抗生素对老年住院患者肠菌群的影响

本文对３５例联合用广谱抗生素的老年住院患者发生腹泻后,进行了肠菌群分析,部分做了难辨梭菌的培养。结果表明,全部被检患者应用广谱抗生素后都发生腹泻,应用抗生素种类繁多,其中以氨苄加庆大或先锋加庆大最多。取患者新鲜便作肠菌群分析。８例曾进行纤维结肠镜检查,其中４例肠粘膜有小片状伪膜附着。在使用大量、多种抗生素后,最短在半天内,大多在２周内即发生腹泻,菌群中酵母菌没有显著差异,其它九种均明显低于正常。难辨梭菌的检出率为４０％。文章强调对老年住院患者使用广谱抗生素时应进行肠菌群的监测。     

老年顽固性肠道菌群失调诊治的体会

本文总结８例老年人并感染患者,用广谱抗生素治疗后,引起了严重的肠道菌群失调,即抗生素相关性肠炎。本文病例是相关性肠炎中最严重的一种———菌交替症,肠菌群被白色念珠菌、艰难梭菌、绿脓杆菌所代替,为一种严重医院内感染。８例老年患者均有严重的慢性病（心、脑...     

酪酸梭菌-双歧杆菌二联活菌制剂对慢性腹泻患者肠道菌群的影响

给慢性腹泻病人口服酪酸梭菌-双歧杆菌二联活菌制剂,然后检测患者服药前后的肠道菌群变化.患者服用药品后,葡萄球菌、酵母菌、消化球菌、真杆菌和小梭菌的数量无明显变化,肠杆菌、肠球菌的数量明显减少,拟杆菌、双歧杆菌、乳杆菌的数量明显增加,其中肠球菌、肠杆菌、拟杆菌和双歧杆菌的变化有显著性(P﹤0.05),提示酪酸梭菌-双歧杆菌二联活菌制剂对慢性腹泻病人的肠道菌群具有明显的影响、具有增殖拟杆菌、双歧杆菌和乳杆菌的作用.     

难辨梭菌性肠炎与肠菌群失调的关系

本文对11例难辨梭菌性肠炎(CDEC)患者的粪便进行10种肠道菌的定量分析,并与20例其他原因腹泻病人和22例健康成人的肠菌比较。结果表明CDEC病人的粪中大肠杆菌和双歧杆菌明显低于两对照组,其他菌类与对照组无明显差别,提示大肠杆菌和双歧杆菌的减少在CDEC发病中起重要作用。此外,我们对CDEC病人发病前所用抗生素作了统计分析,结果发现:使用较多的有庆大霉素、氨苄青霉素和先锋霉素     

厌氧菌对小儿腹泻致病作用的探讨

厌氧菌群是人体肠道菌群中的优势菌群。对机体的健康、营养、免疫及生物屏障(定植抗力)等方面发挥着重要作用。本文对儿童腹泻时,肠道厌氧菌群的变化做了较为细致的探讨。作者采用8种选择性培养基和1种非选择性培养基,应用形态学、常规生化反应、酶学反应、色谱分析及细菌分子生物学技术,对30名健康儿童和33例腹泻儿童的粪便菌群中肠杆菌、肠球菌、莆萄球菌及厌氧菌群中的拟杆菌、双歧杆菌、真杆菌、乳杆菌和难辨梭菌等8类细菌进行分离、培养、计数和鉴定。同时对12例腹泻患儿的十二指肠菌群也做了相应的研究。研究结果显示:健康儿童粪便菌群中8类菌活数范     

螺旋藻对腹泻模型小鼠肠道菌群的影响

为评价螺旋藻对肠道菌群的影响, 采用注射氨苄青霉素的方法, 制造小鼠腹泻模型, 造模成功后灌服不同剂量螺旋藻进行治疗, 取不同治疗时间的粪便样品, 检测双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、大肠杆菌、肠球菌、拟杆菌、产气荚膜梭菌菌群的数量,并在螺旋藻灌胃8 d后, 测定小鼠不同肠段各指标菌群的数量。结果表明, 中高剂量组螺旋藻对腹泻模型小鼠肠道菌群有明显调整作用, 有效缩短了肠道菌群由失调到平衡的时间;粪便样品同各肠段内容物所反映的菌群的变化趋势相同, 即治疗恢复组的双歧杆菌、乳杆菌数量总体上高于生理盐水组, 肠杆菌、肠球菌、拟杆菌、产气荚膜梭菌数量均低于生理盐水组, 但取样位置不同, 各指标菌群的数量明显存在差异。     

