基于手机健身数据的城市街道健康服务功能研究

城市街道是城市空间的基本单元,承载着多元的城市生活。本研究基于手机APP共享的健身数据,以街道线性体育活动为研究对象,从健康视角认知街道空间属性和特征。运用VGI-GIS的方法,在信息矢量化和可视化的基础上,从时间和空间2个维度,对城市街道的健康服务功能进行描述。基于运动热点空间的分布格局,研究在空间集聚、建成环境和人群收入3个层面上进行分析。结果表明,街道的空间连续性对健身活动有促进作用,大型公园和高校对健身活动有巨大的吸引力,公交站点对健身活动有多方面的影响,不同收入阶层健身活动差异明显。多元化的热点空间模式为提升街道的健康性提供了因地制宜的可能性。以健康为导向的城市设计探索采用临时封闭街道,在商业和办公区域周边增设户外体育设施等措施,提升街道的健康服务功能。     

皖南地区农村全民健身活动开展现状及对策研究

利用了文献资料、问卷调查、数理统计和逻辑分析等研究方法,对皖南地区农村全民健身活动开展的现状进行调查研究。通过对皖南地区农村居民对于全民健身的认知情况、现有体育设施使用的情况、皖南地区农村村委会组织活动及体育指导员情况等方面进行分析,结果显示:皖南地区农村居民全民健身的整体意识尚未形成;公共体育设施缺乏,维护保养不到位;全民健身活动的组织化程度低和缺乏社会指导员。并针对以上结果,提出以下对策:加大宣传力度,提高皖南地区农村居民参与全民健身的意识;加大全民健身活动场地设施建设及维护力度;村委会做好带头作用,积极开展特色全民健身活动和加大对社会指导员培训的力度,以期为皖南地区农村全民健身活动的开展提供一些可行性意见和建议。     

大学校园记忆的开放空间建构浅论

通过梳理大学校园历史发展脉络,认为校园开放空间是个体记忆和集体记忆的物质载体。通过记忆机制存在的校园开放空间对构建师生身份认知,塑造场所精神、延续历史文脉、构建校园文化有着重要的意义。校园的开放空间营造可分为“场所营造”和“特征营造”两大内容,分别对应校园的物质和精神层面。在分析校园记忆特征的基础上,认为校园记忆具有可建构性,从而提出校园记忆的开放空间建构的5对基本要素—“事件”与“叙事”,“身体”与“运动”,“交流”与“知识”,“场域”与“景物”,“纪念物”与“符号”。     

大学生健身活动与心理健康训练初探

良好的心理素质是参与社会竞争的基础。面对愈演愈烈的社会竞争,当今的大学生如果没有过硬的心理素质,就会逐渐被淘汰。所以用积极健康的心态去面对社会上的各种压力和困难,是社会生存的关键法则。健身活动是通过身体运动,在提高身体素质的同时塑造心理品质。由此看来,健身活动就成为现阶段一种良好的调节身心的办法,大学生可以在健身的过程中充分调整自身的学习与工作状态,将自身从长时间处于学习工作的紧张气氛中缓解出来,也可以在以后的工作中多多进行心理训练。健身活动对于心理健康具有一定的影响和推动作用,健身活动能够推进大学生的心理健康,相反心理健康也将一些有利因素带入到健身活动中去。     

河北省城市老年健身公共服务体系研究

城市老年健身公共服务体系的建立和完善,是提高城市老年人健身水平的重要举措。本文运用文献资料法、问卷调查法、逻辑分析法等研究方法,调查分析了目前河北省老年健身活动的现状,并根据现状提出了发展对策和建议,为河北省老年健身公共服务体系的构建提供了良好的理论依据。     

体育活动、体质与健康:全民健身与健康促进10年回顾

进入21世纪,缺乏身体活动已成为全球范围死亡的第四位危险因素。本文在阐述身体活动促进身体健康研究历史基础上,总结了近10年来世界卫生组织、世界发达国家、发展中国家有关推进国民参加体育活动政策,重点介绍了中国居民参加体育活动状况、国民体质状况与运动健身科学指导等方面的研究成果,介绍了国外运动健康促进领域的最新研究进展。     

