光质对东北次生林生态系统主要树种种子萌发的影响

以东北次生林生态系统5个主要树种（日本落叶松、黄檗、色木槭、水曲柳和红松）种子为对象,采取室内控制(5个主要树种)和野外模拟(红松和日本落叶松)相结合的方法,研究光质对种子萌发的影响.室内和实际林分下分别设置了4种不同光质类型处理（以黑暗为对照）和3个红光/远红光比值(R/FR)梯度.结果表明： 不同光质类型除对日本落叶松种子萌发的影响不显著外,对其他4个树种种子萌发影响均显著.其中,黄檗种子萌发率在白光下达到最高,色木槭、水曲柳和红松种子萌发率在红光-远红光-红光照射下达到最高.林分内试验结果与室内一致,红松种子萌发率随林内R/FR下降而明显下降,落叶松种子萌发则不受光质的影响.在自然林分条件下,R/FR随着光斑活动不断变化,色木槭、水曲柳和红松种子萌发格局可能是对森林光斑环境适应的结果.大粒种子萌发显著受光质的影响.     

光质对杉木种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

光是影响森林早期天然更新(种子萌发和幼苗生长)的重要因子之一.但光质对杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.) Hook)早期更新的影响尚不清楚.为探讨光质对杉木种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响机制,以杉木种子为研究对象,通过设置8h白光(W)、8h红光(R)、6h红光-2 h远红光(R-FR)、4h红光-2 h远红光-2 h红光(R-FR-R)、黑暗(D,对照)5种不同光质处理,观察种子萌发及幼苗生长特征.结果表明,不同光质处理对杉木种子萌发影响显著,D和R-FR-R处理促进杉木种子萌发,R处理抑制种子萌发.最后一次照光选择红光处理(R和R-FR-R)能够显著促进杉木幼苗根和子叶的伸长,促进生物量积累以及增加叶生物量分配比例,但抑制茎的伸长,远红光处理则促进茎的生长.杉木种子为光不敏感种子,黑暗处理下萌发率最高,且远红光间断处理能够相对促进其萌发,说明杉木种子可以较好地适应异质光环境.     

光质、光强对入侵植物紫茎泽兰种子萌发及幼苗状态的影响

为了探讨紫茎泽兰种子需光萌发特性,对光质（不同颜色、红光/远红光）和光强对种子萌发率及幼苗状态进行了研究。研究发现：不同颜色光对发芽率影响显著,其中黄光、橙光和红光等波长在（591~750 nm）之间的光更有利于提高种子的萌发率（74.3%~83.3%）,而较短波长的光（<570 nm,紫光、蓝光和绿光）促进效果显著降低（62.3%~66.7%）（p<0.05）。光强对紫茎泽兰种子发芽和幼苗影响较光的颜色更具有规律性。黑暗条件下发芽率22%,随着光照提高,发芽率指数增加(r²=0.96),芽长指数下降(r²=0.99)、根长指数增加(r²=0.98),而鲜重呈现线性增加(r²=0.70)。适量红光（630 nm）和远红光（730 nm）照射能够打破和引起休眠,红光照射量与发芽率提高量成线性正相关（r²=0.98）,而远红光照射率与发芽率降低量呈线性正相关（r²=0.92）,说明紫茎泽兰需光萌发是一个光敏色素引起的过程。紫茎泽兰通常在裸地和人为干扰土壤上泛滥,这可能与其种子需光萌发有关。而对其生态学控制可以考虑从光强、特别是光质角度（如人工造林）控制种子萌发来实现。     

需光种子的萌发

本文试从五大类植物激素以及呼吸代谢等方面简述需光种子萌发研究的历史、现状和发展,并结合作者自己的工作对需光种子萌发研究的方法、理论假说和某些实验结果稍加评论。同时从钙调素和多胺角度指出这一领域研究的可能方向。     

