Increased concentrations of interleukin 1-β in whole blood cultures supernatants after 12 weeks of moderate endurance exercise

The aim of the study was to investigate whether a regular moderate endurance exercise programme influenced the in vitro cytokine synthesis by stimulated whole blood cultures. To this end, eight healthy subjects exercised moderately by running for 3-5 h a week over a period of 12 weeks, whilst seven other healthy subjects served as the control group. The intensity of the exercise was determined by lactic acid concentrations in the blood which were maintained between 1.8 and 2.5 mmol x l(-1). Over the period of training the running velocity producing the 4 mmol x l(-1) lactic acid threshold increased from 2.86 (SD 0.83) m x s(-1) to 3.06+/-0.79 m x s(-1) (P < or = 0.008). Blood samples were taken at rest before and after the training programme. The following blood parameters were determined: leucocyte count, differential leucocyte count, lymphocyte subpopulations [CD14 positive (+)/CD45+, CD4+/ CD25+, CD8+, CD16+/CD122+]. Whole blood cultures were stimulated with lipopolysaccarides [interleukin (IL)-1 beta and IL-6] and staphylococcal enterotoxin B [IL-2, soluble interleukin 2 receptor (sIL2-R) and interferon (IFN)-gamma]. Cytokine concentrations in the supernatants were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The white blood cell count, differential leucocyte count, lymphocyte subset distribution and the expression of the CD25 and CD122 antigen on lymphocytes were unchanged by training. After the training programme the IL-1 beta production changed significantly [1496 (SD 264) pg ml(-1) before, compared to 2127 (SD 672) pg ml(-1) after training, P < or = 0.008]. In the control group these parameters remained unchanged. With respect to changes in the values in both groups the syntheses of IL-1 beta (P < or = 0.023) and IL-6 (P < or = 0.021) were significantly higher after regular training. The syntheses of IL-2, sIL-2 and INF-gamma were not significantly influenced. Regular endurance exercise influenced the in vitro production of monocyte derived cytokines, while the effect of exercise on the cytokines synthesized by T-cells appeared to be of lesser importance.     

化疗在中晚期非小细胞肺癌患者中对淋巴细胞亚群影响分析

目的:探讨化疗在中晚期非小细胞肺癌患者中对淋巴细胞亚群的影响。方法:随机抽取本院收治的60例中晚期非小细胞肺癌患者编为实验组进行化疗,另选取同期体检的50例健康志愿者作为对照组。随访12月-15月,采用流式细胞仪技术分别对两组外周血淋巴细胞亚群进行检测计数。结果:两组间相比,实验组患者的CD3+、CD4+、NK细胞的数量以及CD4+/CD8+比值均低于对照组(P<0.05),而CD8+细胞的比例却高于对照组。化疗后CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+、NK均较化疗前升高(P<0.05),但CD8+不变(P>0.05)。结论:应用化疗治疗中晚期非小细胞肺癌,可明显改善患者的免疫功能。     

The activation processes of the immune system during low intensity exercise without relaxation

The activation processes of T-, B- and NK-cells were studied during 8-week low intensity strength training without relaxation. After the long-term training, no changes occurred in the peripheral blood contents of the main subpopulations of immunocompetent cells (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+ and CD16+/CD56+ lymphocytes) and serum levels of immunoglobulin A, M, and G. At the same time, training was accompanied by positive activation of the immunocompetent cells which was evident from increased percentage of CD3+, CD19+ and /CD56+ cells expressing CD69 after activation (PHA, PW and II.2, respectively). The final period of the training course was also associated with a decrease in the level of lymphocyte apoptosis and increase of proliferative responses of lymphocytes.     

The clinical value of the changes of peripheral lymphocyte subsets absolute counts in patients with non-small cell lung cancer