提升安全感的大学校园景观研究及规划设计策略探析

随着大学校园犯罪行为的频发,如何通过大学校园功能、空间和景观的规划及设计提升校园安全感已经成为重要而迫切的研究课题。过去的理论及实证研究证明,此类规划设计能通过影响使用者对大学校园的感知,起到提升校园安全感及抑制犯罪和不良行为的作用。基于安全感的相关理论和国内外对安全感的影响因素研究,继而提出从校园区位规划、空间规划设计、植物景观设计、针对女性低安全感的规划设计和安全管理措施等多个方面提升安全感的规划设计策略。     

邻里交往空间实践探索—亲子成长与运动活力视角下的社区公园

现代城市高密度社区中出现了邻里关系淡漠、社区精神缺乏等一系列社会问题,社区公园的营造是缓解现代都市病,创造美好社区的有效途径。本文以现代城市社区环境中所缺失的重要环节“邻里交往空间”为核心关注点,从亲子活动与运动健身活动这2个方面探讨了社区环境促进邻里交往的空间特征及设计策略;通过重庆市南岸区金辉社区儿童公园、运动公园景观设计实践,重点探讨了各年龄段人的行为特征、邻里交往的互动关系、多元集合式的邻里交往空间、邻里空间的归属感等。通过社区公园的营建,维系邻里情感关系和交往关系,这也是满足社区居民人文精神需求最直接、有效的方式;社区空间的内核在于使用者如何轻松地回归到邻里的交往氛围中。本研究倡导现代住区景观设计应向积极的邻里交往方向发展转变,并为这一转变的达成提供一定有效途径的思考。     

城市绿色空间生态服务功能研究进展

阐述了城市绿色空间和生态服务功能的概念和内涵,对国内外城市绿色空间生态服务功能的研究进展进行了综述,国外研究主要集中在绿色空间改善城市环境质量、维持生物多样性、提供休闲娱乐和生态系统管理等方面;国内主要集中在绿色空间结构与功能、城市绿量与绿当量、评价指标体系、服务价值评估及CITYgreen模型应用等方面,城市绿色空间也有负面效应,如释放有害物质等,最后提出了城市绿色空间服务功能研究的不足与展望。     

京津冀国土空间服务分布特征研究

科学合理地诊断国土空间服务是实现京津冀国土空间资源合理利用与管理以及人类福祉可持续发展的基础。基于专家经验法建立了土地利用类型单位面积国土空间服务相对当量表, 在此基础上定量化绘制了京津冀国土空间服务供给现状图, 并利用GIS 密度分析、叠加分析等工具对其空间分布特征进行了研究。结果显示, 京津冀北部燕山和太行山地区、坝上草原和冀西北山区所提供的服务类型主要是以生态调节服务和生境服务为主; 冀中南平原区城市外区域主要提供生物质生产服务、能源矿产储藏服务、景观文化服务; 而平原区城市区域则主要提供住行与公共场所服务、生产场所承载服务。     

A fitness screening model for increasing fitness assessment and research experiences in undergraduate exercise science students

When students analyze and present original data they have collected, and hence have a cultivated sense of curiosity about the data, student learning is enhanced. It is often difficult to provide students an opportunity to practice their skills, use their knowledge, and gain research experiences during a typical course laboratory. This article describes a model of an out-of-classroom experience during which undergraduate exercise science students provide a free health and fitness screening to the campus community. Although some evidence of the effectiveness of this experience is presented, this is not a detailed evaluation of either the service or learning benefits of the fitness screening. Working in small learning groups in the classroom, students develop hypotheses about the health and fitness of the population to be screened. Then, as part of the health and fitness screening, participants are evaluated for muscular strength, aerobic fitness, body composition, blood pressure, physical activity, and blood cholesterol levels. Students then analyze the data collected during the screening, accept or reject their hypotheses based on statistical analyses of the data, and make in-class presentations of their findings. This learning experience has been used successfully to illustrate the levels of obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and lack of physical fitness in the campus community as well as provide an opportunity for students to use statistical procedures to analyze data. It has also provided students with an opportunity to practice fitness assessment and interpersonal skills that will enhance their future careers.     

