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1.
【目的】广重粉蛉Semidalis aleyrodiformis(Stephens)是烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)的重要天敌昆虫之一,为了明确其控制潜能,本文研究了广重粉蛉对烟粉虱的捕食作用。【方法】在室内温度(26±1)℃,相对湿度75%±5%,光照周期L∶D=14∶10条件下,对广重粉蛉幼虫捕食烟粉虱各个虫态的捕食作用进行研究。并且评估了广重粉蛉幼虫对烟粉虱卵、广重粉蛉成虫对烟粉虱若虫和伪蛹的捕食功能反应模型,同时,对广重粉蛉成虫捕食烟粉虱卵的干扰反应方程进行了拟合。【结果】广重粉蛉幼虫对烟粉虱的捕食量随着广重粉蛉龄期的增大而增大。广重粉蛉幼虫对烟粉虱卵的功能反应和广重粉蛉成虫对烟粉虱各个虫态的捕食功能反应都呈HollingⅡ型。随着广重粉蛉龄期的增加,广重粉蛉对烟粉虱卵的寻找效率(a)逐渐增加,处置时间(Th)依次缩短;而广重粉蛉成虫对不同龄期烟粉虱的功能反应是随着猎物龄期的增加,寻找效率逐渐降低,处置时间(Th)依次延长。广重粉蛉自身密度方程为E=0.127 9×P-0.317 3,干扰系数为0.317 3。【结论】研究表明,广重粉蛉4龄幼虫和雌成虫对烟粉虱有较好的捕食作用,控害潜力最大。 相似文献
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小黑瓢虫对高氏瘤粉虱捕食作用的研究 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5
在高氏瘤粉虱不同虫态共存的条件下,小黑标虫对高氏瘤粉虱各虫态的选择次序为卵>1龄若虫>2龄若虫>3龄若虫>4龄若虫和拟蛹,对卵的捕食率均最高,有明显的嗜好选择;小黑瓢虫幼虫捕食粉虱卵的数量,随着龄期的增长而递增,其中4龄幼虫的捕食量最大,4龄期捕食量平均为1565.42粒,占全幼虫期总食卵量的45.42%,整个幼虫期可捕食高氏瘤粉虱的卵数平均为3446.5粒。小黑瓢虫3龄幼虫对粉虱卵的捕食作用率在所给的猎物密度(1500粒/皿)条件下,随着自身密度的增加而降低。 相似文献
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异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)是枸杞木虱的优势天敌种类之一,为了明确不同龄期异色瓢虫对枸杞木虱4种虫态的捕食作用及田间控害效果,本文利用HollingⅡ型功能反应模型进行拟合以明确其捕食潜能,同时根据其捕食潜能的测算结果,在田间通过罩笼试验探究异色瓢虫4龄幼虫与成虫对枸杞木虱的捕食效果。结果表明:各龄期异色瓢虫幼虫对枸杞木虱4种虫态的捕食量存在显著差异,在枸杞木虱密度相同的条件下,异色瓢虫4龄幼虫的日捕食量最大,为92.9头;不同龄期异色瓢虫对枸杞木虱的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型方程,当枸杞木虱密度趋于无限大时,异色瓢虫4龄幼虫对枸杞木虱最大捕食量最大为411.5头;成虫对枸杞木虱的瞬间攻击率最大,为0.7931;4龄幼虫对枸杞木虱的处理时间最短为0.0051 d。田间释放异色瓢虫4龄幼虫与成虫的试验证明,处理植株上枸杞木虱虫口减退率,4龄幼虫为43.32%,成虫为14.78%;而对照组即周围8株植株上枸杞木虱虫口减退率,4龄幼虫为14.78%,成虫为16.22%;在异色瓢虫4龄幼虫释放区,处理植株上枸杞木虱虫口减退率为43.32%显著高于其周围8株植株的14.78%;而在成虫释放区,处理植株上枸杞木虱下降率为14.78%,对照组植株的虫口减退率为16.22%,没有显著差异。研究表明,异色瓢虫田间释放需根据枸杞木虱防治范围与力度的需求,选择适宜的异色瓢虫虫态进行枸杞木虱的生物防治。 相似文献
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烟粉虱天敌日本刀角瓢虫的捕食行为 总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1
研究了日本刀角瓢虫雌成虫和幼虫捕食粉虱时的各种行为时间分配.结果表明,日本刀角瓢虫成虫的捕食行为可分为爬行、取食、清洁、静息、整翅和排泄6个部分.饥饿后的日本刀角瓢虫幼虫捕食烟粉虱卵时,幼虫各龄期间的取食和爬行时间无显著差异,对烟粉虱卵的处置时间随瓢虫幼虫虫龄的增大而缩短.日本刀角瓢虫雌成虫捕食烟粉虱卵时,饥饿后的雌成虫用于取食的时间显著长于非饥饿的雌成虫,而用于清洁、静息和爬行的时间显著短于非饥饿的雌成虫;饥饿后的瓢虫雌成虫对卵的处置时间显著长于非饥饿的雌成虫.饥饿后的日本刀角瓢虫雌成虫捕食烟粉虱若虫时,瓢虫雌成虫的取食时间随烟粉虱若虫虫龄的增大而增加,清洁和静息时间随烟粉虱若虫虫龄的增大而缩短,对若虫的处置时间随烟粉虱若虫虫龄的增大而增加. 相似文献
5.