光质及种子大小对普洱地区14种植物种子萌发的影响

以普洱地区14种常见植物种子为材料,在实验室条件下研究了其在白光、黑暗、红光和蓝光条件下的萌发特性,并分析了种子大小与萌发率、萌发速率、萌发开始时间的关系。结果表明:光质对四方蒿、沙针、尖子木、藿香蓟种子萌发率和萌发速率均有显著影响(P0.05)。光质对大叶斑鸠菊、云南山枇花、臭灵丹、车桑子、光萼猪屎豆、葫芦茶、云南地桃花、西南宿苞豆、岗柃、中国宿苞豆10个物种的种子萌发率和萌发速率均没有显著影响(P0.05),以上物种中除中国宿苞豆外,其他物种种子萌发率均在20%以下,处于休眠状态。四方蒿种子在白光(89.9%)和红光(84.7%)下萌发率最高,红光下种子萌发最快(4.93),蓝光下种子萌发开始时间最晚(11.3 d);沙针种子在白光下萌发率最高(80.4%)、萌发速率最快(2.71),在黑暗和蓝光下萌发率较低(43.9%和38%)、萌发速率最慢(0.73和0.85),白光、红光下萌发开始最早(11 d),黑暗条件下萌发开始最晚(21.7 d);尖子木种子萌发率在白光、黑暗、蓝光下均在86%以上,而红光下仅32%且萌发速率最慢(1.29),在蓝光下萌发开始时间最晚(13 d);藿香蓟种子萌发率和萌发速率在红光下最高(分别为71.3%和6.46),黑暗条件下最低(分别为42.5%和2.62);大叶斑鸠菊萌发开始时间在黑暗条件下最早(6 d),其次是白光下(7 d),蓝光和红光下较晚,分别为8 d和7.7 d。14个物种种子的萌发率与种子大小间均有显著负相关关系;种子萌发速率、萌发开始时间与种子大小间也有负相关关系,但不显著;种子大小与萌发率、萌发速率和萌发开始时间的关系不会随着光质的变化而发生变化。     

光质对香果树种子萌发及幼苗生长影响的研究

研究了光质对香果树种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。设置940 nm（远红光）、850 nm（远红光）、730 nm（远红光）、630 nm（红光）、610 nm（橙光）、590 nm（黄光）、525 nm（绿光）、460 nm（蓝光）8个光质处理及自然光对照,研究其种子萌发对光质的响应,设置730、630、610、590、525和460 nm六个光质处理,研究其幼苗生长对光质的响应。结果表明,940及850 nm下无种子萌发,730 nm处理下萌发率仅为1.33%。525 nm下香果树种子萌发率显著高于其他处理及自然光对照,自然光下与630、590 nm下香果树种子最终萌发率无显著差异。可见光中,460及610 nm下香果树种子最终萌发率显著低于其他处理;实验120 d时香果树幼苗干重为590 nm > 630 nm > 610 nm > 730 nm > 525 nm > 460 nm。120 d时,590 nm下香果树幼苗干重显著高于其他光质处理。香果树幼苗的相对质量增长速率,在30~90 d间630 nm显著高于其他处理,在90~120 d间590 nm下显著高于其他处理,在120~150及150~180 d间460 nm下显著高于其他处理。实验30 d时,根重比在0.17~0.25,处理间无显著差异,150 d时,460 nm下根重比显著高于其他处理。实验30 d时,730 nm下茎重比显著高于其他处理。实验30 d时,各处理香果树叶重比在0.53~0.68,处理间无显著差异。     

光温条件对不同种源红松种子萌发的影响

种子萌发受种源和环境条件(如光照和温度条件等)的影响。种子萌发决定红松(Pinus koraiensis)的天然更新能力, 因此也是恢复地带性顶极群落阔叶红松林的关键。该研究以我国3个主要种源地(辽宁清原、吉林长白山和黑龙江伊春)当年的红松种子为对象, 监测自然光、温(不同季节、林窗和林下)和控制光、温(3个光照强度: 200、20和0 μmol·m^-2·s^-1, 记为L200、L20和L0; 2个温度: 25和15 ℃)条件下红松种子的萌发特征。结果表明, 自然越冬后, 春季(5月)所有种源种子均未萌发, 夏季(7月)和秋季(9月)各种源种子萌发率(GP)均较低(1.8%-33.7%), 但夏季林窗内各种源种子GP均显著高于林下。对林下各季节未萌发的种子, 带回室内给予适宜的光温条件(L200、25/15 ℃)后发现: 春季和夏季种子均能大量萌发(32%-77%), 而秋季种子GP极低(<2%)。25 ℃下, 3个种源地种子GP和萌发指数(GV)均呈现在L200条件下显著高于L20和L0处理。15 ℃条件下, 清原种子GP和GV对光照的响应与25 ℃条件下相一致, 长白山和伊春种子GP和GV分别在L0和L20处理下最高。所有光照强度下, 3个种源地种子GP和GV均为25 ℃处理显著高于15 ℃处理。可见, 适宜的温度是红松种子萌发的必要先决条件, 长白山和伊春红松种子可能需要更高的积温解除休眠; 适宜温度下(25 ℃), 红松种子表现出萌发需光性; 红松种子萌发对光、温的响应存在种源特异性, 长白山和伊春红松种子在相对低温下萌发需光性弱或消失。林下光、温条件不适宜红松种子萌发是造成红松林天然更新慢或更新差的重要原因。     

