Protein-lipid interactions and differential scanning calorimetric studies of bacteriorhodopsin reconstituted lipid-water systems

Bacteriorhodopsin has been reconstituted at various molar concentrations into liposomes of dimyristoyl- and also of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. Differential scanning calorimetry indicates that as the protein concentration within the lipid bilayer increases, the cooperativity of the lipid phase transition is reduced, i.e. the transition is broadened, while the midpoint transition temperature remains virtually unchanged. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy of our preparation shows, in agreement with previous data from other laboratories, that extensive protein aggregation occurs when the liposome is cooled below the T_c transition temperature of the lipid. Laser flash photolysis measurements of protein rotation of the bacteriorhodopsin show, especially in the case of protein-rich recombinants, that protein aggregates exist even above T_c. The perturbation caused by the presence of bacteriorhodopsin in the lipid bilayer is similar to that produced by other intrinsic proteins. The difficulty of correlating the observed calorimetric enthalpy data with a simple concept of a ‘boundary lipid layer’ based upon consideration of a single isolated protein is discussed in view of the occurrence of protein aggregates both above and below T_c. It is concluded that the reduction of enthalpy is related to the number of lipids which solvate the protein aggregates within the protein-lipid patches and are thereby removed from the cooperative melting and enthalpy of the remaining regions of pure lipid.     

Melittin induces fusion of unilamellar phospholipid vesicles

Melittin, the soluble lipophilic peptide of bee venom, causes fusion of phospholipid vesicles when vesicle suspensions are heated or cooled through their thermal phase transition. Fusion was detected using a new photochemical method (Morgan, C.G., Hudson, B. and Wolber, P. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77, 26–30) which monitors lipid mixing. Electron microscopy and gel filtration confirmed that most of the lipid formed large vesicular structures. Fluorescence experiments with a water-soluble, membrane-impermeable complex of terbium (Wilschut, J. and Papahadjopoulos, D. (1979) Nature 281, 690–692) demonstrate that these ionic contents are released during fusion. The large structures formed by melittin-induced fusion are impermeable to these ions and are resistant to further fusion. This is in contrast to the behavior observed for the cationic detergent cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CETAB). The large size of the vesicles formed, the extreme speed of the fusion event and the appearance of electron microscope images of the vesicles prior to fusion suggest that the mechanism of the fusion process includes a preaggregation step.     

Phase transitions in phospholipid dispersions studied with an intramolecular excimer forming fluorescent probe, 1,3-bis (beta-naphthyl)propane

We introduce the use of an intramolecular excimer forming, non-conjugated bichromophoric molecule: 1,3-bis (β-naphthyl)propane as a new probe for measuring thermal phase transitions in aqueous dispersions of phospholipids.Intermolecular excimer forming systems, such as pyrene, have been intensely studied as probes for the “microfluidity” of phospholipid dispersions.The probe we used has the added advantage that intramolecular excimer formation follows a pseudomonomolecular mechanism. This makes observations independent of probe concentration and allows for minute concentrations of the probe to be used, lowering the risk of perturbation of the phospholipid phase.Phase transition temperatures determined from 1,3-bis (β-naphthyl) fluorescence are in good agreement with differential scanning calorimetry and light scattering measurements.     

Effect of retinol and retinoic acid on permeability,electrical resistance and phase transition of lipid bilayers

Retinol and retinoic acid have been incorporated into the artificial membrane systems, planar bimolecular lipid membranes and liposomes, and their effects on several membrane parameters have been measured. 1. Retinol and retinoic acid increased the permeability of egg lecithin liposomes to K⁺, I^? and glucose when incorporated into the membranes at levels as low as 0.5 membrane mol%. Retinoic acid influenced permeability more than did retinol for each of the solutes tested. 2. Retinol and retinoic acid both decreased the electrical resistance of egg lecithin-planar bimolecular lipid membranes from 0.5 to 8 membrane mol%. Retinoic acid effected a larger change than did retinol. 3. Retinol and retinoic acid increased the permeability of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes to water at 1.0 and 3.0 membrane mol%. A larger effect on water permeability was measured for retinoic acid than for retinol. 4. Retinol and retinoic acid at 1.0 and 3.0 membrane mol% were shown to lower the phase-transition temperature of liposomes composed of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine or dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. Phase-transition temperatures were monitored by abrupt changes in water permeability and liposome size associated with the transition. Retinoic acid lowered the phase-transition temperature of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes more than did retinol, while both retinoids had almost the same effect on dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes.     

