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1.
Sandra Casellato 《Hydrobiologia》1996,334(1-3):103-114
The oligochaete community of the Chioggia Lagoon (southern basin of the Venetian Lagoon) has been studied from May 1992 to May 1994, at ten fixed sampling stations, distributed across the lagoon. Numerous data regarding composition, abundance, biomass and the breeding periods of the species in the community have been obtained. Nine tubificid species, recently reported for the Mediterranean and Ponto-Caspian areas have been collected. Among them only three were abundant everywhere, except in the innermost part of the lagoon, and throughout the year: Tubificoides vestibulatus, T. swirencowi and Limnodriloides maslinicensis. Only one enchytraeid genus, Grania, has been found restricted to an area near the connection with the sea. The values for the Shannon Diversity Index for the community never exceeded 0.8 and were mainly between 0.4 and 0.7. The most interesting result was the decrease of abundance and biomass, proceeding from the sea mouth (about 6000 ind m–2) towards the innermost part of the lagoon (less than 100 ind. m–2). Correlations are suggested with the different grain size of the sediment. 相似文献
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适时进行不同土壤耕作措施的合理组配,形成与种植制度相适应的旱作土壤轮耕技术体系,以解决长期单一耕作措施所带来的诸多问题,在国内外已备受广泛关注。为深刻理解中国农作区土壤轮耕模式及其生态效应研究进展,就土壤轮耕的概念、轮耕模式及其土壤与作物生态效应进行了详细的阐述;在总结现有研究的基础上,归纳总结了不同农作区土壤轮耕模式的类型、作业效果及其机械选择;科学评价不同轮耕模式下土壤与作物的生态效应;指出了目前土壤轮耕技术研究中所存在的问题,并提出相应的建议。针对我国区域农作制的合理轮耕周期研究比较困难,综合国内外土壤轮耕的研究进展,提出土壤轮耕模式及技术体系今后的重点研究方向:(1)结合各区域主流种植模式,研究轮耕与轮作相结合的轮耕模式;(2)不同区域轮耕周期的确定与完善;(3)从技术上解决轮耕导致的土壤质量下降和作物减产的问题;(4)轮耕对土壤供肥与作物吸肥的影响;(5)加强轮耕模式及体系的技术评价、技术推广与配套技术的研究。 相似文献
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耕作和养分管理方式对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田春季杂草群落的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
保护性耕作和杂草多样性是现代生态农业关注的热点问题.尽管保护性耕作下农田杂草多样性有所提高,但耕作方式与养分管理方式对农田杂草群落多样性的交互影响尚未探明.本研究以山东省济南市一块连续3年施行不同耕作方式(免耕、深松、旋耕、深耕)和不同养分管理措施(农户常规:年施氮肥480 kg·hm-2,高产高效:年施氮肥360 kg·hm-2,优化管理:年施氮肥300 kg·hm-2)的冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田为研究样地,调查并比较了不同管理模式下农田春季杂草群落特征.结果表明: 该冬小麦-夏玉米农田春季杂草群落共发现杂草15种,其中优势物种为马唐和稗;与深耕和旋耕相比,免耕和深松下杂草密度较高.在群落多样性方面,深耕处理下的物种丰富度和均匀度最低,而群落优势度高于其余3种耕作方式;在养分管理中,随着施肥量的增加,物种丰富度和均匀度均升高;深耕和旋耕处理下,随着施肥量的增加,群落优势度升高;而在免耕深松处理下,群落优势度会随着施肥量的增加而减少.在杂草群落生物量方面,免耕和深松的生物量显著高于深耕和旋耕,农户常规处理均高于其余两种养分管理方式,杂草生物量最高的组合是免耕+农户常规.免耕和施肥将提高农田春季杂草群落丰富度、均匀度和生产力. 相似文献
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ZHANG Xiao-yu LI Hong-ying CHEN Wei-ping ZHANG Lei SU Long FAN Jin-long CAO Ning 《生态学杂志》2014,33(11):3107
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Barry J. Mcmahon Gordon Purvis Helen Sheridan Gavin M. Siriwardena Andrew C. Parnell 《Ibis》2017,159(2):406-414
The statistical modelling of count data permeates the discipline of ecology. Such data often exhibit overdispersion compared with a standard Poisson distribution, so that the variance of the counts is greater than that of the mean. Whereas modelling to reveal the effects of explanatory variables on the mean is commonplace, overdispersion is generally regarded as a nuisance parameter to be accounted for and subsequently ignored. Instead, we propose a method that models the overdispersion as a biologically interesting property of a data set and show how novel inference is provided as a result. We adapted the double hierarchical generalized linear model approach to create an easily extendible model structure that quantifies the influence of explanatory variables on the overdispersion of count data, and apply it to farmland birds. These data were from a study within Irish agricultural ecosystems, in which total bird species abundance and the abundance of farmland indicator species were compared on dairy and non‐dairy farms in the winter and breeding seasons. In general, overdispersion in bird counts was greater on dairy farms than on non‐dairy farms, and for total bird numbers, overdispersion was greatest on dairy farms in winter. Our code is fitted using the Bayesian package Rstan, and we make all code and data available in a GitHub repository. Within a Bayesian framework, this approach facilitates a meaningful quantification of the effects of categorical explanatory variables on any response variable with a tendency to overdispersion that has a meaningful biological or ecological explanation. 相似文献