IntroductionImmune function strongly influences the outcome of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It's vital to understand the immune state of patients through detecting the percentage and number of lymphocyte subsets accurately, and helpful to evaluate conditions of prognosis and adjust treatment for patients.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study in First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China. The absolute counts and percentages of CD3+, CD3 + CD4+, CD3 + CD8+, B and NK cells were determined by single platform technologies. 172 patients received treatment including surgery or chemotherapy after surgery. The factors affecting disease progression were analyzed by Binary Logistic regression. Progression free survival (PFS) calculating survivals were with the method of Kaplan-Meier. The log-rank test and cox's proportional hazard regression (enter method) were used for univariable and multivariable analyses respectively.ResultsRelative to normal controls, patients with NSCLC at different stages showed decreased absolute lymphocyte count obviously, rather than lymphocyte percentages.Different treatments had unlike influence on the homeostasis of lymphocytes and the effects last for a long time. Logistic regression showed CD3 + CD4+ and CD3 + CD8+ could contribute to favorable prognosis. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors of PFS showed CD3 + CD4+ cell was independent factor for predicting PFS.ConclusionsThe absolute count of CD3+, CD3 + CD4+, CD3 + CD8+, B and NK cells were better indication of the patient's immune state than percentages of each lymphocyte subsets. Immune function was impaired in patients with non-small cell lung. The high level of baseline absolute CD3 + CD4+ cells count contributed to longer progression free survival.Chinese Clinic Trial Registry number: ChiCTR-IOR-17014139; Registry date: 2017/12/25.     

OKT-3/cyclophosphamide up-regulation of peripheral blood killer-lymphocyte subsets in human cancer patients.

We have initiated a clinical trial in 7 patients using low-dose OKT-3 monoclonal antibody, 50 mcg, followed 24 hours later by low-dose cyclophosphamide, 300 mg/m2. Complete data in 5 patients indicate a significant up-regulation of the number of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Before treatment, the mean (+/- standard deviation) total lymphocyte count was 524 (+/- 364)/mm3. After 4 weeks the value rose 64% to 860 (+/- 243)/mm3, (P less than .025, Student's t test). Similar changes were observed for the CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD16+ (NK) lymphocyte subsets. The mean CD3+ population rose from 372 (+/- 325)/mm3 to 593 (+/- 300)/mm3 (P less than .025), the mean CD4+ group rose from 209 (+/- 142)/mm3 to 321 (+/- 104)/mm3 (P less than .05), the CD8+ cells rose from 218 (+/- 205)/mm3 to 341 (+/- 197)/mm3 (P less than .05), and the CD16+ (NK cells) rose from 80 (+/- 37)/mm3 to 157 (+/- 63)/mm3 (P less than .025). Statistically significant up-regulation occurred for all patients. The fraction of each lymphocyte subset and the T4/T8 ratio did not change. OKT-3/cyclophosphamide appears to modulate the number of circulating lymphocytes in human cancer patients.     

长春瑞滨联合卡铂化疗治疗晚期肺癌的临床观察

目的:探讨长春瑞滨联合卡铂化疗对晚期肺癌的治疗效果和安全性。方法:选取我院肿瘤科收治的晚期肺癌患者60例,根据不同治疗方案分为实验组与对照组,每组各30例患者。比较两组患者治疗前后的CEA、CA50、CYFRA21-1水平、白细胞计数及T淋巴细胞亚群CD4+、CD8+水平的变化。结果:治疗前,两组患者的CEA、CA50、CYFRA21-1水平、白细胞计数及T淋巴细胞亚群CD4+、CD8+水平比较均无统计学差异(P0.05)。治疗后,实验组的CEA、CA50、CYFRA21-1、CD8+水平均明显低于对照组,而白细胞计数及T淋巴细胞亚群CD4+、CD4+/CD8+水平均显著高于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:与放疗相比,长春瑞滨联合卡铂化疗能显著提高晚期肺癌的疗效,且不降低患者的细胞免疫。     

Gold probe choice in simultaneous detection of human lymphocyte surface antigens at the ultrastructural level

A double immunogold-labeling method in immunoelectron microscopy was used for simultaneous detection of two antigens by monoclonal antibodies [OKT 8 (CD 8), anti-Leu-7, anti-Leu-11b (CD 16)] on lymphocytes in suspension. The combination of gold probe size (5 nm and 15 nm) and monoclonal antibody was found to be decisive for detecting double-labeled cells with the OKT 8+, Leu-11b+ phenotype. The combinations of OKT 8 labeled with the 5-nm gold probe (OKT 8(5] and anti-Leu-11b with the 15-nm gold probe (Leu-11b15) gave double-labeled cells; the reverse situation, using OKT 8 with a 15-nm gold probe (OKT 8(15] and anti-Leu-11b with a 5-nm gold probe (Leu-11b5), did not. Double-labeled OKT 8+, Leu-7+ cells were detected irrespective of which gold probe combination was applied. Our findings indicate that although the double immunogold-labeling method is well suited for study of lymphocyte subsets, it is important to determine suitable combinations of gold probe sizes and monoclonal antibodies for the lymphocyte subset under study, taking into account surface antigen density, so that double labeling ensues.     

Treatment with oxandrolone and the durability of effects in older men.