Cultivating scientific literacy and a sense of place through course‐based urban ecology research

Undergraduate research experiences have been shown to increase engagement, improve learning outcomes, and enhance career development for students in ecology. However, these opportunities may not be accessible to all students, and incorporating inquiry‐based research directly into undergraduate curricula may help overcome barriers to participation and improve representation and inclusion in the discipline. The shift to online instruction during the COVID‐19 pandemic has imposed even greater challenges for providing students with authentic research experiences, but the pandemic may also provide a unique opportunity for creative projects conducted remotely. In this paper, I describe a course‐based undergraduate research experience (CURE) designed for an upper‐level ecology course at California State University, Dominguez Hills during remote learning. The primary focus of student‐led research activities was to explore the potential impacts of the depopulation of campus during the pandemic on urban coyotes (Canis latrans), for which there were increased sightings reported during this time. Students conducted two research studies, including an evaluation of urban wildlife activity, behavior, and diversity using camera traps installed throughout campus and analysis of coyote diet using data from scat dissections. Students used the data they generated and information from literature reviews, class discussions, and meetings with experts to develop a coyote monitoring and management plan for our campus and create posters to educate the public. Using the campus as a living laboratory, I aimed to engage students in meaningful research while cultivating a sense of place, despite being online. Students’ research outcomes and responses to pre‐ and post‐course surveys highlight the benefits of projects that are anchored in place‐based education and emphasize the importance of ecological research for solving real‐world problems. CUREs focused on local urban ecosystems may be a powerful way for instructors to activate ecological knowledge and capitalize on the cultural strengths of students at urban universities.     

城市绿地与居民健康福祉相关性研究进展——基于生态系统服务供需匹配视角

城市绿地耦合了生态系统服务与人类福祉,兼顾公平与效率的城市绿地空间格局,是提升人居环境和改善民生的重要途径。在厘清相关概念内涵的基础上,基于Citespace软件对城市绿地生态系统服务与健康福祉及其相近概念进行关键词共现图谱与聚类分析,可以发现：研究集聚性强、各集群下研究领域重叠度高,研究尺度逐渐精细化,城市绿地与建成环境、休闲性体力活动与健康空间分异成为近几年研究热点。从供给侧：城市绿地绿地生态系统服务类型以及其估与测度方法,需求侧：居民健康福祉需求测度方法及时空表达,供需匹配：城市绿地生态系统服务供需匹配方法与空间公平,提升与调控：城市绿地时空结构优化与高效服务4个方面系统地综述了绿地生态系统服务与居民健康相关性研究,并指出目前城市绿地生态系统服务供需研究在研究内容、研究逻辑、研究方法及研究结果等方面还需进一步深化与提升。未来研究应重点关注城市绿地生态系统服务空间特征关系与居民健康需求层级的供需匹配程度,通过耦合新数据环境下精细化、规范性居民健康时空行为空间研究,总结供需平衡状态下多维度城市绿地高效服务的空间形态、功能结构与要素组织,并将其应用到城市绿地空间格局研究与绿地系统规划实践中,拓展人居环境优化提质的理论与方法。     

城市居住区多功能绿地景观的景感生态学效应

作为居住区绿地景观重要的组成要素,公共活动空间是居民最为频繁使用的空间,对提高绿地生态系统文化服务,改善人居环境与提高居民健康具有重要意义。基于居民休闲娱乐文化感知,探讨居住区绿地公共活动空间的景感生态学效应,揭示多功能绿地景观对生态系统文化服务和景感营造的影响,可为居住区绿地的景观规划与设计提供重要的参考依据。以郑州市26个居住小区80个公共活动空间为研究对象,结合景感生态学理念,基于小区绿地公共活动空间的景感特征（植被覆盖、基础设施、遮荫率、管理水平、公共活动空间面积与类型）以及内部居民休闲娱乐文化活动特征的调查分析,探讨了城市居住区绿地公共活动空间的景感效应对绿地生态系统文化服务的影响。结果表明：（1）小区绿地不同类型公共活动空间提供的景感效应存在显著差异,水体的自然属性使其景感效应更丰富,文化服务价值最高。（2）小区绿地公共活动空间面积越大,居民的心理感知越强,景感体验越丰富,文化服务价值越高,增加公共活动空间面积是构建多功能绿地景观的直接通道。（3）公共活动空间的植被覆盖营造的视感与遮荫率营造的风感生态学效应较为显著,而基础设施的触感与清洁度的视感并未存在显著影响。（4）结合小区社会经济数据的多元回归分析结果表明,由公共活动空间面积营造的多样化景感对居民活动量的贡献最大,其次为公共活动空间的类型与小区户数。运用景感生态学理论和景感营造原则,在有限的空间内通过景观设计实现了景感载体化,改善和增加了绿地生态系统服务,能够缓解城市绿地的不公平性。未来城市居住区特别是高密度居住区应尽可能设置大面积的具有多功能特征的公共活动空间,而低密度居住区在绿地面积充足的前提下,可设置大面积自然水体和增设多类型的公共活动空间,以提高景感效应。     