香港次生林树种种子生理生态学特性的研究

１９８９～１９９１年在温室和野外测定了香港４０种次生林树木种类的种子寿命和发芽率．结果显示，在所测试的４０种天然林树种中，６０％的树种的种子寿命短于１年，仅有８个树种的种子寿命在１年以上．种子的寿命与种子在土壤中的发芽能力呈负相关的关系．种子发芽测定结果表明，大多数树种都可以在强光照条件（９５％的日光）下发芽，但３５％的测试树种不能在天然林下（０７％～２％的日光）发芽．最后从植物生理生态的角度，探讨种子特征与香港次生林区系发展及香港现有次生林的演替现状     

光对种子萌发的影响机理研究进展

种子萌发是植物成功实现天然更新的关键环节, 需要适宜的温度、水分或光照条件。对于需光性种子, 光照是决定其萌发与否或萌发率高低的主要因素。光对植物种子萌发的影响不仅是一个复杂的生理过程, 也是受到调控的信号传递和基因表达过程。该文系统总结了影响种子萌发的光照属性、光与水/热耦合作用和种子的光属性(光敏色素)与种子萌发的关系, 明确了光调控种子萌发的生态意义; 重点综述了种子内光敏色素调控种子萌发的生理反应模式和光敏色素的光信号转导途径。试图为全面评估光对种子萌发的影响和将来开展更深入的研究提供参考。     

人工模拟降雨格局变化对红砂种子萌发的影响

气候变化改变降雨格局,会影响到种子出苗及幼苗生长,进而影响幼苗的更新动态。为探讨降雨格局变化对典型荒漠植物红砂种子萌发特性的影响,利用环境控制生长箱开展了降雨量和降雨间隔时间的双因素控制实验。结果表明:(1)总降雨量增加30%,红砂种子出苗率和发芽势分别平均提高45.69%、39.86%(P0.05),延长降雨间隔时间单次降雨量达到6mm其效果更明显,出苗率和发芽势达到最大值,分别为68.33%、63.33%,表明6mm降水量是促使红砂萌发的最小降雨阈量。(2)总降雨量增加30%显著提高了种子萌发指数和活力指数(P0.05),与自然总降雨量相比,分别平均提高57.67%、121%。总降雨量减少30%虽降低了萌发指数和活力指数,但与自然总降雨量相比差异不显著(P0.05)。(3)降雨量增加30%延长降雨间隔时间处理加快了红砂的萌发进程,缩短了种子的萌发持续时间,其萌发曲线较陡峭。降雨量减少30%对其种子萌发进程影响不大。该研究得到以下主要结论:1)红砂种子萌发主要受到降雨量的影响,但降雨量效应依赖降雨间隔时间,总降雨量一定降雨间隔延长所形成的单次降雨量增加均提高萌发率,增加了红砂繁殖成功率,对其幼苗更新起促进效应;2)在自然状态及降雨减少的情况下红砂种子具有推迟萌发的特性,使其幼苗在更适宜的环境条件下出现和生长的机会增多,从而提高植物对环境的长期适应性。     