【背景】沙巴拟刀角瓢虫和越南斧瓢虫是自东南亚地区引进的粉虱类害虫的优势捕食性天敌,然而其控制烟粉虱的有效性尚未明确。【方法】在室内研究了2种瓢虫幼虫捕食烟粉虱若虫时取食、爬行与休息等行为的时间分配,以及2种瓢虫幼虫和成虫在既定时间内对烟粉虱的取食时间和取食量。【结果】随着瓢虫幼虫龄期的增大,其取食烟粉虱低龄和高龄若虫的时间和休息时间均逐渐减少,而爬行寻找猎物的时间逐渐增多。沙巴拟刀角瓢虫幼虫取食烟粉虱各虫态的时间显著长于越南斧瓢虫幼虫,取食量也显著大于后者;而沙巴拟刀角瓢虫成虫取食烟粉虱的时间长于越南斧瓢虫成虫,但取食量明显低于后者。【结论与意义】2种瓢虫对烟粉虱都有较好的捕食作用,但其时间分配策略有所不同。因此,应根据田间烟粉虱的发生时期,选择合适的瓢虫进行释放。 相似文献
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龙眼角颊木虱是龙眼的主要害虫,以成虫和若虫为害龙眼新梢嫩叶。在厦门市同安区一年发生六代,主害代为经一代于3月下旬至4月中旬和第五代于9月中旬至10月上旬。本报道了该虫在不同温度下各虫态的发育历期,发现各个世代若虫都有滞育的现象,研究分析了若虫滞育对越冬虫源,主害代虫源等种群动态的影响,并探讨了龙眼角颊木虱的为害损失测定及药剂防治试验。 相似文献
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氯虫苯甲酰胺对非靶标害虫褐飞虱实验种群的亚致死效应 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
在稻田中,氯虫苯甲酰胺是以鳞翅目幼虫为主要防治对象的新型杀虫剂,而褐飞虱 是该药剂的重要非靶标害虫.本文采用稻茎浸渍法测定氯虫苯甲酰胺对其非靶标害虫褐飞虱3龄若虫和成虫的毒力.结果表明:氯虫苯甲酰胺对褐飞虱3龄若虫和成虫的LC50分别为26.85和35.53 mg·L-1;以氯虫苯甲酰胺亚致死浓度LC10和LC25分别处理褐飞虱3龄若虫后,对当代褐飞虱雌虫寿命无显著影响,但LC25剂量处理后,当代褐飞虱雌虫产卵量显著降低45.6粒.亚致死剂量处理褐飞虱3龄若虫后,显著影响F1代褐飞虱的产卵量和雌虫寿命,雌虫产卵量分别减少43.5和72.9粒,雌虫寿命分别缩短1.35和2.87 d;两个剂量处理后F1代的各虫态发育历期均有所延长;施药后各项种群参数也发生了变化,种群内禀增长率rm分别降低12.8%和23.5%,净增殖率R0分别降低37.4%和68.7%,而世代平均历期T和种群加倍时间t均延长.表明氯虫苯甲酰胺亚致死剂量对褐飞虱种群增长具有一定的抑制作用. 相似文献
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粉虱拟青霉对黑刺粉虱的侵染过程 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
本文通过扫描电镜和透射电镜 ,观察了粉虱拟青霉对黑刺粉虱的侵染过程。用粉虱拟青霉分生孢子接种于黑刺粉虱幼虫后 ,12h孢子萌芽 ,36h菌丝穿透寄主表皮进入体腔 ,在虫体内进行生长繁殖 ,逐渐充满虫体内部 ,5d后 ,菌丝穿透寄主表皮长出体外 ,并继续生长 ,逐渐将整个虫体包裹 ,形成一个半球形的子痤 ,颜色也由白色变为栗褐色或棕红色。 相似文献
11.