We investigated the effects of the anabolic androgen, oxandrolone, on lean body mass (LBM), muscle size, fat, and maximum voluntary muscle strength, and we determined the durability of effects after treatment was stopped. Thirty-two healthy 60- to 87-yr-old men were randomized to receive 20 mg oxandrolone/day (n = 20) or placebo (n = 12) for 12 wk. Body composition [dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), magnetic resonance imaging, and (2)H(2)O dilution] and muscle strength [1 repetition maximum (1 RM)] were evaluated at baseline and after 12 wk of treatment; body composition (DEXA) and 1-RM strength were then assessed 12 wk after treatment was discontinued (week 24). At week 12, oxandrolone increased LBM by 3.0 +/- 1.5 kg (P < 0.001), total body water by 2.9 +/- 3.7 kg (P = 0.002), and proximal thigh muscle area by 12.4 +/- 8.4 cm(2) (P < 0.001); these increases were greater (P < 0.003) than in the placebo group. Oxandrolone increased 1-RM strength for leg press by 6.7 +/- 6.4% (P < 0.001), leg flexion by 7.0 +/- 7.8% (P < 0.001), chest press by 9.3 +/- 6.7% (P < 0.001), and latissimus pull-down exercises by 5.1 +/- 9.1% (P = 0.02); these increases were greater than placebo. Oxandrolone reduced total (-1.9 +/- 1.0 kg) and trunk fat (-1.3 +/- 0.6 kg; P < 0.001), and these decreases were greater (P < 0.001) than placebo. Twelve weeks after oxandrolone was discontinued (week 24), the increments in LBM and muscle strength were no longer different from baseline (P > 0.15). However, the decreases in total and trunk fat were sustained (-1.5 +/- 1.8, P = 0.001 and -1.0 +/- 1.1 kg, P < 0.001, respectively). Thus oxandrolone induced short-term improvements in LBM, muscle area, and strength, while reducing whole body and trunk adiposity. Anabolic improvements were lost 12 wk after discontinuing oxandrolone, whereas improvements in fat mass were largely sustained.     

Physical performance and cardiovascular responses to an acute bout of heavy resistance circuit training versus traditional strength training

Circuit training effectively reduces the time devoted to strength training while allowing an adequate training volume to be achieved. Nonetheless, circuit training has traditionally been performed using relatively low loads for a relatively high number of repetitions, which is not conducive to maximal muscle size and strength gain. This investigation compared physical performance parameters and cardiovascular load during heavy-resistance circuit (HRC) training to the responses during a traditional, passive rest strength training set (TS). Ten healthy subjects (age, 26 +/- 1.6 years; weight, 80.2 +/- 8.78 kg) with strength training experience volunteered for the study. Testing was performed once weekly for 3 weeks. On day 1, subjects were familiarized with the test and training exercises. On the subsequent 2 test days, subjects performed 1 of 2 strength training programs: HRC (5 sets x (bench press + leg extensions + ankle extensions); 35-second interset rest; 6 repetition maximum [6RM] loads) or TS (5 sets x bench press; 3-minute interset rest, 6RM loads). The data confirm that the maximum and average bar velocity and power and the number of repetitions performed of the bench press in the 2 conditions was the same; however, the average heart rate was significantly greater in the HRC compared to the TS condition (HRC = 129 +/- 15.6 beats x min(-1), approximately 71% maximum heart rate (HRmax), TS = 113 +/- 13.1 beats x min(-1), approximately 62% HRmax; P < 0.05). Thus, HRC sets are quantitatively similar to traditional strength training sets, but the cardiovascular load is substantially greater. HRC may be an effective training strategy for the promotion of both strength and cardiovascular adaptations.     

Effects of resistance training on the physical capacities of adolescent soccer players

This study examined the effects of a progressive resistance training program in addition to soccer training on the physical capacities of male adolescents. Eighteen soccer players (age: 12-15 years) were separated in a soccer (SOC; n = 9) and a strength-soccer (STR; n = 9) training group and 8 subjects of similar age constituted a control group. All players followed a soccer training program 5 times a week for the development of technical and tactical skills. In addition, the STR group followed a strength training program twice a week for 16 weeks. The program included 10 exercises, and at each exercise, 2-3 sets of 8-15 repetitions with a load 55-80% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM). Maximum strength ([1RM] leg press, bench-press), jumping ability (squat jump [SJ], countermovement jump [CMJ], repeated jumps for 30 seconds) running speed (30 m, 10 x 5-m shuttle run), flexibility (seat and reach), and soccer technique were measured at the beginning, after 8 weeks, and at the end of the training period. After 16 weeks of training, 1RM leg press, 10 x 5-m shuttle run speed, and performance in soccer technique were higher (p < 0.05) for the STR and the SOC groups than for the control group. One repetition maximum bench press and leg press, SJ and CMJ height, and 30-m speed were higher (p < 0.05) for the STR group compared with SOC and control groups. The above data show that soccer training alone improves more than normal growth maximum strength of the lower limps and agility. The addition of resistance training, however, improves more maximal strength of the upper and the lower body, vertical jump height, and 30-m speed. Thus, the combination of soccer and resistance training could be used for an overall development of the physical capacities of young boys.     