基于公众参与地理信息系统的广州大学城环境安全感评价研究

现有基于地点的校园环境安全研究主要以客观的案件数据为研究对象,未能揭示学生安全感与特定地点环境因素的内在联系。利用Maptionnaire问卷平台,以广州大学城为例,通过公众参与地理信息系统分析学生对校园交通、事故和人身财产方面的环境安全感评价及其空间分布。研究发现学生整体安全感评价较低,评价低的地点集中在高校周边公园绿地、城中村、体育场馆,评价高的地点主要位于高校用地范围内。结合对评价低的地点进行实地调研,基于环境设计预防犯罪（crime prevention through environmental design,简称CPTED）理论分析影响学生安全感的环境因素,针对相关问题提出对应的提升学生安全感的环境设计优化建议。     

城市绿地系统的生态服务功能评价、规划与预测研究——以扬州市为例

城市绿地是城市自然生态系统的重要组成部分,具有重要的生态服务功能。以扬州市为例,依据社会—经济—自然复合生态系统理论和生态规划原则,参照国内外有关标准进行了规划,构建了“内环绿带、近郊绿带和外围大环境绿色屏障”三环绿带的布局结构,并从绿化覆盖率、人均绿地、人均公共绿地、绿地结构、绿地均匀度、本地种优势度6个指标分阶段进行了具体规划,应用多边形综合指标法对规划结果进行了评价与预测。结果表明：2000年扬州市区绿地系统生态服务功能一般,2005年也一般,2010较好,2020年优良。为了达到规划的预期目标,扬州市必须通过法律、经济、行政、社会、技术等手段加强后期的实施、监督与管理,从生态学角度提出了绿地系统建设的生态对策。城市生态建设应多元化而不应仅“唯绿地论”,城市绿地建设应体现城市特色,同时考虑其建设成本和维护管理费用等问题。     

Research agenda on biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services in European cities

Cities are challenging environments for human life, because of multiple environmental issues driven by urbanization. These can sometimes be mitigated through ecosystem services provided by different functions supported by biodiversity. However, biodiversity in cities is affected by numerous factors, namely habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation, as well as pollution, altered climate, and new biotic challenges. To better understand the link between biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, we need to improve our mechanistic knowledge of these relationships. Trait-based ecology is a promising approach for unravelling the causes and consequences of biodiversity filtering on ecosystem processes and underlying services, but large gaps remain unexplored.Here, we present a series of research directions that are aimed at extending the current knowledge of the relationship between trait-based biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services in cities. These directions are based on: (1) improving urban habitat mapping; (2) considering often neglected urban habitats and ecological niches; (3) integrating multiple urban gradients; (4) using trait-based approaches to improve our mechanistic understanding of the relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services; and (5) extending the involvement of citizens.Pursuing these research directions may support the sustainable management of urban ecosystems and the long-term provision of ecosystem services, ultimately enhancing the well-being of urban populations.     

A Survey of Health and Psychiatric Services on Canadian Campuses

The co-operation of the Canadian Union of Students was readily obtained for a survey of the facilities for health and psychiatric services currently available on Canadian campuses. A 100% response was obtained from the 49 campuses on the original list. Thirty-eight campuses had health services, but the staffing and facilities of these varied widely. Infirmary facilities were provided on 19 campuses. Student use of health services appeared to be heavy where they were provided. Carefully defined psychiatric services were present on 22 campuses, but here again the pattern of staffing varied widely. The percentage of the student body seen by the staff of these psychiatric services ranged from 1.4 to 10.3, with a mean of 2.9%. Only one Canadian university approaches the Recommended Standards of the American College Health Association—one physician and one nurse per 1000 students enrolled. Using the currently available figures on the expected incidence of emotional disturbance among university students and the average duration of psychiatric treatment, it was estimated that a psychiatric service needed .5 team member per 1000 students enrolled. The value of infirmary beds on the campus is also emphasized.