中药抗厌氧菌的系列研究：Ⅲ.大黄抗厌氧菌的实验研究

本研究进一步用大黄水煎液,大黄醇提物和大黄蒽醌衍生物(芦荟大黄素、大黄酸和大黄素),对临床分离的100株厌氧菌进行MIC测定,并对部分菌株进行MBC测定和亚抑菌浓度(Sub-MIC)下细菌形态观察。结果表明,大黄水煎液在1600μg/ml浓度时能抑制74％厌氧菌生长,大黄醇提物的MIC约为水煎液的1/15。三种蒽醌衍生物在8μg/ml时能抑制76～91％厌氧菌生长,这与国际公认的抗厌氧菌药甲硝唑相近。对部分菌株的MBC测定表明,大黄的MBC要大于MIC几倍以上,说明大黄抗厌氧菌主要是抑菌不是杀菌。从Sub-MIC下厌氧菌形态改变提示,大黄主要是抑制细胞壁的合成。     

5种常见中草药的抑菌性研究

采用平板打孔法对五倍子、金银花、大青叶、穿心莲、蒲公英这5种常见中草药进行抑菌试验,并测定其MIC(最低抑菌浓度)及抑菌时间。研究结果表明:5种中草药提取液对Bacillussubtilis抑菌效果普遍较好,五倍子、金银花、大青叶对Escherichiacoli抑菌效果较好;五倍子提取液药效时间较长,而其他中草药抑菌时间较短。     

水产动物常见病原菌的耐药性分析及中草药体外抑菌活性的检测

目的了解安徽省水产动物常见病原菌的耐药现状和耐药机制,探讨27种单味中草药和5个中草药复方配伍对耐药菌株的体外抑菌活性。方法分别采用K-B纸片琼脂扩散法和双纸片增效法检测常见病原菌的耐药性和ESBLs,同时使用平板打孔法和改良微量稀释法检测中草药的体外抑菌活性。结果4种常见病原菌的23个分离株对常用的5类抗生素均呈现不同程度的耐药性,其中铜绿假单胞菌的耐药谱最广,对14种抗生素的耐药率均为100%。供试菌中仅检出2株铜绿假单胞菌为产ESBLs株,检出率为8.69%。黄连、大黄、金银花、夏枯草、地锦草、丹皮、马齿苋和连翘8种中草药对供试耐药株均有较强的抑制活性,其中黄连、大黄和金银花的抑菌活性尤为明显,其MIC值分别介于1.96~125 g/L、7.84~125 g/L和15.68~250 g/L。5个复方配伍中以复方5的配伍效果最好,其MIC值为1.96~15.68 g/L,抑菌活性显著优于单味药;其次是复方1和复方3,其MIC值为1.96~62.72 g/L;复方2和复方4的配伍效果差,其MIC值为31.36~125 g/L。结论4种23株常见病原菌均为耐药菌株,产生ESBLs是铜绿假单胞菌高度多重耐药的主要机制之一。黄连、大黄、金银花和复方5配伍对常见病原菌耐药株具有良好的抑菌活性。     

八种中草药抑菌试验报告

笔者采用药物平板稀释法对常州地区八种中草药进行抑菌试验,并测定其ＭＩＣ（最低抑菌浓度）,结果显示：一年蓬、小飞蓬、三叶鬼针草、朝天委陵菜、艹律草、羊蹄等有较强抑菌作用,提示可作为对革兰阳性菌和革兰阴性菌的抗菌中草药。     

抗厌氧菌中草药的系列研究：Ⅱ.桂皮醛抗厌氧菌的实验研究

为探索肉桂在防治厌氧菌感染应用于临床的可能性,作者进一步用122株厌氧菌检测肉桂的抗菌活性。肉桂起抗菌作用的主要成分是桂皮醛。本文用商品桂皮醛,加吐温80助溶,配成含桂皮醛512μg/ml、256μg/ml 等一系列培养液,进行试管法测定 MIC、MBC。结果 MIC 在128μg/ml 以下者占所试菌株的76%,在256μg/ml 以下占96.7%。脆弱类杆菌、产黑素类杆菌相对更敏感。MBC 一般显著高于 MIC,因此桂皮醛主要是抑菌作用。从细菌的形态学观察,推论桂皮醛主要是作用细菌的胞壁,鉴于桂皮醛有一定毒性,作者建议可作为局部抗厌氧菌药物。     