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There is growing evidence of restoration success for wetland plant communities. However, little research has been done on the associated invertebrate community. We test whether restoring plant communities after peat extraction is sufficient for restoring the taxonomic and functional composition of beetle communities. We monitored taxonomic and trait‐based community metrics for beetle assemblages on restoration islands that were up to 13 years old and compared these with the adjacent “target” undisturbed peat bog. Recovery of beetle abundance, species richness, and trophic structure on the islands was remarkably rapid (i.e. within a decade) and converged on that of the undisturbed peat bog within 13 years after restoration commenced. In contrast, small, native, and poor‐dispersing taxa were persistently less abundant on the islands than in the undisturbed peat bog, causing persistent differences in species composition, even on the oldest islands. These poor‐dispersers probably need assistance to reach the islands and possibly ongoing intervention to allow them to survive there. Our findings emphasize the potential for functional trait analysis to reveal barriers to full restoration of insect community composition. 相似文献
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Piet F. M. Verdonschot 《Hydrobiologia》1984,115(1):215-222
A synoptic study of the aquatic ecosystems in the Dutch province of Overijssel revealed the presence of 33 oligochaete taxa in the fendland area of N.W. Overijssel. The material was collected at 101 sampling sites in 1981. Oligochaetes were grouped by means of a normal and inverse cluster analysis. Although most oligochaetes are quite biquitous, differences in occurrence and abundance were observed and related to minor differences in environmental parameters. 相似文献
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兰科菌根的生态学研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
兰科植物(Orchidaceae)是典型的菌根植物,自然条件下其种子的成功萌发和生长的早期阶段对菌根真菌有绝对的依赖性,在有些成年兰科植物中菌根真菌仍起着重要的作用。目前大部分兰科植物已为濒危物种,鉴于兰科植物天然的菌根共生关系,开展兰科植物和菌根真菌互作的生态学研究不仅具有极高的科研价值,更有助于兰科植物的物种保护和野生种群的生态恢复。近年研究表明,兰科植物对真菌的选择和二者共生关系的建立与菌根真菌的空间分布和丰度密切相关,然而当前对自然环境中兰科菌根真菌的实际分布还了解甚少,因此文章从生态学角度系统分析兰科植物与菌根真菌的关系,探讨该领域的研究热点,旨在为兰科菌根的生态学研究提供参考。 相似文献
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- Every year, a vast number of wetlands are constructed to restore ecosystem function and biodiversity, thus counteracting massive historical losses by reclamation to farmland. However, our knowledge of the long-term effects on biodiversity, particularly of large systems such as lakes, is very limited.
- Our objective was to follow the development of macrophytes over 3–4 decades in 24 new, shallow, eutrophic lakes in order to test the hypotheses that: (1) species richness reaches a maximum after some years and then declines; and (2) species composition changes substantially from small early colonisers to taller, competitive later colonisers, which causes ongoing high β-diversity.
- A generalised linear mixed-effect model showed that species richness was related to lake size, phosphorus concentration and spatial setting, which are known to influence natural lakes as well. Moreover, species composition and richness were affected by lake age. Species colonised rapidly and richness peaked at an intermediate age and then declined.
- Temporal species turnover within lakes was high in three lake age groups of ≤10, 11–20 or >20 years since establishment, although lowest after 11–20 years. Species replacement tended to contribute most to β-diversity in the youngest lakes, whereas richness fluctuated in older lakes and appeared to contribute most to temporal turnover there.
- Early colonisers in ≤10-year-old lakes were commonly replaced by tall canopy-forming species in 11–20-year-old lakes, probably as a result of increasing competition for light and space over time. After 20 years, rootless Ceratophyllum submersum as well as species with floating and emergent leaves became dominant, potentially due to the gradual accumulation of more organic sediment difficult to root and grow in, along with gradually reduced light penetration in the water.
- Establishing new lakes for biodiversity remains a challenge because of the falling richness and continuous species turnover with lake age, but our results suggest that constructing large, nutrient-poor lakes in species-rich landscapes ensures the best prerequisites for obtaining diverse communities.
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Winda Ika Susanti Tamara Bartels Valentyna Krashevska Rahayu Widyastuti Louis Deharveng Stefan Scheu Anton Potapov 《Ecology and evolution》2021,11(15):10686
Rainforest conversion and expansion of plantations in tropical regions are associated with changes in animal communities and biodiversity decline. In soil, Collembola are one of the most numerous invertebrate groups that affect the functioning of microbial communities and support arthropod predators. Despite that, information on the impact of changes in land use in the tropics on species and trait composition of Collembola communities is very limited. We investigated the response of Collembola to the conversion of rainforest into rubber agroforestry (“jungle rubber”), rubber, and oil palm plantations in Jambi Province (Sumatra, Indonesia), a region which experienced one of the strongest recent deforestation globally. Collembola were sampled in 2013 and 2016 from the litter and soil layer using heat extraction, and environmental factors were measured (litter C/N ratio, pH, water content, composition of microbial community and predator abundance). In the litter layer, density and species richness in plantation systems were 25%–38% and 30%–40% lower, respectively, than in rainforest. However, in the soil layer, density, species richness, and trait diversity of Collembola were only slightly affected by land‐use change, contrasting the response of many other animal groups. Species and trait composition of Collembola communities in litter and soil differed between each of the land‐use systems. Water content and pH were identified as main factors related to the differences in species and trait composition in both litter and soil, followed by the density of micro‐ and macropredators. Dominant species of Collembola in rainforest and jungle rubber were characterized by small body size, absence of furca, and absence of intense pigmentation, while in plantations, larger species with long furca and diffuse or patterned pigmentation were more abundant. Overall, land‐use change negatively affected Collembola communities in the litter layer, but its impact was lower in the soil layer. Several pantropical genera of Collembola (i.e., Isotomiella, Pseudosinella, and Folsomides) dominated across land‐use systems, reflecting their high environmental adaptability and/or efficient dispersal, calling for studies on their ecology and genetic diversity. The decline in species richness and density of litter‐dwelling Collembola with the conversion of rainforest into plantation systems calls for management practices mitigating negative effects of the deterioration of the litter layer in rubber plantations, but even more in oil palm plantations. 相似文献
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Evolutionary processes such as adaptation, ecological filtering, and niche conservatism involve the interaction of organisms with their environment and are thus commonly studied along environmental gradients. Elevational gradients have become among the most studied environmental gradients to understand large-scale patterns of species richness and composition because they are highly replicated with different combinations of geographical, environmental and historical factors. We here review the literature on using elevational gradients to understand evolutionary processes in ferns. Some phylogenetic studies of individual fern clades have considered elevation in the analysis or interpretation and postulated that fern diversification is linked to the colonization of mountain habitats. Other studies