SimpleDSFviewer: A tool to analyze and view differential scanning fluorimetry data for characterizing protein thermal stability and interactions

Differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) is a widely used thermal shift assay for measuring protein stability and protein–ligand interactions that are simple, cheap, and amenable to high throughput. However, data analysis remains a challenge, requiring improved methods. Here, the program SimpleDSFviewer, a user‐friendly interface, is described to help the researchers who apply DSF technique in their studies. SimpleDSFviewer integrates melting curve (MC) normalization, smoothing, and melting temperature (Tm) analysis and directly previews analyzed data, providing an efficient analysis tool for DSF. SimpleDSFviewer is developed in Matlab, and it is freely available for all users to use in Matlab workspace or with Matlab Runtime. It is easy to use and an efficient tool for researchers to preview and analyze their data in a very short time.     

Phase diagrams of bilayers of dimyristoyl lecithin plus heteroacid lecithins

Aqueous dispersions of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) mixed with 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine (POPC) or with 1-palmitoyl-2-stearoyl phosphatidylcholine (PSPC) have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Analysis of phase diagrams of the resulting bilayers indicated that both POPC-DMPC were miscible, but not ideally mixed, in the gel and in the liquid-crystalline states. In both states, estimated values for excess interaction energies were more positive for PSPC-DMPC than for POPC-DMPC, indicating that mixing was less ideal in the former system.     

Synthetic peptides as chemoattractants for bull spermatozoa structure activity correlations

The ability of various synthetic peptide analogs of. Formyl-Met-Leu-Phe to induce chemotaxis in bull sperm is compared using an inverted capillary assay. The formyl group is essential for chemotactic activity and corresponding t-butyloxycarbonyl tripeptides are inactive. Sequence analogs, Formyl-Met-Phe-Leu, Formyl-Leu-Met-Phe and Formyl-Leu-Phe-Met are active. Replacement of Met and Leu by Pro does not diminish activity. Formyl-Met-Leu-Phe-NH₂ is active suggesting that electrostatic interactions involving the carboxyl group may be unimportant in receptor interactions. The studies establish the importance of an amino terminal formyl group and a sequence of at least three hydrophobic residues, for inducing sperm chemotaxis.     

菜豆叶片衰老过程中叶绿体被膜的相变特征

用示差扫描量热计测定了菜豆第一片真叶在衰老过程中叶绿体被膜相变温度与叶绿体总脂熔融温度的变化。15日龄成长叶片叶绿体被膜相变温度为-6.7～-3.6℃,当转向衰老后,在22,29和35日龄时的相变温度分别为3.2～8.8℃、18.7～24.1℃和27.3～37.8℃。叶绿体总脂的熔融温度在15至35日龄期间也逐渐升高,但升高幅度小于被膜相变温度的升高幅度。可是,叶绿体总脂熔融温度范围却大于相应时期被膜相变温度范围。蛋白质含量下降趋势发生在叶片15日龄前,而叶绿素含量下降趋势开始于叶片21日龄之后。     

Proton currents and protein motion in membranes

A specific interaction between purified liver transglutaminase and small unilamellar phospholipid vesicles at the lipid phase transition have been revealed. The enzyme-induced perturbation of the bilayer is sufficient for phase transition release of encapsulated carboxyfluorescein from the vesicles. The size of the enzyme-phospholipid recombinants depends upon the protein-phospholipid ratio as shown on Sepharose 4B elution profile. The activity of transglutaminase inserted into the bilayer is greatly reduced. The interaction does not occur when the phospholipid vesicle are in the solid or liquid phase and it requires the structural integrity of the enzyme.     

Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on biophysical parameters and chilling sensitivity of ewe oocytes.