Three sets of weight training superior to 1 set with equal intensity for eliciting strength

The purpose of this study was to compare single and multiple sets of weight training for strength gains in recreationally trained individuals. Sixteen men (age = 21 +/- 2.0) were randomly assigned to 1 set (S-1; n = 8) or 3 set (S-3; n = 8) groups and trained 3 days per week for 12 weeks. One repetition maximum (1RM) was recorded for bench press and leg press at pre-, mid-, and posttest. Subjects trained according to daily undulating periodization (DUP), involving the bench press and leg press exercises between 4RM and 8RM. Training intensity was equated for both groups. Analysis of variance with repeated measures revealed statistically significant differences favoring S-3 in the leg press (p < 0.05, effect size [ES] = 6.5) and differences approaching significance in the bench press (p = 0.07, ES = 2.3). The results demonstrate that for recreationally trained individuals using DUP training, 3 sets of training are superior to 1 set for eliciting maximal strength gains.     

Changes in blood leucocyte populations induced by acute maximal and chronic submaximal exercise

Absolute (x 10(3).mm-3) or relative (%) numbers of blood leucocyte types (monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils) and lymphocyte subsets (T11+, T4+, T8+, B1+, and NKH1+) reacting with specific monoclonal antibodies were determined at rest, immediately after maximal exercise on a treadmill, in six controls (C), and in six young cyclists before training (BT) and after 5 months of training (AT). Maximal exercise significantly increased the absolute number (mobilization) of virtually all the types of leucocytes and subsets of lymphocytes in C, BT and AT subjects. In these subjects mobilization of natural killer cells (NKH1+) and cytotoxic/suppressor T lymphocytes (T8+) was greater than mobilization of the other leucocyte types and lymphocyte subsets; however, maximal exercise induced no significant changes in the relative numbers of any leucocyte types and lymphocyte subsets, except in the case of T4+ lymphocytes in At cyclists. Chronic submaximal exercise induced increased mobilization of neutrophils and decreased mobilization of lymphocytes during maximal exercise, except in the case of B lymphocytes (B1+) and NKH1+ cells, and decreases in the absolute and relative number of neutrophils at rest. It remains to be seen how these results can explain the modifications of leucocyte activities noted in vitro after isolated or chronic exercise.     

低氧暴露对大鼠外周血T淋巴细胞活化的影响

目的：探讨低氧暴露后大鼠外周血T淋巴细胞亚群及活化共刺激分子的变化,为干预措施的研究提供科学依据。方法：采用三色免疫荧光标记流式细胞仪分析法,观察在低氧暴露前和模拟海拔8 000 m低氧暴露8 h、3d6、d和10 d后,大鼠外周血T淋巴细胞亚群和T淋巴细胞活化共刺激分子的变化。结果：模拟海拔8 000 m低氧暴露8 h后,大鼠CD3＋、CD8＋、CD8＋CD28-细胞数较低氧前均显著降低（P均〈0.01）;低氧暴露3 d后,除上述变化外,CD4＋CD28＋细胞数也显著降低（P〈0.01）,CD4＋CD28-细胞数显著增加（P〈0.01）;低氧暴露6 d和10 d后,CD3＋、CD4＋呈现进一步降低趋势,CD8＋CD28＋细胞数显著增加（P〈0.01）。结论：说明模拟海拔8 000 m低氧暴露8 h和3 d后,大鼠外周血CD8＋、CD4＋T淋巴细胞活化水平均显著下降,随着低氧暴露时间的延长,CD8＋T淋巴细胞活化水平由降低变为增加。     

中药复方连黄对小鼠T淋巴细胞亚群CD4~+、CD8~+的影响

目的探讨中药复方连黄对小鼠T淋巴细胞亚群CD4+、CD8+的影响.方法 T淋巴细胞亚群测定采用单克降抗体直接免疫荧光技术,通过流式细胞仪测定.结果经统计学分析,与对照组比较,中药复方连黄能不同程度地使CD4+、CD4+/CD8+升高,而使CD8+下降.结果表明,中药复方连黄对细胞免疫功能具有调节作用.     

