磷脂酶C-γ2与信号转导

细胞间信息传递及细胞外信号对靶细胞的调控,多年来一直是生物学和医学界研究的焦点。随着Ｃａ２＋和二酰基甘油（ｄｉａｃｙｌｇｌｙ－ｃｅｒｏｌ,ＤＡＧ）第二信使地位的确定,对磷脂酶Ｃ（ＰＬＣ）的研究引起了人们的关注。ＰＬＣ可水解磷脂酰肌醇４,５－二磷酸（ｐｈｏｓ－ｐｈａｔｉｄｙｌｉｎｏｓｉｔｏｌ４,５－ｂｉｓｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅ,ＰＩＰ２）产生肌醇１,４,５－三磷酸（ｉｎｏｓｉｔｏｌ１,４,５－ｔｒｉｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅ,ＩＰ３）和ＤＡＧ。ＩＰ３可导致细胞内储存Ｃａ２＋的释放。因此,ＰＬＣ处于Ｃａ２＋和Ｄ…     

Divergent Intracellular Sorting of FcγRIIA and FcγRIIB2

The human low affinity FcγRII family includes both the activating receptor FcγRIIA and the inhibitory receptor FcγRIIB2. These receptors have opposing signaling functions but are both capable of internalizing IgG-containing immune complexes through clathrin-mediated endocytosis. We demonstrate that upon engagement by multivalent aggregated human IgG, FcγRIIA expressed in ts20 Chinese hamster fibroblasts is delivered along with its ligand to lysosomal compartments for degradation, while FcγRIIB2 dissociates from the ligand and is routed separately into the recycling pathway. FcγRIIA sorting to lysosomes requires receptor multimerization, but does not require either Src family kinase activity or ubiquitylation of receptor lysine residues. The sorting of FcγRIIB2 away from a degradative fate is not due to its lower affinity for IgG and occurs even upon persistent receptor aggregation. Upon co-engagement of FcγRIIA and FcγRIIB2, the receptors are sorted independently to distinct final fates after dissociation of co-clustering ligand. These results reveal fundamental differences in the trafficking behavior of different Fcγ receptors.     

In vivo analysis of Ifn-γ1 and Ifn-γ2 signaling in zebrafish

The zebrafish genome contains a large number of genes encoding potential cytokine receptor genes as judged by homology to mammalian receptors. The sequences are too divergent to allow unambiguous assignments of all receptors to specific cytokines, and only a few have been assigned functions by functional studies. Among receptors for class II helical cytokines-i.e., IFNs that include virus-induced Ifns (Ifn-) and type II Ifns (Ifn-γ), together with Il-10 and its related cytokines (Il-20, Il-22, and Il-26)-only the Ifn--specific complexes have been functionally identified, whereas the receptors for the two Ifn-γ (Ifn-γ1 and Ifn-γ2) are unknown. In this work, we identify conditions in which Ifn-γ1 and Ifn-γ2 (also called IFNG or IFN-γ and IFN-gammarel) are induced in fish larvae and adults. We use morpholino-mediated loss-of-function analysis to screen candidate receptors and identify the components of their receptor complexes. We find that Ifn-γ1 and Ifn-γ2 bind to different receptor complexes. The receptor complex for Ifn-γ2 includes cytokine receptor family B (Crfb)6 together with Crfb13 and Crfb17, whereas the receptor complex for Ifn-γ1 does not include Crfb6 or Crfb13 but includes Crfb17. We also show that of the two Jak2 paralogues present in the zebrafish Jak2a but not Jak2b is involved in the intracellular transmission of the Ifn-γ signal. These results shed new light on the evolution of the Ifn-γ signaling in fish and tetrapods and contribute toward an integrated view of the innate immune regulation in vertebrates.     