Fat supplementation in the diet influences reproductive performance of lactating ruminants. Changes in the fat supply alter fatty acid composition and this can affect physical properties of cell membranes. This study examined the effect of rumen bypass polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation on oocyte quality, chilling sensitivity, and lipid phase transition in oocytes of the sheep. Ewes were fed a diet supplemented with calcium soaps of fish oil for 13 weeks. More follicles and oocytes were found in the ovaries of ewes supplemented with PUFA than in control ewes. The number of high-quality oocytes was higher in ewes fed PUFA than in control ewes (74.3 and 57.0%, P < 0.05, respectively). Evaluation of phospholipid fatty acid composition indicated that PUFA were present in small proportions in oocytes, and eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were absent. Supplementation with PUFA increased the proportion of long chain unsaturated fatty acid in the plasma and cumulus cells phospholipids by 7.4 and 12.7%, respectively (P < 0.05). Integrity of oocyte membranes following chilling (16 degrees C, 15 min) was improved by PUFA supplementation increasing from 62.5 to 90.0% (P < 0.05). Due to changes in the oocyte's fatty acid profile, physical properties of the membrane were changed and the midpoint temperature of lipid transition reduced by 11 degrees C. These results suggest that supplementation of rumen bypass PUFA to ruminant diets can change fatty acid composition of follicle components and influence parameters such as number and quality of oocytes and their chilling resistance.     

Lipid-cell interactions: Liposome adsorption and cell-to-liposome lipid transfer are mediated by the same cell-surface sites

The competitive behavior of solid vs. fluid liposomes in liposome-to-cell adsorption and cell-to-liposome lipid transfer processes was investigated with L cells and FBT epithelial sheets. Binding, transfer and ³¹P-NMR experiments have demonstrated that: (i) solid liposomes adhere to the cell surface as integral vesicles retaining the entrapped substances; (ii) fluid liposomes are partly disintegrated at the cell surface with concomitant entry of entrapped substances into the cytoplasm, while their lipids remain on the cell surface; (iii) fluid liposomes that escape lysis dissociate from the cell, taking away cell lipid molecules. The latter process underlies the mechanism of cell-to-fluid liposome lipid transfer. In contrast, no lipid transfer occurs between the plasma membrane and solid liposomes. Cell-bound solid liposomes interfere with the transfer of cell lipids to fluid liposomes, while these in turn inhibit the binding of solid liposomes to the cell surface. Moreover, cell-induced aggregation of both fluid and solid freshly added liposomes is also inhibited by preincubation of the cells with either solid or fluid liposomes. Thus, different types of interaction of both fluid and solid liposomes with the cell are mediated by the same (or closely related) sites on the cell surface.     

Monolayer and calorimetric studies of phosphatidylcholines containing branched-chain fatty acids and of their interactions with cholesterol and with a bacterial hopanoid in model membranes

Although methyl iso- and anteiso-branched fatty acids occur widely in the membrane lipids of prokaryotic microorganisms, relatively little is known about the physical properties of phospholipids containing these fatty acids. We report here a monolayer and differential scanning calorimetric characterization of several synthetic phosphatidylcholines containing branched-chain fatty acids, and describe the interactions of these phospholipids with cholesterol and with a bacterial hopanoid. We find that monolayers as well as bilayers of methyl isobranched- and especially of methyl anteisobranched-fatty-acid-containing phosphatidylcholines exhibit a reduced solid-to-fluid phase transition temperature in comparison with linear saturated fatty acid-containing phosphatidylcholines of comparable chain length. We also find that the liquid-condensed or gel states of branched-chain fatty acid-containing phosphatidylcholines are partially disordered relative to those of phospholipids containing linear saturated fatty acids, although the presence of a methyl branch has only a small effect on hydrocarbon chain packing in the liquid-expanded or liquid-crystalline states. The presence of cholesterol was found to produce a marked condensation of liquid-expanded films and a small condensation of liquid-condensed films, whether the phosphatidylcholine contained linear or branched-chain fatty acyl constituents. The presence of a bacterial hopanoid produced similar, although slightly smaller, monolayer-condensing effects, indicating that these compounds may perform a cholesterol-like function in bacterial membranes.     

The effect of methylene dimethanesulphonate (MDMS) on the conformation of DNA and its dependence on base composition.

The interaction of the alkanesulphonate, methylene dimethanesulphonate (MDMS) with DNA has been studied. Thermal denaturation studies on mixtures of MDMS and DNA showed a dose-dependent decrease of the melting temperature midpoint (Tm) of the DNA. In addition, an irreversible decrease in ultraviolet absorption (hypochromism) preceded the hyperchromic shift, the magnitude of the former being linearly related to both the relative concentration of MDMS and the G-C content of the DNA used. Neither the reduction in melting temperature nor the initial UV absorption decrease occurred after dialysis of the reaction mixture. Equimolar proportions of the hydrolysis products of MDMS did not give the same effects as observed with the unhydrolysed agent. A similar hypochromism followed by strand separation occurs when DNA is allowed to stand with MDMS at room temperature, the time of subsequent strand separation being related to the treatment level of the drug. A weak association of MDMS with DNA is considered to be involved resulting in a local compression of the helical structure in the vicinity of the G-C pairs. It is suggested that this conformational change may act as a substrate for repair enzymes in vivo.     