微生态制剂预防老年抗生素相关性腹泻的临床研究

目的 评价预防性应用微生态制剂(金双歧)在老年人抗生素相关性腹泻中的作用.方法 2010年5月至2013年2月应用抗生素的住院老年患者55例纳入观察对象,随机分为2组,预防组28例,给予微生态制剂双歧杆菌乳杆菌三联活菌片(金双歧)4片,3次/d,连续服用7～l0d;对照组27例,腹泻患者给予给予思密达3.76 g,3次/d.观察两组发生抗生素相关性腹泻情况,并进行肠道菌群分析.结果 预防组腹泻发生率、腹泻次数、腹泻持续时间与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组腹泻病例的大便培养及常规检查无异常,大便涂片检查出现细菌计数减少或大便杆球菌比失调;预防组粪检结果杆球比例倒置、细菌计数减少、真菌感染例数等与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 双歧杆菌乳杆菌三联活菌片(金双歧)可预防和减少老年人抗生素相关性腹泻的发生,减轻腹泻症状.     

腹泻老年人肠道厌氧菌群的微生态学研究

本文通过活菌定量培养计数法,动态观察了３０例腹泻老年人粪便中厌氧菌群的变化规律及其与致病微生物之间的生态关系。结果与老年健康组比较,肠道厌氧菌中双歧杆菌、拟杆菌、乳杆菌的数量非常显著减低（Ｐ＜０．０１）,而肠杆菌和葡萄球菌数量无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）,肠球菌数量非常显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）,Ｂ／Ｅ值非常显著性降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）,难辨梭菌数量非带显著性升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。说明老年人腹泻时,粪便中厌氧菌（除难辨梭菌外）,均明显减少,需氧或兼性厌氧菌数量相对增加,致肠菌群失调。但两组粪便中各厌氧菌种检出阳性率无显著性差别,说明老年人肠道内厌氧菌群中各菌种的定植有一定的稳定性。腹泻组共俭出六种肠道致病茵：福氏痢疾杆菌、致泻性大肠杆菌、空肠弯曲菌、副溶血弧菌、变形杆菌、白色念珠菌。急性细菌性腹泻较慢性腹泻肠菌群失调尤为严重。     

老年房颤患者肠道菌群变化及其影响因素

目的探讨老年房颤患者肠道菌群变化及影响菌群变化的相关因素。方法回顾性收集20例老年房颤患者作为房颤组,并选取性别、年龄与患者匹配的30例老年健康体检者作为对照组,分析两组对象肠道优势菌的特点。同时收集房颤组患者C反应蛋白(CRP)、总胆汁酸(TBA)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、B型纳尿肽(BNP)、左室射血分数数值(LVEF)等检测结果,分析上述因素与肠道优势菌群的关系。结果房颤组患者直肠真杆菌数量为(4.66±1.62)lg copies/g粪便,低于对照组的(6.10±1.44)lg copies/g粪便,差异有统计学意义(t=-3.286,P=0.002)。房颤组患者肠道普拉梭菌、肠球菌、类杆菌、乳杆菌、双歧杆菌、柔嫩梭菌、酪酸梭菌、Atopobium cluster(Ato)、肠杆菌数量及双歧杆菌/肠杆菌(B/E)值与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。在房颤组中,CRP升高患者肠道双歧杆菌数量和B/E值显著高于CRP正常患者,CRP升高与双歧杆菌数量呈正相关(r=0.651,P=0.002);Hcy升高患者肠道肠杆菌数量显著高于Hcy正常患者,Hcy升高与肠杆菌数量呈正相关(r=0.567,P=0.009)。BNP、TBA、LVEF与优势菌群无显著相关性。结论老年房颤患者存在肠道菌群失调。CRP、Hcy和老年房颤患者肠道菌群具有一定的相关性。     

双歧杆菌活菌制剂治疗烧伤腹泻的临床观察与分析

本研究采用双歧杆菌活菌制剂治疗烧伤后腹泻病人２６例,发现腹泻时患者肠道菌群发生明显变化：总菌量下降,厌氧菌中的双歧杆菌、类杆菌的数量明显减少,念珠菌的数量明显升高,厌氧菌与需氧菌比例下降,发生菌群失调。喂服双歧杆菌活菌制剂后,双歧杆菌数量增加,需氧、厌氧菌比例下降,患者失调的肠道菌群趋向正常,腹泻停止。双歧杆菌的服用重建了肠道菌群微生态平衡,达到治疗腹泻的目的     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism