of lactose and melezitose no hydrolytic product could be detected. During the utilization of sucrose two oligosaccharides (Rf 0.27 and 0.2) made their appearance. TheBougainvillaea-isolate synthesized two oligosaccharides (Rf 0.18 and 0.1) in a maltose medium although no glucose could be traced, while in case of the other two isolates, in addition to these synthetic oligosaccharides, glucose also appeared. When theCarissa-isolate ofColletotrichum gloeosporioides was grown on a cellobiose medium, in addition to glucose, two synthetic oligosaccharides (Rf 0.15 and 0.11) were formed. Other two isolates showed the formation of one oligosaccharide (Rf 0.15) and no glucose. The dry weight of mycelium recorded an increase on oligosaccharides with slow rate of consumption, while on oligosaccharides with rapid rate of utilization it tended to become constant or showed a decline towards the end of the incubation.     

Studies on imperfect fungi I. Impact of component stereo-isomers on the synthesis of oligosaccharides from sucrose by pathogenic fungi

Summary The impact of extraneously furnished D(+)-glucose and D(–)-fructose, on the synthesis of new oligosaccharides from sucrose solution byC. lycopersici andF. semitectum, is presented in the present paper. The results are significant, in that they show, that the behaviour of the organisms is determined by the shell-wrapped molecular memory enshrined in the nucleus of the cell; and the signal of optical rotatory power is interpreted by the operator-structural genes determining the configuration of the enzyme-fructosidase.     

Utilization of natural fucosylated oligosaccharides by three novel alpha-L-fucosidases from a probiotic Lactobacillus casei strain

Three putative α-L-fucosidases encoded in the Lactobacillus casei BL23 genome were cloned and purified. The proteins displayed different abilities to hydrolyze natural fucosyloligosaccharides like 2'-fucosyllactose, H antigen disaccharide, H antigen type II trisaccharide, and 3'-, 4'-, and 6'-fucosyl-GlcNAc. This indicated a possible role in the utilization of oligosaccharides present in human milk and intestinal mucosa.     

Utilization and polymerization of lignosulfonates by wood-rotting fungi

The susceptibility of lignosulfonates to the action of lignin-degrading wood-rotting fungi was studied by submitting commercial lignosulfonate (Peritan Na) and fractions of calcium lignosulfonate of different molecular weights to the action of selected white rot fungi. As shown by gel filtration chromatography and determinations according to the nitroso method, lignosulfonates, even in conditions which did not support fungal growth, underwent strong polymerization when brought in contact with typical, extracellular polyphenol oxidase-producing white-rot fungi. Owing to the polymerization, nitroso determinations showed a seeming decrease of lignosulfonate. Polyporus dichrous, an “atypical” white-rot fungus which does not produce extracellular polyphenol oxidase and hence does not cause polymerization of lignosulfonates, was found to degrade 11% of the lignosulfonate available in a solid malt extract medium during 19 days. Addition of lignosulfonate to a rich synthetic liquid growth medium increased the mycelial yield of several white-rot fungi. Trametes versicolor was able to grow on a calcium lignosulfonate fraction with molecular weight 1350 which served as sole source of carbon and energy, but not on fractions of higher molecular weight. The utilization/polymerization of lignosulfonates was shown to depend on concentration and on the presence of additional utilizable sources of carbon.     

SDE-GC-MS法分析三种虫生真菌菌丝中挥发性成分

采用同时蒸馏萃取-气相色谱质谱联用（SDE-GC-MS）的方法分析了蝉拟青霉、拟细羽束梗孢、根足被毛孢菌丝的挥发性成分,从中分别鉴定出44、28和19种化合物,它们主要为萜类化合物、芳香族化合物、醇类、烷烃类、酯类和醛类。成分比较发现,3种虫生真菌挥发性物质中有3种主要共有成分,分别为丁羟基甲苯、1-辛烯-3-醇、苯乙醛。除共有成分外,它们各自都有大量特有成分,其中蝉拟青霉主要有5-甲基-2-呋喃-乙酸酯、反式-2,4-癸二烯醛、长叶烯等;拟细羽束梗孢主要有5-羟基-2-癸烯酸-δ-内酯、2,4-二甲基-恶唑、苯酚、β-榄香烯等;根足被毛孢主要有3,4,5-三甲基-苯甲醛、1,3-二甲基-3,4,5,6-四氢化-2(1H)嘧啶、顺式-2-羟基-1-（羟甲基）-9-十八碳一烯酸乙酯。     

三种白腐真菌脱色噻嗪染料亚甲基蓝

本研究通过含亚甲基蓝染料的固体培养基,从19株白腐真菌菌株中分离获得3个脱色能力较强的菌株,其在平板上的脱色圈大小分别为7.5cm、6.8cm和5.5cm。鉴定其为：云芝栓孔菌Trametes versicolor（ZT-197）,绒毛栓孔菌Trametes pubescens（ZT-230）和亚黑管孔菌Bjerkandera fumosa（ZT-307）。其中,ZT-230对染料亚甲基蓝的脱色能力最强,可以将染料浓度为50mg/L的100mL液体培养基在6d之内100%脱色,而ZT-197和ZT-307在接种第10天时的脱色率为98%和80%。同时测定了3株白腐真菌在降解染料过程中的漆酶、锰过氧化物酶和木素过氧化物酶3种酶活力的规律：ZT-197和ZT-230均可分泌Lac和MnP两种酶,ZT-307只分泌LiP。本研究说明绒毛栓孔菌ZT-197在印染废水治理方面具有较好的应用前景。     

Utilization of fuel oils by fungi isolated from oceanic tar balls

Filamentous fungi were isolated from approximately half of 300 tar balls collected from the north Atlantic and the north Pacific Oceans. Forty-two isolates were tested for their ability to utilize no. 2 and no. 4 fuel oils as the sole carbon source at 2 different concentrations. Isolates of Aspergillus, Graphium, Humicola , Lophotrichus, Penicillium , and Tetracoccosporium were found that produced extensive growth.     