A restatement of melittin-induced effects on the thermotropism of zwitterionic phospholipids

Perturbations induced by melittin on the thermotropism of dimyristoyl-, dipalmitoyl-, distearoylphosphatidylcholine and natural sphingomyelin are investigated and rationalized from data obtained by fluorescence polarization, differential scanning calorimetry and Raman spectroscopy. Depending on the technique and / or experimental conditions used, the observed effects differ at the same lipid to protein molar ratio, due to partial binding of melittin. The binding is more efficient for tetrameric than for monomeric melittin, but in both cases its affinity is weaker for phosphatidylcholine dispersions in the gel phase than for sonicated vesicles. For temperatures $\text{T ? T}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>m</mtext>}}$ efficient binding occurs whatever the initial state of the lipids is. One can summarize the effects induced by melittin on the transition temperature as follows: (i) No upward shift is observed on synthetic phosphatidylcholines when lipid degradation is avoided. This is achieved by using highly purified melittin, phospholipase inhibitors, and / or non-hydrolysable lipids. (ii) Melittin monomer does not change $\text{T}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>m</mtext>}}$. (iii) When melittin tetramer is stabilized, it decreases $\text{T}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>m</mtext>}}$ by 10–15 deg. C. The transition broadens, and is finally abolished for $\text{R}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>i</mtext>}}\text{? 2}$. Very similar results are found for natural sphingomyelin. Fluorescence polarization indicates similar changes in order and dynamics of the acyl chains for all lipid studied. For $\text{T ? T}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>m</mtext>}}$, fluorescence and Raman show that melittin decreases the amount of CH₂ groups in ‘trans’ conformation and the intermolecular order of the chains. According to fluorescence data, there is an increase of the rigid-body orientational order at $\text{T ? T}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>m</mtext>}}$, while from Raman the positional intermolecular order decreases without significant change in the CH₂ groups ‘trans’/‘gauche’ ratio.     

Entropic elastic processes in protein mechanisms. I. Elastic structure due to an inverse temperature transition and elasticity due to internal chain dynamics

Numerous physical characterizations clearly demonstrate that the polypentapeptide of elastin (Val1-Pro2-Gly3-Val4-Gly5)n in water undergoes an inverse temperature transition. Increase in order occurs both intermolecularly and intramolecularly on raising the temperature from 20 to 40 degrees C. The physical characterizations used to demonstrate the inverse temperature transition include microscopy, light scattering, circular dichroism, the nuclear Overhauser effect, temperature dependence of composition, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation, dielectric relaxation, and temperature dependence of elastomer length. At fixed extension of the cross-linked polypentapeptide elastomer, the development of elastomeric force is seen to correlate with increase in intramolecular order, that is, with the inverse temperature transition. Reversible thermal denaturation of the ordered polypentapeptide is observed with composition and circular dichroism studies, and thermal denaturation of the crosslinked elastomer is also observed with loss of elastomeric force and elastic modulus. Thus, elastomeric force is lost when the polypeptide chains are randomized due to heating at high temperature. Clearly, elastomeric force is due to nonrandom polypeptide structure. In spite of this, elastomeric force is demonstrated to be dominantly entropic in origin. The source of the entropic elastomeric force is demonstrated to be the result of internal chain dynamics, and the mechanism is called the librational entropy mechanism of elasticity. There is significant application to the finding that elastomeric force develops due to an inverse temperature transition. By changing the hydrophobicity of the polypeptide, the temperature range for the inverse temperature transition can be changed in a predictable way, and the temperature range for the development of elastomeric force follows. Thus, elastomers have been prepared where the development of elastomeric force is shifted over a 40 degrees C temperature range from a midpoint temperature of 30 degrees C for the polypentapeptide to 10 degrees C by increasing hydrophobicity with addition of a single CH2 moiety per pentamer and to 50 degrees C by decreasing hydrophobicity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)