核转录因子PPARγ2的研究进展

过氧化物酶增殖物激活受体γ2(PPARγ2)是一个转录因子,属于核受体超家族的成员之一。其主要在脂肪组织表达,对脂肪细胞分化进行调控。其常见多态性Pro12Ala已发现与肥胖及2型糖尿病关系密切。它也是治疗糖尿病药物噻唑烷二酮类药物（TZDs）作用的靶分子。因此,对其进行代谢调控分子机制的研究,可能有助于对2型糖尿病预防或治疗中起作用的新药物靶位点的发现。 Abstract:Peroxisome proliferator-actived receptor γ2(PPARγ2) is a translation factor that belongs to the superfamily of nuclear receptors.It expresses predominantely in adipose tissue and has a key role in adipocyte differentiation.The common Pro12Ala polymorphism is associated closely with obesity and type 2 diabetes.It is the target molecular of thiazolidinediones which is a novel class of insulin sensitizer.The study of PPARγ2 molecular mechanism of metabolism control may accelerate the finding of new drug targets in prevention and therapeution of type 2 diabetes.     

白细胞介素－2受体γ链研究新进展

白细胞介素－2受体γ链（interleukin-2 receptorγchain,IL-2Rγc）是约3年前发现的IL-2受体亚单位之一,它不但参与高、中亲和力IL-2R的形成,而且作为细胞因子受体超家族成员参与IL－4、IL－7、IL－9和IL－15受体以及可能的IL－13受体功能性复合物的形成．IL-2Rγc基因结构与功能和蛋白质分子结构以及染色体定位已阐明．IL-2Rγc及信号传导的异常导致人类Ｘ染色体连锁重度联合免疫缺陷病(X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency XSCID)．因此,阐明IL-2Rγc在生理及病理状态下的生物学作用,对了解淋巴细胞的生长发育和分化成熟、免疫应答及其调控等问题都有重要的指导意义．     

Carbonic anhydrase III regulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ2

Carbonic anhydrase III (CAIII) is an isoenzyme of the CA family. Because of its low specific anhydrase activity, physiological functions in addition to hydrating CO(2) have been proposed. CAIII expression is highly induced in adipogenesis and CAIII is the most abundant protein in adipose tissues. The function of CAIII in both preadipocytes and adipocytes is however unknown. In the present study we demonstrate that adipogenesis is greatly increased in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from CAIII knockout (KO) mice, as demonstrated by a greater than 10-fold increase in the induction of fatty acid-binding protein-4 (FABP4) and increased triglyceride formation in CAIII(-/-) MEFs compared with CAIII(+/+) cells. To address the underlying mechanism, we investigated the expression of the two adipogenic key regulators, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ2 (PPARγ2) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α. We found a considerable (approximately 1000-fold) increase in the PPARγ2 expression in the CAIII(-/-) MEFs. Furthermore, RNAi-mediated knockdown of endogenous CAIII in NIH 3T3-L1 preadipocytes resulted in a significant increase in the induction of PPARγ2 and FABP4. When both CAIII and PPARγ2 were knocked down, FABP4 was not induced. We conclude that down-regulation of CAIII in preadipocytes enhances adipogenesis and that CAIII is a regulator of adipogenic differentiation which acts at the level of PPARγ2 gene expression.     

IFN-γ对PCV-2增殖效果的影响

在病毒培养物中添加IFN-γ,研究提高PCV-2病毒滴度的最佳培养方法。以不同活性单位的IFN-γ和不同浓度的NH₄Cl配合使用分别添加至培养基,用免疫过氧化物酶细胞单层试验（IPMA）对病毒毒价（TCID₅₀）进行测定;于72 h后分别测定添加与不添加IFN-γ接毒细胞的细胞周期。结果显示,500 U/mL IFN-γ和75 mmol/L NH₄Cl处理PK-15后病毒的TCID₅₀达到最大值5.9;且无论在病毒接种细胞前还是接种后添加IFN-γ均大幅提高病毒增殖力,而且两者提高幅度相同;细胞周期测定显示,最适量的IFN-γ和NH₄Cl配合使用后,细胞增殖活性增加。说明,重组IFN-γ可以提高PCV-2在PK-15中的病毒增殖滴度。     

γIL-2和α-IFN治疗转移性肾癌

目前，转移性肾癌尚无理想的治疗方法，我们自１９９６～１９９７年８月，联合应用γＩＬ ２和α ＩＦＮ治疗转移性肾癌１１例，报告如下：对１１例转移性肾癌，男８例，女３例，年龄４６～７２岁，均经手术治疗病理诊断，４例手术前已发现转移，７例为手术后５～１４个...     