东北地区两种主要造林树种生态系统固碳潜力

自从1980年,我国开展了一系列举世瞩目的造林工程,增加了森林面积3亿hm2。造林后生态系统有机碳库的微小变化都显著影响大气碳库,对全球碳素循环和平衡起着重要的作用。研究了退耕还林不同年限长白落叶松林的植被、凋落物和土壤碳库的变化规律,并且选择可比性较强的退耕还红松林、退耕还草和红松原始林作为参照,分析总结了退耕还林对生态系统储碳能力和碳循环的影响。结果表明,退耕还林后生态系统的植被、凋落物碳储量随退耕还林年限增加而增加:从退耕3a到33a,植被和凋落物碳储量分别从4.134、0Mg/hm2增加到74.11、11.31Mg/hm2。土壤碳储量则是先降低再增加:在还林初期的12a里,土壤碳密度降低到最小量75.87Mg/hm2,随后逐渐恢复和积累,21a后,土壤碳密度恢复到农田的水平84.28Mg/hm2,随后土壤碳密度出现净积累。在长白山地区,退耕3、12、22a和33a长白落叶松、33a红松生态系统的碳储量分别是81.778、114.488、130.004、187.255Mg/hm2和178.580Mg/hm2。长白落叶松的固碳能力随林龄而增加,两种主要造林树种(长白落叶松和红松)的生态系统的固碳潜力没有显著差异。长期来看(如250a),生态系统碳库存的能力非常大(269.57Mg/hm2)。这种状况表明,在长白山地区退耕还林后,生态系统长期来看是一个可观的碳汇。     

Ecology of seed germination of eight non-pioneer tree species from a tropical seasonal rain forest in southwest China

We compared various aspects of the seed biology of eight non-pioneer tree species from a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, SW China, that differ in time of dispersal, size and fresh seed moisture content (MC). Seeds were tested for germination under laboratory conditions after dehydration to different moisture levels and under 3.5, 10 and 30% solar irradiances in neutral-shade houses. For six species, germination was also compared in forest understory (3.5% light) and center of a forest gap (32.5% light). Under continuous dehydration over activated silica gel, 100% of seeds of four species had lost the ability to germinate after 48 h, and those of all species except Castanopsis hystrix (decreased from >90 to 30% germination) had lost the ability to germinate after 120 h. Four species did not differ in final germination percentages at the three irradiances (i.e. uniform germination). However, final germination percentages of Horsfieldia pandurifolia and Litsea pierrei var. szemaois were significantly lower in 30% than in 10 or 3.5% light, and seeds of Antiaris toxicaria and C. hystrix germinated to higher percentages in 30 and 10% than in 3.5% light. Mean time to germination (MTG) of the eight species (forest and shade house data combined) ranged from 5–5 days for Pometia tomentosa to 72–207days for L. pierrei; MTG for four species was ≤21 days. There was no obvious relationship between relative desiccation resistance and either time of dispersal, MTG or uniformity of germination at the three light levels, or between seed size and MC or MTG. However, the relationship between seed MC at maturity (25–60% fresh mass basis) and MC at 50% loss of seed viability (12.4–42.5%) was significant. Seven of the species fit Garwood’s (Ecol Monogr 53:159–181, 1983) rapid-rainy germination syndrome and one, L. pierrei, either her delayed-rainy or intermediate-dry germination syndrome. However, fresh, non-dehydrated seeds of all eight species germinated in ≤30 days at constant 30°C in light.     

Effects of burial and storage on germination and seed reserves of 18 tree species in a tropical deciduous forest in Mexico

The changes in germination and seed reserve composition that occur while seeds are stored in the laboratory or buried in the soil are important for understanding the potential and ecological longevity of seeds as well as seed-bank dynamics. Both germination and seed-bank dynamics depend on water availability. We studied 18 tree species, including those with permeable or impermeable seeds, from a tropical deciduous forest in Mexico. We measured seed germination in a growth chamber after (1) dispersal, (2) laboratory storage, (3) seed burial at two field sites and directly in the field, and (4) two rainy seasons. Lipids, nitrogen, and nonstructural carbohydrates were quantified after dispersal and after laboratory or field storage. Sixteen species were viable after three periods of laboratory storage (~3 years). Eleven species were viable after two burial periods in the field (~2 years). Nitrogen concentration decreased after storage and burial in 11 species. Species lipid concentration had a negative relationship with species water content at dispersal and after one burial period, whereas nonstructural carbohydrates showed the opposite trend. Potential and ecological longevities were similar in impermeable seeds. Most of the species studied can form persistent seed banks consisting mainly of species with impermeable seeds that can remain in the soil without degrading their viability. Germination in the field is staggered following natural precipitation pulses as a strategy to stagger seedling recruitment, which may insure against unfavorable conditions.     