20种中药提取物对牙龈卟啉单胞菌抑制作用的体外研究

目的筛选评价20种中药提取物对牙龈卟啉单胞菌抑制作用。方法选择20种有较强抑菌作用及清热解毒作用的中药提取物,采用杯碟法进行体外抑菌试验,比较各中药对牙龈卟啉单胞菌的抑菌环直径和最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果水煎剂中黄连、乌梅、五味子、五倍子和黄芩的MIC为0.0488~1.5625mg/mL。油剂中丁香油、香薷油的MIC为0.3906~1.5625mg/mL。结论本实验选择的20种中药提取物中香薷油、黄连、乌梅、五味子、五倍子和黄芩的抑菌敏感度最高。     

23种中草药的体外抗菌活性筛选研究

为考察中草药抗菌物质基础筛选出活性提取物,该研究通过80%乙醇冷浸和95%乙醇回流提取制备23种中草药的提取物,采用琼脂扩散法测量抑菌圈直径,用微量液体培养基倍比稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration,MBC/MFC),并测定了提取物对临床4种常见病原菌体外抗菌活性。结果表明:紫珠草、千斤拔、黄龙尾等9种中草药对金黄色葡萄球菌有较强的抑菌活性,其MIC/MBC值除个别菌是12.5 mg·mL~(-1)外,其他都在0.09～3.12 mg·mL~(-1)之间;千斤拔、大红袍、过江龙等5种中草药对铜绿假单胞菌有较强抑菌活性,其MIC/MBC值在3.12～12.5 mg·mL~(-1)之间;紫珠草、千里光、石楠等13种中草药对大肠埃希菌有较强的抑菌活性,其MIC/MBC值在0.09～6.25 mg·mL~(-1)之间;八角对白色念珠菌有较强抑菌活性,其MIC/MFC值在0.78～12.5 mg·mL~(-1)之间。23种中草药的抗细菌活性较好,尤其是千斤拔、大红袍、过江龙、八角、黄药子对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌都具有较好的抑菌活性,具有广谱抗菌活性;但对真菌抑菌效果不明显,仅有八角对白色念珠菌有抑菌活性。此外,提取溶剂浓度、提取温度和提取时间对中草药的提取率和活性均有影响,冷提稍优于热提。     

一次性厌氧菌培养平板的制作与应用

用一次性厌氧菌培养平板,对１０属１７种６７株厌氧菌和３０份临床标本进行培养,同时用厌氧手套箱及厌氧罐作对照培养,其培养效果与厌氧手套箱一致,优于厌氧罐,且用一次性厌氧菌培养平板进行培养具有操作简便,宜于推广应用等特点。     

芦荟对感染根管内厌氧菌抑菌作用的体外研究

目的:研究中药芦荟对根管内感染的5种厌氧菌的体外抑菌作用。方法:取感染根管内的常见优势菌:牙髓卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonas endodontalis,P.e)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli,E.coli)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus,S.a)、链球菌(Streptococcus)及中间普雷沃菌(Pseudomonas,P.i)的菌株,采用试管二倍稀释法,检测不同浓度芦荟制剂对上述菌株的抑菌效果。设空白对照组,阳性对照组为常规使用的根管治疗的封闭材料—氢氧化钙。采用纸片扩散法检测芦荟制剂的抑菌环大小。结果:不同浓度芦荟制剂均能明显抑制5种实验菌株生长,5种菌株的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)与最低杀菌浓度(MBC)不同,芦荟制剂对上述5种细菌在实验浓度范围内与氢氧化钙抑菌效果无显著差异;甲基红染色发现,不同MIC浓度的芦荟制剂使大肠杆菌变为淡红色,而使其他4种菌株均呈黄色;不同MIC浓度的芦荟制剂使5种菌株均产生抑菌环。结论:芦荟制剂抑菌效果较明显,可能作为根管内封药物的候选药物。     