Production of hemicellulases by three fungi pathogenic to sugar cane

Three fungal pathogens, Ceratocystis paradoxa (CP), Cephalosporium sacchari (CS), and Marasmius sacchari (MS) were screened for the production of hemicellulose-degrading enzymes (hemicellulases) by induction on bagasse hemicellulose B, and on a commercial preparation of hemicellulose (crude xylan). All three pathogen initially grew poorly on hemicellulose B and “crude xylan” as carbon source. Profuse growth was induced, however, by using mixtures of hemicellulose B and sucrose in the culture media for CP and CS until the organisms were capable of growing on media containing only hemicellulose B. These isolates were classified as CS₁ and CP₁. Profuse growth occurred when CS and CP were grown on carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and also when these cultures were transferred to media containing only hemicellulose B. These isolates were classified as CS₂ and CP₂. When the above four isolates were grown on hemicellulose B as carbon source in submerged liquid culture, only CP₁ did not produce any extra-cellular hemicellulase(s), and CP₂ produced the highest yield of enzyme. CS₂ and CP₂ also produced extra-cellular CM-cellulase(s). The CP₂-culture isolate was selected for the study of conditions for the optimal production of extra-cellular hemicellulase(s). A preliminary study of the action of enzymes from CS and CP isolated on hemicellulose is reported.     

Biological pretreatment of softwood Pinus densiflora by three white rot fungi

The effects of biological pretreatment on the Japanese red pine Pinus densiflora, was evaluated after exposure to three white rot fungi Ceriporia lacerata, Stereum hirsutum, and Polyporus brumalis. Change in chemical composition, structural modification, and their susceptibility to enzymatic saccharification in the degraded wood were analyzed. Of the three white rot fungi tested, S. hirsutum selectively degraded the lignin of this sortwood rather than the holocellulose component. After eight weeks of pretreatment with S. hirsutum, total weight loss was 10.7%, while lignin loss was the highest at 14.52% among the tested samples. However, holocellulose loss was lower at 7.81% compared to those of C. lacerata and P. brumalis. Extracelluar enzymes from S. hirsutum showed higher activity of ligninase and lower activity of cellulase than those from other white rot fungi. Thus, total weight loss and changes in chemical composition of the Japanese red pine was well correlated with the enzyme activities related with lignin- and cellulose degradation in these fungi. Based on the data obtained from analysis of physical characterization of degraded wood by X-ray Diffractometry (XRD) and pore size distribution, S. hirsutum was considered as an effective potential fungus for biological pretreatment. In particular, the increase of available pore size of over 120 nm in pretreated wood powder with S. hirsutum made enzymes accessible for further enzymatic saccharification. When Japanese red pine chips treated with S. hirsutum were enzymatically saccharified using commercial enzymes (Cellulclast 1.5 L and Novozyme 188), sugar yield was greatly increased (21.01%) compared to non-pretreated control samples, indicating that white rot fungus S. hirsutum provides an effective process in increasing sugar yield from woody biomass.     

Structural and immunochemical analysis of three alpha-limit dextrin oligosaccharides

Complete structures are described for three urinary oligodextrins from one patient with type II and one patient with type III glycogen storage disease. GLC-MS, direct probe MS, and 1H NMR demonstrate two heptasaccharides and one hexasaccharide containing only alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 linkages. The observation that all three oligosaccharides were present in urine of both patients and the occurrence of alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 linkages in characteristic sequences indicates that the oligodextrins are limit dextrins derived from alpha-amylolytic degradation of glycogen. The binding affinities of the oligodextrins for a monoclonal antibody (401/6) raised against Glc alpha 1-6Glc alpha 1-4Glc alpha 1-4Glc, were determined by frontal analysis. The highest affinity was exhibited by Glc alpha 1-6Glc alpha 1-4Glc alpha 1-4Glc followed by the two heptasaccharides and the hexasaccharide. The results from quantitative affinity measurements agree with results of structural analysis by physical methods in that all oligodextrins containing the nonreducing terminal sequence, Glc alpha 1-6Glc alpha 1-4Glc . . . , are specifically bound by the antibody with similar affinities, but the affinity is somewhat higher for chains containing the tetrasaccharide sequence Glc alpha 1-6Glc alpha 1-4Glc alpha 1-4Glc at the nonreducing terminal. Utilization of affinity methods offers clear advantages for isolation and characterization of oligosaccharides with very similar structures.     

柞树林下菌根真菌对碳、氮营养的利用

研究了柞树林下菌根真菌对Ｃ、Ｎ营养的利用状况．结果表明,供试菌种对Ｃ源的利用较为广泛,葡萄糖、果糖为其最适碳源,平均生长量比对照高出４．４倍;供试菌种对有机氮的利用优于无机氮,平均生长量比无机氮源高出１．６倍,硝态无机氮源中平均生长量为对照的２．５倍,对铵态氮的利用较差,平均生长量仅为对照的２．２倍