Although adult Lepidoptera are not often considered medically relevant, some butterflies and moths are notorious for their consumption of mammalian body fluids. These Lepidoptera can be blood‐feeding (hematophagous), tear‐feeding (lachryphagous), or sweat‐feeding (we use the term “sudophagous”). Blood‐feeding Lepidoptera have been observed piercing the skin of their hosts during feeding, while tear‐feeding Lepidoptera have been observed frequenting the eyes of hosts in order to directly obtain lachrymal fluid. These behaviors have negative human health implications and some potential for disease transmission. In this study, articles concerning feeding behavior of blood, sweat, and tear‐feeding Lepidoptera were reviewed, with emphasis on correlations between morphological characters and feeding behaviors. Harmful effects and vector potential of these Lepidoptera are presented and discussed. 相似文献
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Sharks as a group have a long history as highly successful predatory fishes. Although, the number of recent studies on their diet, feeding behavior, feeding mechanism, and mechanics have increased, many areas still require additional investigation. Dietary studies of sharks are generally more abundant than those on feeding activity patterns, and most of the studies are confined to relatively few species, many being carcharhiniform sharks. These studies reveal that sharks are generally asynchronous opportunistic feeders on the most abundant prey item, which are primarily other fishes. Studies of natural feeding behavior are few and many observations of feeding behavior are based on anecdotal reports. To capture their prey sharks either ram, suction, bite, filter, or use a combination of these behaviors. Foraging may be solitary or aggregate, and while cooperative foraging has been hypothesized it has not been conclusively demonstrated. Studies on the anatomy of the feeding mechanism are abundant and thorough, and far exceed the number of functional studies. Many of these studies have investigated the functional role of morphological features such as the protrusible upper jaw, but only recently have we begun to interpret the mechanics of the feeding apparatus and how it affects feeding behavior. Teeth are represented in the fossil record and are readily available in extant sharks. Therefore much is known about their morphology but again functional studies are primarily theoretical and await experimental analysis. Recent mechanistic approaches to the study of prey capture have revealed that kinematic and motor patterns are conserved in many species and that the ability to modulate feeding behavior varies greatly among taxa. In addition, the relationship of jaw suspension to feeding behavior is not as clear as was once believed, and contrary to previous interpretations upper jaw protrusibility appears to be related to the morphology of the upper jaw-chondrocranial articulation rather than the type of jaw suspension. Finally, we propose a set of specific hypotheses including: (1) The functional specialization for suction feeding hypothesis that morphological and functional specialization for suction feeding has repeatedly arisen in numerous elasmobranch lineages, (2) The aquatic suction feeding functional convergence hypothesis that similar hydrodynamic constraints in bony fishes and sharks result in convergent morphological and functional specializations for suction feeding in both groups, (3) The feeding modulation hypothesis that suction capture events in sharks are more stereotyped and therefore less modulated compared to ram and bite capture events, and (4) The independence of jaw suspension and feeding behavior hypothesis whereby the traditional categorization of jaw suspension types in sharks is not a good predictor of jaw mobility and prey capture behavior. Together with a set of questions these hypotheses help to guide future research on the feeding biology of sharks. 相似文献
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Atle Mysterud Hildegunn Viljugrein Erling J. Solberg Christer M. Rolandsen 《The Journal of wildlife management》2019,83(8):1667-1675