Phospholipase C-γ2 promotes intracellular survival of mycobacteria

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infects millions of people each year. These bacilli can survive inside macrophages. To favor their survival, pathogen alters various signal transduction pathways in host cells. Phospholipase C (PLC) signaling regulates various processes in mammalian cells but has never been investigated for their roles in regulating phagocytosis and killing of mycobacteria by macrophages. Here, we report that infection with Mtb but not Mycobacterium smegmatis (MS) induces phosphorylation of PLC-γ2 at tyrosine 1217 in J774A.1 cells. Small interfering RNA–mediated knockdown of PLC-γ2 expression leads to the enhanced killing of both MS and Mtb by these cells suggesting that Mtb activates PLC-γ2 to promote its intracellular survival within macrophages. Knockdown of PLC-γ2 also lead to increased uptake of Mtb but not MS by J774.A.1 cells. Further, we have observed that PLC-γ2 was required for Mtb-induced inhibition of expression of proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (RANTES). Altogether, our results for the first time demonstrate that Mtb induces activation of macrophages PLC-γ2 to inhibit their mycobactericidal response.     

反义磷脂酶Dγ(Anti-PLDγ)基因转化美洲黑杨G2的研究

通过农杆菌介导法将反义磷脂酶DT(Anti-PLDγ)基因转入美洲黑杨G2中以提高其耐盐性。本研究建立了美洲黑杨G2组培再生体系,确立了美洲黑杨G2叶片分化最适宜培养基和生根培养基,进行了卡那霉素(选择性抗生素)敏感性试验,改良了传统的农杆菌介导转化法。经诱导不定芽及生根阶段卡那霉素(选择性抗生素)连续筛选,获得了21株卡那霉素抗性植株,抗性植株经PCR及PCR-Southern杂交检测,有13株均呈阳性,证明Anti-PLDγ基因成功整合到美洲黑杨G2基因组中。耐盐性实验表明,4株转基因植株抗NaCl能力比对照有不同程度提高。     

Brucella abortus inhibits IFN-γ-induced FcγRI expression and FcγRI-restricted phagocytosis via toll-like receptor 2 on human monocytes/macrophages

The strategies that allow Brucella abortus to persist for years inside macrophages subverting host immune responses are not completely understood. Immunity against this bacterium relies on the capacity of IFN-γ to activate macrophages, endowing them with the ability to destroy intracellular bacteria. We report here that infection with B. abortus down-modulates the expression of the type I receptor for the Fc portion of IgG (FcγRI, CD64) and FcγRI-restricted phagocytosis regulated by IFN-γ in human monocytes/macrophages. Both phenomena were not dependent on bacterial viability, since they were also induced by heat-killed B. abortus (HKBA), suggesting that they were elicited by a structural bacterial component. Accordingly, a prototypical B. abortus lipoprotein (L-Omp19), but not its unlipidated form, inhibited both CD64 expression and FcγRI-restricted phagocytosis regulated by IFN-γ. Moreover, a synthetic lipohexapeptide that mimics the structure of the protein lipid moiety also inhibited CD64 expression, indicating that any Brucella lipoprotein could down-modulate CD64 expression and FcγRI-restricted phagocytosis. Pre-incubation of monocytes/macrophages with anti-TLR2 mAb blocked the inhibition of the CD64 expression mediated by HKBA and L-Omp19. These results, together with our previous observations establish that B. abortus utilizes its lipoproteins to inhibit the monocytes/macrophages activation mediated by IFN-γ and to subvert host immunonological responses.     