禽源致病性大肠埃希菌的耐药性与中草药有效成分的抑菌活性测定

以28株合肥地区禽源致病性大肠埃希菌为实验材料,采用K-B纸片琼脂扩散法检测禽源致病性大肠埃希菌的耐药情况。同时采用平板打孔法测定盐酸小檗碱、绿原酸、靛玉红和丹参酮ⅡA 4种中草药有效成分的抑菌活性。结果表明,28株禽源致病性大肠埃希菌对17种抗菌药物均呈现不同程度的耐药性,对β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、四环素类和喹诺酮类抗菌药物的耐药率分别介于0%～92.86%、14.29%～50.00%、78.57%～100%和57.14%～71.43%。中草药有效成分盐酸小檗碱和丹参酮ⅡA对大肠埃希菌具有较好的抑制活性,抑菌率分别为92.86%（26/28）和89.29%（25/28）。     

中草药对消化道微生物的影响

中草药在我国使用的历史悠久,具有防病保键的作用。其绝大多数经口服在消化道内代谢吸收,当中草药进入消化道后势必接触到消化道微生物,影响消化道微生物区系,从而影响动物的生理健康状况。本文简要的概述了中草药进入消化道后对消化道微生物产生的影响。     

In vitro Activity of Gatifloxacin Against 238 Strains of Anaerobic Bacteria

The activity of gatifloxacin, a new 8-methoxy-fluoroquinolone, was tested against 208 pulmonary pathogens and against an additional 30 isolates of the Bacteroides fragilis group. Pulmonary isolates were from patients with documented anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections and were obtained by appropriate sampling methods. MICs were determined using the NCCLS-approved Wadsworth brucella laked blood agar method and compared to those of clindamycin, imipenem, metronidazole and trovafloxacin. Breakpoints used to define susceptible and [resistant] categories were (in μg/ml): Clindamycin-2, imipenem-4, metronidazole 8 and trovafloxacin. No breakpoint has been defined for gatifloxacin. Gatifloxacin inhibited 99% of all anaerobes tested at 4 μg/ml and 97% of all strains at 2 μg/ml. One strain of B. fragilis was resistant to gatifloxacin at 4 μg/ml; all strains of other B. fragilis group species were susceptible. One strain of Peptostreptococcus sp. was resistant to both gatifloxacin and trovafloxacin (MIC >4 μg/ml). All other strains were susceptible to all agents at ≤μg/ml. All of the non-sporeforming Gram-positive rods were susceptible to gatifloxacin at ≤μg/ml (three strains had an MIC of 4 μg/ml). Trovafloxacin had MICs of 4 μg/ml for two strains, and an MIC of 8 μg/ml for one strain. Five percent of B. fragilis, 21% of other B. fragilis group species and 20% of Clostridium species (other than C. difficile, C. perfringens or C. ramosum) were resistant to clindamycin. No imipenem resistant isolates were found in this study. Gatifloxacin appears to have excellentin vitro activity against pulmonary isolates of anaerobes and very good activity against strains of the B. fragilis group.     

Comparison of the Activity of Meropenem and Imipenem Against Anaerobic Bacteria in Bulgaria

The in vitro activities of meropenem and imipenem were compared against 154 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria representing 23 species of 10 genera. The NCCLS-recommended agar dilution method with Brucella agar from the Wadsworth Anaerobic Laboratory was used. Meropenem proved to be more active than imipenem with an MIC range of ≤0.125–4 μg/mL, MIC₅₀=0.25 μg/mL, MIC₉₀=1 μg/mL with 100% of strains susceptible at the breakpoint=4 μg/mL. Imipenem showed a lower activity with an MIC range of ≤0.125 to 16 μg/mL, MIC₅₀of 2 μg/mL and MIC₉₀of 4 μg/mL with 10% of the strains not inhibited at this concentration. Ninety-six per cent were susceptible at 8 μg/mL and 100% at 16 μg/mL. The MIC of both antibiotics (especially of imipenem) were higher for the Bacteroides fragilis group than for the rest of the Gram-negative organism higher still than the Gram-positive anaerobes.     