that have linked elevational community composition and hence ecological filtering with phylogenetic community composition and morphological traits, usually only found limited phylogenetic signal. However, these studies are ultimately only correlational, and there are few actual tests of the evolutionary mechanisms leading to these patterns. We identify a number of challenges for improving our understanding of how evolutionary and ecological processes are linked to elevational richness patterns in ferns: i) limited information on traits and their ecological relevance, ii) uncertainties on the dispersal kernels of ferns and hence the delimitation of regional species pools from which local assemblages are recruited, iii) limited genomic data to identify candidate genes under selection and hence actually document adaptation and selection, and iv) conceptual challenges in developing clear and testable hypotheses to how specific evolutionary processes can be linked to patterns in community composition and species richness. 相似文献
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为了调查冬麦田和不同年龄生态补偿区甲虫群落结构和物种多样性,从2003年7到10月和2004年5到6月在瑞士农业区周围不同景观中进行了实地调查,并采用对应及典范对应分析方法,对冬麦田和1~4a不同年龄阶段的野花地中的甲虫群落结构及物种多样性进行了比较系统的研究。结果,共捕甲虫6009只,分别属于150种,25科,其中,麦田共计38种445个体,1~4a不同年龄的野花地中分别计46种,2760个体,81种,1325个体,73种,668个体,75种,811个体。根据食性,植食性种类有98种(65.33%),5189个体(86.35%)、肉食性种类有40种(26.67%),240个体(3.99%)、食菌性种类有10种(6.67%),578个体(9.62%)、食腐性种类有2种(1.33%),2个体(0.03%)。冬麦田中栖息的甲虫种类及其物种丰富度和多度与1~4a不同年龄阶段的野花地有明显差异。这主要由于冬麦田中植物种类多样性低和植被结构简单而导致的。在不同演替阶段野花地中甲虫群落物种的丰富度一般在1~3a型野花地之间有差异。1年型野花地具有比较典型的甲虫群落结构,不同演替阶段的野花地对甲虫群落的定居,扩散及其演替过程中具有非常重要的作用。对甲虫提供丰富的食物资源和栖息,繁殖场所。因此,人为在农业区建立生态补偿区,有利于提高无脊椎动物和昆虫多样性,对物种保护方面具有重要意义。 相似文献
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Piet F. M. Verdonschot 《Hydrobiologia》2006,564(1):127-142
The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) defines a framework for assessing water bodies in Europe in the future. The conditions
in the Directive impose a strong demand for “new” assessment systems. The AQEM project developed an assessment system for
European streams using macroinvertebrates. Almost 900 samples were taken in about 400 streams covering 29 stream types distributed
over eight countries. The role of the Oligochaeta within this European database was analysed. Almost half a million specimens
of oligochaetes were collected in 772 samples. Eight families, 41 genera and 69 species were recorded, although identification
emphasised the families Tubificidae and Naididae. Three countries identified oligochaetes to species level, most others restricted
their identifications to easy identifiable taxa. Numbers of specimens, species, genera and families differed strongly between
the countries due to method, although standardised, and taxonomic knowledge. About 50% of all collected oligochaete taxa had
assigned biological and ecological indicator values for metric calculation in the AQEM assessment system. A further refinement
of this indication list as well as increased coverage of oligochaete taxa was advised. Weighted averaging was used to evaluate
the relation between oligochaete distribution and ecological quality class. It was concluded that when higher taxonomic levels
are used in assessment, the quality evaluation results become biased. Furthermore, oligochaetes can tell us much more about
the ecological status of streams than is commonly assumed. Differences in ecological optima among Limnodrilus udekemianus, Ilyodrilus templetoni, Aulodrilus pluriseta, Nais communis, and Spirosperma ferox are shown. 相似文献
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Xiaoke Zhang Yong Jiang Lei Liang Xiaofan Zhao Qi Li 《Frontiers of Biology in China》2009,4(1):111-116
The effects of inorganic fertilizers on soil nematode communities were studied in a long-term fertilization experimental field
in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China, where no fertilizer (CK), N fertilizer (N), combined application of N and P (NP),
combined application of N and K (NK), and combined application of N, P and K (NPK) were compared. The results showed that
the total nematode abundance was not affected significantly by inorganic fertilizers in the long-term field experiment. The
numbers of bacterivores increased significantly in the NP treatment compared to the CK treatment, and those of fungivores
and plant-parasites were inhibited in the NPK treatment. The similarity between CK and NPK treatment and the nematode diversity
were higher than in other treatments. The stability of the soil ecosystem was disturbed by the inorganic fertilizers, as indicated
by the change in MI values under different treatments. The response of soil nematodes mainly depended on the types of inorganic
fertilizers applied. 相似文献