PPAR-γ/PGC-1α对支气管哮喘豚鼠肺组织Nrf2/γ-GCS-h作用

目的：观察PPAR-γ、PGC-1α、Nrf2和γ-GCS-h在豚鼠支气管哮喘肺组织中表达而探索PPAR-γ/PGC-1α对Nrf2/γ-GCS-h作用。方法：40只健康雄性豚鼠随机化原则分成对照组（A组）、哮喘组（B组）、地塞米松（C组）和罗格列酮治疗组（D组）,每组10只豚鼠,卵蛋白致敏法复制哮喘模型。原位杂交检测PPAR-γ、PGC-1α、Nrf2和γ-GCS-hmRNA表达,免疫组化和Western blot检测四种蛋白表达。结果：PPAR-γ、PGC-1α、Nrf2和γ-GCS-h的mRNA哮喘组表达最低,四组表达差异有统计学意义（P均〈0.01）;免疫组化和Western blot显示PPAR-γ、PGC-1α、Nrf2和γ-GCS-h的蛋白哮喘组表达几乎都呈阴性而且以核内表达为主,四组差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0.01）。PPAR-γ表达与PGC-1α表达呈正相关,γ-GCS-h mRNA表达与PPAR-γ、PGC-1α、Nrf2核内表达均呈正相关,Nrf2表达与PPAR-γ和PGC-1α表达均呈正相关。结论：PPAR-γ、PGC-1α、Nrf2和γ-GCS-h在卵蛋白致敏急性支气管哮喘模型中表达下降;PPAR-γ/PGC-1α可通过上调Nrf2/γ-GCS-h表达提高组织的抗氧化能力,因而PPAR-γ/PGC-1α在哮喘的发病和防治可能起重要的作用。     

Restoration of Responsiveness of Phospholipase Cγ2-Deficient Platelets by Enforced Expression of Phospholipase Cγ1

Receptor-mediated platelet activation requires phospholipase C (PLC) activity to elevate intracellular calcium and induce actin cytoskeleton reorganization. PLCs are classified into structurally distinct β, γ, δ, ε, ζ, and η isoforms. There are two PLCγ isoforms (PLCγ1, PLCγ2), which are critical for activation by tyrosine kinase-dependent receptors. Platelets express both PLCγ1 and PLCγ2. Although PLCγ2 has been shown to play a dominant role in platelet activation, the extent to which PLCγ1 contributes has not been evaluated. To ascertain the relative contributions of PLCγ1 and PLCγ2 to platelet activation, we generated conditionally PLCγ1-deficient, wild-type (WT), PLCγ2-deficient, and PLCγ1/PLCγ2 double-deficient mice and measured the ability of platelets to respond to different agonists. We found that PLCγ2 deficiency abrogated αIIbβ3-dependent platelet spreading, GPVI-dependent platelet aggregation, and thrombus formation on collagen-coated surfaces under shear conditions, which is dependent on both GPVI and αIIbβ3. Addition of exogenous ADP overcame defective spreading of PLCγ2-deficient platelets on immobilized fibrinogen, suggesting that PLCγ2 is required for granule secretion in response to αIIbβ3 ligation. Consistently, αIIbβ3-mediated release of granule contents was impaired in the absence of PLCγ2. In contrast, PLCγ1-deficient platelets spread and released granule contents normally on fibrinogen, exhibited normal levels of GPVI-dependent aggregation, and formed thrombi normally on collagen-coated surfaces. Interestingly, enforced expression of PLCγ1 fully restored GPVI-dependent aggregation and αIIbβ3-dependent spreading of PLCγ2-deficient platelets. We conclude that platelet activation through GPVI and αIIbβ3 utilizes PLCγ2 because PLCγ1 levels are insufficient to support responsiveness, but that PLCγ1 can restore responsiveness if expressed at levels normally achieved by PLCγ2.     