土壤湿度对东北3种主要树种凋落物分解的影响

结合丰林国家自然保护区原始阔叶红松林1998-2017年表层(0～10 cm)土壤湿度监测数据,评估了全球变化背景下土壤湿度变化对东北主要森林树种红松、臭冷杉和白桦凋落物分解的影响.结果表明: 在同一土壤湿度水平下,凋落物分解速率随着凋落物质量的增加而增大,即表现为白桦>臭冷杉>红松.凋落物的分解速率随着土壤湿度的降低而减小.白桦、臭冷杉和红松3种凋落物的土壤湿度敏感性指数(M₁₀)分别为0.782、0.789和0.827,土壤湿度水平每降低10%,初始分解速率分别减小21.8%、21.1%和17.3%.高质量凋落物(高氮含量、低碳氮比、低木质素含量)的分解速率对土壤湿度变化的响应更敏感.凋落物分解速率在不同凋落物类型间的差异随着土壤湿度的降低而缩小.近20年间,原始阔叶红松林土壤湿度呈显著减少趋势,对凋落物分解表现为抑制作用.在全球变化背景下,随着气温的升高,土壤湿度将继续降低,对凋落物的抑制作用会进一步增强,并将部分抵消因温度升高所带来的凋落物分解速率增大的压力.     

东北次生林主要树种比叶面积对光照强度的响应

通过测定不同光照条件下（15％透光、30％透光、60％透光、全光）东北次生林主要树种（红松、红皮云杉、胡桃楸、水曲柳和黄波罗）的比叶面积,探讨了不同树种对光照变化的响应与适应。结果表明:不同树种比叶面积存在明显的差异,尤其是常绿针叶树种与落叶树种之间差异显著（P<0.001）,指示不同功能型树种存在不同的生存策略;随着光照强度降低,所有树种比叶面积呈现增加的趋势,尤其是弱光照（15％）和低光照（30％）相对于全光和中光照（60％）差异显著（P<0.05）;不同树种比叶面积随光照强度的变化幅度明显不同,且变化最显著的光照区域也有所不同;不同年龄红松比叶面积的变化趋势一致,但变幅不同,4年生幼苗对光照响应则更为明显。本研究结果表明,所有树种均能通过改变叶形态来适应光照条件的变化,在低光条件下通过增加单位质量叶面积,提高叶片光捕获能力;但各树种对光照强度变化的不同响应则表明树种之间不同的光适应机制,这对森林生态系统内部树种的共生具有重要意义;年龄较小的幼苗对光照的强响应指示其在植物更新过程中叶片水平上生理生态学机理研究中的重要性。     

Effects of warming on seed germination of woody species in temperate secondary forests

• Seed germination, a critical stage of the plant life cycle providing a link between seeds and seedlings, is commonly temperature-dependent. The global average surface temperature is expected to rise, but little is known about the responses of seed germination of woody plants in temperate forests to warming.
• In the present study, dried seeds of 23 common woody species in temperate secondary forests were incubated at three temperature sequences without cold stratification and after experiencing cold stratification. We calculated five seed germination indices and the comprehensive membership function value that summarized the above indicators.
• Compared to the control, +2 and +4 °C treatments without cold stratification shortened germination time by 14% and 16% and increased the germination index by 17% and 26%, respectively. For stratified seeds, +4 °C treatment increased germination percentage by 49%, and +4 and +2 °C treatments increased duration of germination and the germination index, and shortened mean germination time by 69%, 458%, 29% and 68%, 110%, 12%, respectively. The germination of Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Larix kaempferi were most sensitive to warming without and with cold stratification, respectively. Seed germination of shrubs was the least sensitive to warming among functional types.
• These findings indicate warming (especially extreme warming) will enhance the seedling recruitment of temperate woody species, primarily via shortening the germination time, particularly for seeds that have undergone cold stratification. In addition, shrubs might narrow their distribution range

     