The supplementary feeding of cervids is a widespread practice across the northern hemisphere. There are few studies, however, regarding the extent of feeding in space and time. There are adverse effects of supplementary feeding, of which the most severe are increased parasite and disease transmission. With the recent emergence of chronic wasting disease (CWD) among cervids in Norway, a legal regulation was issued that banned all supplementary cervid feeding. We quantified the spatial extent and intentions of feeding cervids across all of Norway using a questionnaire at the municipality scale. We also compared spatial extent of feeding before and after the feeding ban to shed light on the ability of regulations to control supplementary feeding. Supplementary feeding to increase winter survival and targeting roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) was more common (48.4% of the municipalities) than the feeding of red deer (Cervus elaphus; 20.5%) and moose (Alces alces; 7.4%). The main feeding period was January–March, but extensive feeding also occurred from November to December and in April. Reducing traffic accidents was also a motivation, particularly for the feeding of moose (14.5%), and this was the main motivation (86%) for public feeding. Among the 65.7% that responded, 53.3% reported they knew about supplemental feeding of cervids in their municipality. In the region with the first feeding ban, 80.2% of municipalities were feeding in 2015–2016 before the ban, which was reduced to 68.4% in 2016–2017 and remained at 68.4% in 2017–2018. In the remainder of Norway, 81.4% were feeding in 2015–2016, and 72.6% were feeding in 2016–2017, but after the ban, this increased to 78.6% in the harsh winter of 2017–2018. Our study highlights that regulations across broad scales may not be followed and that more spatially targeted regulations and increased enforcement are required for disease transmission to be more effectively combated. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Wildlife Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Wildlife Society. 相似文献
14.
Abstract. The present study tested whether the pattern of feeding activity in the firebug Pyrrhocoris apterus (L.) is sex- and wing morph-related, diurnal or nocturnal, as well as whether the feeding rhythm persists in constant darkness. Temporal patterns of feeding activity are analysed in macropterous and brachypterous adults reared under long-day (LD 18 : 6 h) and short-day (LD 12 : 12 h) photoperiods, and in adults transferred to constant darkness. In females, the total feeding activity is highest in long-day reproductively active brachypters, intermediate in short-day diapausing brachypters, and lowest in macropters; the differences among males are substantially smaller. Although the total feeding activity of macropterous males is higher than in macropterous females, no sex-related differences are found in feeding activity of diapausing and reproductively active brachypters. The frequency of feeding exhibits sex-related differences, with obviously higher values in males. Mean feeding periods of macropterous and reproductively active brachypterous males are shorter than in females of the same wing morph. Mean interfeeding periods are longest in macropters, intermediate in diapausing brachypters, and shortest in reproductively active brachypters, and always lower in males than in females. The study shows that the feeding activity of P. apterus adults is age-, sex- and wing morph-related, and exhibits a diurnal pattern, except in reproductively active brachypterous females. The latter do not express a clear diurnal rhythm of feeding, presumably because of interactions with cycles of egg development and oviposition. The persistence of diurnal rhythm of feeding activity in short-day brachypterous females transferred to constant darkness indicates an endogeneity of this rhythm in P. apterus . 相似文献
15.
A large body of evidence has suggested a role for the endogenous opiates and their receptors in the regulation of appetite. In this study we have examined the relative effects of ketocyclazocine (KC), cyclazocine and ethylketocyclazocine, all putative kappa opiate receptor agonists, and morphine, a putative mu receptor agonist, on food consumption. All the kappa agonists induced feeding when administered at 8 AM as did morphine. KC failed to induce feeding during the nocturnal feeding period (2000 and 0200 hours) and morphine suppressed feeding at these times. KC and morphine suppressed starvation induced feeding when food was made available immediately after injection and had no effect when food was presented 2 and 4 hours after injection. High doses of naloxone (5 mg/kg) suppressed KC induced feeding while actually enhancing high dose morphine (25 mg/kg) induced feeding. Repeated injections of KC or morphine for 5 days resulted in enhancement of the feeding response with initiation of feeding occuring earlier. Taken together with the studies showing that the endogenous kappa ligand, dynorphin, enhabces feeding the most parsimonious interpretation of these studies is that kappa agonists are endogenous initiators of feeding and that kappa receptors are maximally saturated at times of food deprivation and during spontaneous feeding. The mu (or one of the other) opiate receptors inhibit feeding due to their sedative effect and antagonism of this effect leads to enhancement of the feeding response. It is postulated that kappa opiate receptors represent an important component of the natural feeding drive. 相似文献
16.