A comparison of periodization models during nine weeks with equated volume and intensity for strength

The purpose of the present investigation was to determine if significant differences exist among 3 different periodization programs in eliciting changes in strength. Twenty-eight recreationally trained college-aged volunteers (mean +/- SD; 22.29 +/- 3.98) of both genders were tested for bench press, leg press, body fat percentage, chest circumference, and thigh circumference during initial testing. After initial testing, subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 training groups: (a) linear periodization (n = 9), (b) daily undulating periodization (n = 10), or (c) weekly undulating periodization (n = 9). The training regimen for each group consisted of a 9-week, 3-day-per-week program. Training loads were assigned as heavy (90%, 4 repetition maximum [4RM]), medium (85%, 6RM), or light (80%, 8RM) for bench press and leg press exercises. Subjects were familiarized with the CR-10 rated perceived exertion scale and instructed to achieve an 8 or 9 on the final repetition of each set for all other exercises. Subjects were then retested after 4 weeks of training. Training loads were then adjusted according to the new 1RM. Subjects were then retested after 5 more weeks of exercise. For all subjects, significant (p < 0.05) increases in bench press and leg press strength were demonstrated at all time points (T1-T3). No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between groups for bench press, leg press, body fat percentage, chest circumference, or thigh circumference at all time points. These results indicate that no separation based on periodization model is seen in early-phase training.     

Nonrandom migration of CD4+, CD8+, and gamma delta+T19+ lymphocyte subsets following in vivo stimulation with antigen

We report here the results of experiments in which the migration of three T cell subsets (CD4+, CD8+, and gamma delta+T19+ cells) through antigen-stimulated lymph nodes and subcutaneous granulomas has been compared with that through normal skin and resting lymph nodes. The percentage of gamma delta+T19+ lymphocytes was halved and the percentage of CD8+ lymphocytes was doubled in lymph draining stimulated compared with control tissues, and all lymphocyte subsets except gamma delta+T19+ lymphocytes had higher hourly outputs in lymph draining antigen-stimulated compared with control tissues. Antigen also resulted in a higher percentage of CD8+ lymphoblasts and a lower percentage of gamma delta+T19+ lymphoblasts in efferent lymph draining antigen-stimulated lymph nodes. The data indicate that lymphocyte subsets leave the blood with differing efficiencies in different vascular beds and raise the possibility that antigen can influence the rate at which tissues extract individual T cell subsets from the blood.     

曲马多、吗啡术后自控镇痛对食管癌患者细胞免疫功能的影响

目的：比较曲马多、吗啡对食管癌术后患者的镇痛疗效以及对机体免疫功能的影响。方法：将本院50 例行食管癌手术患者随 机分成对A 组和B 组,A 组接受硬膜外吗啡镇痛,B 组接受硬膜外曲马多镇痛,常规监测心电图（ECG）、无创血压（BP）、心率 （HR）、血氧饱和度（SPO2）、呼气末二氧化碳分压(PETCO2）。记录两组患者不同时间点视觉模拟疼痛（VAS）评分、不良反应发生 率、外周血T 淋巴细胞亚群(CD3+、CD4+、CD8+)、NK 细胞的变化。结果：两组患者均得到满意的术后镇痛效果,术后1d,A、B两组 患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群、NK 细胞的水平较术前降低（P<0.05）,且A 组降低幅度明显大于B 组（P<0.05）;术后2d,A 组外周 血T 淋巴细胞亚群、NK 细胞的水平虽有所升高,但仍较术前降低（P<0.05）,B 组CD3+、CD4+、CD8+及NK细胞水平恢复至术前水 平;术后3d,A 组上述指标恢复至麻醉前水平。结论：曲马多在镇痛的同时对机体外周血T 淋巴细胞亚群和NK细胞水平影响较 小,减轻了麻醉对细胞免疫功能的抑制效应。     