帽儿山天然次生林内主要木本植物空间格局及更新特点

基于帽儿山次生林1 hm²样地的调查数据,将林分分为幼苗(树高H<30 cm)、幼树(H在30～130 cm或H>130 cm同时胸径DBH<5 cm)、中树(DBH 5～10 cm)、大树(DBH≥10 cm)4个大小级,运用O-ring点格局分析方法,分析帽儿山地区次生林内主要木本植物整体及树种人工补植红松、三大硬阔(水曲柳、胡桃楸、黄菠萝),以及榆树的各大小级空间格局及其关联性,探讨该地区次生林更新演替动向,为该地区森林的可持续经营提供依据.结果表明: 样地内更新幼苗2894株·hm^-2,幼树3337株·hm^-2,林分整体更新情况一般.对林分整体而言,幼苗分别与大树、中树和幼树在0～25 m、0～15 m、0～40 m的空间尺度上呈显著正相关,而在其余尺度上均呈显著负相关;幼树与大树、中树分别在0～15 m、0～25 m空间尺度上呈显著正相关,而在其余尺度上无显著关联;大树与中树则在所有尺度上均无相关性.对林分内优势树种而言,红松大树与幼树在所有尺度上主要呈负相关,而三大硬阔、榆树大树与幼树均以不相关为主.人工补植红松幼树与三大硬阔及榆树的各大小级在研究尺度上表现为以负相关为主,三大硬阔和榆树幼树与其他优势种各大小级只在20 m尺度内呈现负相关;三者两两之间在中树及大树阶段在20 m以上的尺度均不相关.帽儿山天然次生林还处于演替的进程当中,在今后的森林资源管理过程中,应当采取积极的人工干预措施促进林分更新,并适时对不合理的空间格局进行调整.     

Ecophysiological effects of light quality and nitrate on seed germination in species from Western Australia

Germination occurs usually in response to multiple environmental cues. Seeds with the ecophysiological ability to simultaneously sense the previous presence of fire and appropriate levels of temperature, light and soil nitrate could restrict germination to postfire, winter and competition-free microhabitats, where the potential for seedling survival is enhanced. Germination responses of 16 species with a range of life forms, fire responses and seed weights were determined under controlled conditions of 15°C temperature, a 12 h light cycle, exposure to 1 g L^?1 nitrate solution, and six conditions of light quality (white, blue, yellow, red, far-red light and darkness). Germination in Oenothera stricta, a weedy naturalized ephemeral, and two small-seeded indigenous Asteraceae species of mulga woodlands, Leucochrysum fitzgibbonii and Craspedia sp., were enhanced by white, yellow or red light compared with germination achieved in the dark, or under far-red or blue light. In red light, KNO₃ further enhanced germination of these positively photoblastic species. The germination response of Trachyandra divaricata, a naturalized herb of sandy, seaside locations, and several native jarrah forest legumes (four Acacia species, Bossiaea aquifolium, Gompholobium marginatum and Sphaerolobium vimineum) proved to be negatively photoblastic. Of these seven negatively photoblastic herb and shrub species, exposure to KNO₃ overcame the inhibition of light only in the resprouter species, Acacia lateriticola. In the serotinous, negatively photoblastic tree species, Corymbia calophylla and Eucalyptus marginata, KNO₃ seemed to be required before the negative response to light exposure was recorded. A dose–curve experiment on two positively photoblastic and three negatively photoblastic species indicated that although KNO₃ exposure affected germination in all species, different concentrations of KNO₃ (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 g L^?1) produced different levels of response. Detailed studies with additions of KNO₃ (1 g L^?1) and the growth hormone, gibberellic acid (GA₃; 50 mg L^?1), showed that increased germination percentages of the positively photoblastic species, Oenothera stricta, occurred in the light, but blocking endogenous gibberellic synthesis with paclobutrazol, or adding exogenous GA₃ or KNO₃ had no effect on the light-induced germination levels. In the negatively photoblastic species Trachyandra divaricata, additions of KNO₃ and GA₃ had no influence on the germination inhibition induced by exposure to light nor did blocking endogenous GA synthesis. The 16 species growing naturally in Western Australia, Australia show a range of germination responses to environmental conditions, but depending on their natural habitat, the ecophysiology of each species appears to be optimized for subsequent seedling survival.     

东北地区主要森林生态系统凋落量的比较

以东北地区不同纬度带上4个区域内的典型森林类型为研究对象,采用直接收集法对森林凋落量进行连续3年的观测研究,结果表明,同一地区不同林型间的年凋落量差异显著,凋落量年变化不显著;落叶量占总量的比例最大,在70%以上,落枝和花果皮各占总量的20%以下,落枝量和落叶量之间存在正相关关系,相关系数为0.82;长白山区5种森林类型不同时期内凋落量统计结果显示,秋、冬季的凋落量明显大于春、夏季,前者为后者的2.62～9.14倍.不同凋落组分之间凋落动态不同,落叶以秋季为主,落枝和花果皮则年内分布比较均匀.同一林型的凋落量随纬度增加而减少,并建立了总体森林凋落量和白桦凋落量随纬度变化的数学关系式;总体森林凋落量和白桦林凋落量与温度均呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.95和0.91.