γ-L-glutamyltaurine

Summary. The discovery of the dipeptide γ-glutamyltaurine (γ-GT; glutaurine, Litoralon) in the parathyroid in 1980 and later in the brain of mammals gave rise to studies on intrinsic and synthetic taurine peptides of this type. It was suggested that γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT; γ-glutamyltranspeptidase) in the brain is responsible for the in vivo formation of this unusual dipeptide. γ-GT has been prepared by both synthetic and enzymatic methods. The chemical syntheses included the use of protecting groups and coupling methods. A wide spectrum of analytical and spectroscopic methods was used to confirm the structure of the synthetic compounds and to elucidate the position of the peptide bond. Enzymatic preparation of γ-GT from taurine takes advantage of the selective transpeptidation action of GGT on L-glutamine, glutathione, γ-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide or other glutamine donors. Although the functional roles of γ-GT in the brain are only poorly understood, many of its established CNS effects have been reported in the last 25 years. Its effect on emotional arousal and its anti-conflict potencies are synergistic with the anxiolytic drug diazepam. γ-GT exhibits anti-conflict potency, which is exerted by reducing aversion or phobia and/or the anxiety levels. γ-GT also acts as endogenous modulator in excitatory aminoacidergic neurotransmission. It is suggested that such acidic peptides through N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors could be part of the neurochemical substrate underlying self-stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex. Other γ-GT effects in neural systems include: effects on the monoamine concentration in the brain; effects on aggressive behavior in the cat; effects on thyroid hormones in the rat; amelioration of electroshock-induced amnesia; potent and long-lasting antiepileptic action (on intra-amygdaloid injection); affect the glutamatergic system in schizophrenic disorders. Roles for γ-GT in non-neural systems have also been reported, e.g., effects on the metamorphosis of amphibians; on plasma rennin regulation; on radiation protection; on uric acid levels; on human antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and many more.     

人转录因子激活蛋白TFAP_2γ促进乳腺癌细胞生长

目的:构建带Flag标签的人转录因子激活蛋白2γ(TFAP_2γ)基因真核表达载体,获得Flag-TFAP_2γ蛋白,检测其对乳腺癌细胞生长的影响。方法:采用PCR技术从乳腺文库中扩增出人TFAP_2γ基因,并将其正确插入Flag载体;将重组质粒与空载体转染人乳腺癌细胞系ZR75-1和MCF-7细胞后,Western印迹检测表达情况,并进行生长曲线实验。结果:双酶切和测序鉴定表明,Flag-TFAP_2γ真核表达质粒构建成功,转染ZR75-1和MCF-7细胞后获得表达;生长曲线实验结果表明,TFAP_2γ可促进乳腺癌细胞的生长。结论:构建了带Flag标签的人TFAP_2γ基因真核表达载体,并能在乳腺癌细胞ZR75-1和MCF-7中表达,且能促进细胞的生长。本实验为进一步研究TFAP_2γ在乳腺癌中的功能奠定了基础。     

电离辐射生物标志物γ-H2AX的检测技术研究进展

电离辐射可导致DNA双链断裂,从而使组蛋白H2AX迅速在双链断裂处磷酸化为γ-H2AX。检测细胞中γ-H2AX聚集处形成的焦点数目可用于评价DNA双链断裂情况,且与辐射剂量相关。因此,γ-H2AX可作为电离辐射的生物标志物,用来评价电离辐射的致突变能力,亦可作为电离辐射生物剂量计,用于估算个体受照剂量。γ-H2AX检测技术在辐射生物学研究、辐射分子流行病学调查,以及辐射事故应急响应与医学处置等方面具有重要应用价值。本文将重点阐述近十年来国内外基于电离辐射生物标志物γ-H2AX的检测方法研究进展和应用前景。     

CO_2激光与γ射线辐照花生的效应研究

ＣＯ￣２激光对花生的诱变效应跟￣５０Ｃｏ－γ射线对花生的诱变效应相仿,能诱发花生根尖细胞染色体畸变,且畸变率随辐照剂量的增加而上升;也能使花生的一些生物学特征发生变异,其变异性状能向继代遗传。