Interaction between concurrent strength and endurance training

To assess the effects of concurrent strength (S) and endurance (E) training on S and E development, one group (4 young men and 4 young women) trained one leg for S and the other leg for S and E (S+E). A second group (4 men, 4 women) trained one leg for E and the other leg for E and S (E+S). E training consisted of five 3-min bouts on a cycle ergometer at a power output corresponding to that requiring 90-100% of oxygen uptake during maximal exercise (VO2 max). S training consisted of six sets of 15-20 repetitions with the heaviest possible weight on a leg press (combined hip and knee extension) weight machine. Training was done 3 days/wk for 22 wk. Needle biopsy samples from vastus lateralis were taken before and after training and were examined for histochemical, biochemical, and ultrastructural adaptations. The nominal S and E training programs were "hybrids", having more similarities as training stimuli than differences; thus S made increases (P less than 0.05) similar to those of S+E in E-related measures of VO2max (S, S+E: 8%, 8%), repetitions with the pretraining maximal single leg press lift [1 repetition maximum (RM)] (27%, 24%), and percent of slow-twitch fibers (15%, 8%); and S made significant, although smaller, increases in repetitions with 80% 1 RM (81%, 152%) and citrate synthase (CS) activity (22%, 51%). Similarly, E increased knee extensor area [computed tomography (CT) scans] as much as E+S (14%, 21%) and made significant, although smaller, increases in leg press 1 RM (20%, 34%) and thigh girth (3.4%, 4.8%). When a presumably stronger stimulus for an adaptation was added to a weaker one, some additive effects occurred (i.e., increases in 1 RM and thigh girth that were greater in E+S than E; increases in CS activity and repetitions with 80% 1 RM that were greater in S+E than S). When a weaker, although effective, stimulus was added to a stronger one, addition generally did not occur. Concurrent S and E training did not interfere with S or E development in comparison to S or E training alone.     

The effects of protein and amino acid supplementation on performance and training adaptations during ten weeks of resistance training

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of whey protein supplementation on body composition, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and anaerobic capacity during 10 weeks of resistance training. Thirty-six resistance-trained males (31.0 +/- 8.0 years, 179.1 +/- 8.0 cm, 84.0 +/- 12.9 kg, 17.8 +/- 6.6%) followed a 4 days-per-week split body part resistance training program for 10 weeks. Three groups of supplements were randomly assigned, prior to the beginning of the exercise program, in a double-blind manner to all subjects: 48 g per day (g.d(-1)) carbohydrate placebo (P), 40 g.d(-1) of whey protein + 8 g.d(-1) of casein (WC), or 40 g.d(-1) of whey protein + 3 g.d(-1) branched-chain amino acids + 5 g.d(-1) L-glutamine (WBG). At 0, 5, and 10 weeks, subjects were tested for fasting blood samples, body mass, body composition using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), 1 repetition maximum (1RM) bench and leg press, 80% 1RM maximal repetitions to fatigue for bench press and leg press, and 30-second Wingate anaerobic capacity tests. No changes (p > 0.05) were noted in all groups for energy intake, training volume, blood parameters, and anaerobic capacity. WC experienced the greatest increases in DEXA lean mass (P = 0.0 +/- 0.9; WC = 1.9 +/- 0.6; WBG = -0.1 +/- 0.3 kg, p < 0.05) and DEXA fat-free mass (P = 0.1 +/- 1.0; WC = 1.8 +/- 0.6; WBG = -0.1 +/- 0.2 kg, p < 0.05). Significant increases in 1RM bench press and leg press were observed in all groups after 10 weeks. In this study, the combination of whey and casein protein promoted the greatest increases in fat-free mass after 10 weeks of heavy resistance training. Athletes, coaches, and nutritionists can use these findings to increase fat-free mass and to improve body composition during resistance training.     

应用流式细胞术分析林麝外周血 CD4+、CD8+ T淋巴细胞

通过对圈养林麝(Moschusberezovskii)外周血淋巴细胞CD4~+、CD8~+亚群的检测,探讨林麝细胞免疫功能状态,并探索应用流式细胞仪分析其淋巴细胞亚群的方法,为研究林麝重大疾病的病理机制及诊断方法提供科学依据。本研究选取健康林麝和患呼吸道疾病林麝各5头,以双色流式细胞术检测其外周血淋巴细胞CD4~+、CD8~+亚群的含量,并进行比较。结果显示,羊源CD4、CD8的流式荧光抗体能够标记林麝细胞并有效检测;患病林麝与健康林麝相比,外周血CD4~+细胞含量无差异(P 0.05),CD8~+细胞含量则显著降低(P 0.01),CD4~+/CD8~+比值显著增高(P 0.01)。结果表明,患呼吸系统炎性疾病的林麝其外周血淋巴细胞CD8~+亚群变化显著,检测淋巴细胞亚群对林麝疾病的诊断有重要意义。