In vitro Activity of Moxifloxacin Against 179 Strains of Anaerobic Bacteria Found in Pulmonary Infections

The activity of moxifloxacin (BAY 12-8039), a new 8-methoxyquinolone, was determined using the NCCLS-approved Wadsworth brucella laked blood agar method and compared to the activities of metronidazole, penicillin G, piperacillin/tazobactam and trovafloxacin. Breakpoints used to define susceptible and resistant categories were, respectively: ≤ 8 and ≥ 32 μg/mL for metronidazole, ≤ 2 and ≥ 8 μg/mL for moxifloxacin and trovafloxacin, ≤ 0.5 and ≥ 2 μg/mL for penicillin G and ≤ 32 and ≥128 μg/mL for piperacillin/tazobactam. A total of 179 anaerobic isolates from pulmonary infections were tested. Piperacillin/tazobactam was the most active antimicrobial, inhibiting 99% of strains at the susceptible breakpoint. Ninety-seven percent of these isolates were susceptible to moxifloxacin; 96% to trovafloxacin, 89% to metronidazole and 43% to penicillin G. Geometric mean moxifloxacin MIC values forBacteroides fragilis and the B. fragilis group were 0.5 and 0.8 μg/mL, respectively. Eighty-eight percent of B. fragilis and 100% of other B. fragilis group species were susceptible to both moxifloxacin and trovafloxacin. All of the strains of B. fragilis and most of the other B. fragilis group species were resistant to penicillin G. At least 99% of other Bacteroides species, Prevotella, and Fusobacterium strains were susceptible to moxifloxacin, metronidazole, piperacillin/tazobactam and trovafloxacin (88% were susceptible to trovafloxacin at 2 μg/mL and all were susceptible at 4 μg/mL). The strains of Clostridium difficile andClostridium ramosum found in these specimens were both resistant to penicillin G but susceptible to the other agents. All strains of Peptostreptococcus species were susceptible to all of the agents except penicillin G. Activities of the agents against non-spore-forming Gram-positive rods at the intermediate breakpoint were, respectively, moxifloxacin-100%, metronidazole-49%, penicillin G-86%, piperacillin/tazobactam-100%, and trovafloxacin-97%. The promising in vitro activity of moxifloxacin against anaerobic pulmonary isolates warrants further investigation, including clinical correlation studies.     

Broad Distribution of Diverse Anaerobic Ammonium-Oxidizing Bacteria in Chinese Agricultural Soils

Anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox) bacteria have been detected in many marine and freshwater ecosystems. However, little is known about the distribution, diversity, and abundance of anammox bacteria in terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, anammox bacteria were found to be present in various agricultural soils collected from 32 different locations in China. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA genes showed “Candidatus Brocadia,” “Candidatus Kuenenia,” “Candidatus Anammoxoglobus,” and “Candidatus Jettenia” in the collected soils, with “Candidatus Brocadia” being the dominant genus. Quantitative PCR showed that the abundance of anammox bacteria ranged from 6.38 × 10⁴ ± 0.42 × 10⁴ to 3.69 × 10⁶ ± 0.25 × 10⁶ copies per gram of dry weight. Different levels of diversity, composition, and abundance of the anammox bacterial communities were observed, and redundancy analysis indicated that the soil organic content and the distribution of anammox communities were correlated in the soils examined. Furthermore, Pearson correlation analysis showed that the diversity of the anammox bacteria was positively correlated with the soil ammonium content and the organic content, while the anammox bacterial abundance was positively correlated with the soil ammonium content. These results demonstrate the broad distribution of diverse anammox bacteria and its correlation with the soil environmental conditions within an extensive range of Chinese agricultural soils.     

Antibiotic Production by Anaerobic Bacteria

Soils from aerobic and anaerobic sources were investigated for the possible presence of bacteria which produce antibiotics under anaerobic conditions of growth. The screening techniques devised for this study yielded 157 soil bacteria which, during anaerobic growth, produced antibiotic activity against aerobic test bacteria.

Studies on choice of media, presence of oxygen, and changes in antibiotic activity during growth indicated that representative strains of these bacteria produced mixtures of antibiotics. The activity was heat labile.