《Applied animal behaviour science》1986,15(1):65-70
This paper describes a study of the influences of feeder design and available feeding space on the feeding behaviour of laying hens.When feeders were partitioned, feeding rates and the number of feeding bouts were higher than when the feeders were unpartitioned, but feed consumption was lower and the duration of feeding was shorter. Increased feeding space led to longer feeding times with fewer but longer feeding bouts. These results are discussed in relation to animal welfare, with particular reference to feather-pecking. 相似文献
17.
D. R. Fielder 《Journal of Zoology》1970,160(1):35-49
A sequence of activities all related to the feeding of Scopimera inflata H. Milne-Edwards, 1873 can be distinguished during the daytime periods of low tide. Emergence begins one to two hours after a feeding area is uncovered, reaches a peak after a further three hours but some crabs are still emerging after the tide has turned. Before feeding commences the burrow is cleared of waste sand down to the water-table. While feeding S. inflata forms a feeding trench which acts as an escape route back to the hole and is defended against other crabs of the same species. Agonistic behaviour becomes evident as feeding progresses. Threat displays, fighting, displacement feeding, and agitation feeding are recognizable behaviour patterns which have been observed. 相似文献
18.
纺锤水蚤摄食生态学研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
纺锤水蚤(Acartia)是温带、亚热带近岸水域优势的小型桡足类,在区域生态系统的物质循环与能量流通中起着重要作用。综述了国内外对纺锤水蚤食性、摄食机制、摄食影响因子及摄食转化效率的研究工作:纺锤水蚤为杂食性,偏爱高营养的动物性饵料,摄食浮游植物和微型浮游动物时分别采取滤食策略和伏击策略,摄食过程受到自身生理状态和环境因子的共同调节。其对食物的利用效率约为60%,其他40%通过Sloppy feeding和排泄等方式以溶解形式释放到海水中。目前摄食研究多以实验模拟为主,自然现场研究手段有限,分子生物学技术有望促进认识其在自然生态系统中的地位与作用。 相似文献
19.
Borzani W 《Biotechnology and bioengineering》1987,29(7):844-849
During the fermentor feeding phase in constant fed-batch ethanol fermentation of molasses, the ethanol production rates are constant and are correlated to the sugar feeding rates by a Monod-like equation. The parameters of this Monod-like correlation depend on the sugars concentration of the feeding mash. A model is proposed to explain the constancy of the ethanol production rate experimentally observed. From the Monod-like correlation it is possible to evaluate the maximum value of the mash feeding rate to be used in order to have a completely fermented medium just at the end of the feeding phase. 相似文献
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Abstract. Three models for feeding in female tsetse are considered. Model I: there is a prolonged non-feeding phase after each meal followed by feeding at a constant rate, with a constant probability of dying as a consequence of feeding. Model II: the feeding rate increases linearly after each meal. Model III: the feeding rate increases exponentially after each meal. In Models II and III the feeding hazard is a linear function of the probability of feeding. Production of viable female offspring is estimated under each model, making allowance for losses of adults due to starvation and to background and feeding mortality, losses of pupae due to predation and parasitization, and losses of young flies if their mothers take insufficient blood during pregnancy. Under Model I, if females require three meals to produce viable pupae in 9 days, then for a non-decreasing population with a background mortality of 1%/day, and 25% pupal losses due to predation and parasitism, the feeding risk must be ≤5%/feed. At this maximum level the non-feeding phase should be 2–2.5 days for optimal productivity, with a mean feeding interval of 60–72 h. If the background mortality is 2%/day, feeding losses cannot exceed 1%/feed for a non-decreasing population. If four or five meals are required for the production of fully viable pupae, the optimal values of the non-feeding phase and mean feeding interval tend towards 1 and 2 days respectively. Under Models II and HI the mean feeding interval is 50–60 h for optimal productivity (with variances 3 times as large as for Model I), in good agreement with estimates from recent models for feeding and digestion. Field evidence suggests that feeding tsetse take greater risks as their fat levels dwindle. This should result in feeding (and feeding mortality) rates which increase during the feeding phase - as assumed in Models II and III but not in Model I. These models allow greater flexibility than Model I, because flies can feed early in the hunger cycle, at low probability, as long as the feeding risk is also low. 相似文献