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Ongoing debate centers on whether certain types of mutations are fixed preferentially during adaptive evolution. Although there has been much discussion, no quantitative framework currently exists to test for these biases. Here, we describe a method for distinguishing between the two processes that likely account for biased rates of substitution: variation in mutation rates and variation in the probability that a mutation becomes fixed once it arises. We then use this approach to examine the type and magnitude of these biases during evolutionary transitions across multiple scales: those involving repeated origins of individual traits (flower color change), and transitions involving broad suites of traits (morphological and physiological trait evolution in plants and animals). We show that fixation biases can be strong at both levels of comparison, likely due to differences in the magnitude of deleterious pleiotropy associated with alternative mutation categories. However, we also show that the scale at which these comparisons are made greatly influences the results, as broad comparisons that simultaneously analyze multiple traits obscure heterogeneity in the direction and magnitude of these biases. We conclude that preferential fixation of mutations likely is common in nature, but should be studied on a trait-by-trait basis. 相似文献
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欧报春(Primula vulgaris)不同花色与色素关系及花色遗传初步分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了掌握欧报春各花色遗传规律服务于良种生产,通过对欧报春各色花进行色素吸收光谱和薄层层析分析,进行不同花色杂交研究,分析了欧报春各色花所含色素类型及各花色遗传规律。结果显示欧报春群体含多种花色素,单株也可含有多种花色素,形成多变的粉色、红色及蓝色花。黄色深浅主要由类胡萝卜素含量决定。白色对粉色及黄色为隐性遗传,黄色、粉色为显性遗传并有数量遗传特征,黄色与粉色独立遗传。蓝色为多基因控制的隐性遗传,并具有数量遗传特征。 相似文献
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本研究选择 3 种不同花色的洋紫荆(Bauhinia variegata L.)为实验材料,应用LC-MS/MS技术分析花青素和类黄酮物质,比较不同花色洋紫荆之间的差异。结果显示,洋紫荆有53 种花青素和340 种类黄酮物质。不同花色洋紫荆花瓣中的花青素差异较大,紫红色花中的锦葵色素-3-O-半乳糖苷、锦葵色素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、飞燕草素-3-O-半乳糖苷等含量较高,粉红色花中的飞燕草素-3-O-对香豆酰葡萄糖苷、锦葵色素-3-O-槐糖苷、矮牵牛素-3-O-对香豆酰葡萄糖苷、锦葵色素-3-O-桑布双糖苷-5-葡萄糖苷等含量较高,白色花中的天竺葵素-3-O-对香豆酰葡萄糖苷等含量较高。白色花中几乎不含天竺葵素-3-O-桑布双糖苷、天竺葵素-3-O-槐糖苷、飞燕草素-3-O-桑布双糖苷等。紫红色花中几乎不含飞燕草素-3-O-槐糖苷。不同花色洋紫荆花瓣中的类黄酮差异较大,粉红色花中的芍药花素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、芍药花素-3,5-O-二葡萄糖苷、金圣草黄素-7-O-芸香糖苷-5-O-葡萄糖苷、异牡荆素-7-O-(6'-芥子酰)葡萄糖苷等含量较白色、紫红色花高。 相似文献
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高山生态系统的低温环境不利于植物繁殖器官的发育和传粉过程,因此能改善花内或花序温度的结构对植物繁殖具有积极意义。该研究利用红外测温仪测量了高寒草甸中64种植物的花温度和叶温度以计算花温度积累,并检测了系统发育、花大小、花对称方式和花大小对花温度积累的影响。结果表明:所测量的64种植物种类,花部温度均高于叶部温度。花温度积累的系统发育信号较弱,表明物种间花温度积累的差异可能主要与不同物种对温度的需求有关。花温度积累与花大小存在显著的正相关关系,且两侧对称花的温度积累比辐射对称花更为迅速,但花对称方式和花颜色对花温度积累并没有显著的影响。该研究结果表明花温度积累在不同植物间存在很大的差异,但这些差异对植物繁殖的实际贡献和意义仍需要进一步验证。 相似文献
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以田间西安绿茄突变产生的白花茄子筛选出的优良株系和原亲本群体为试材,研究了茄子的花色遗传及其对植株、花朵、果实等相关性状的影响。结果表明,茄子的花色由一对完全显性的基因Col—col控制,紫花对白花完全显性。遗传稳定的紫花株与白花株杂交,F1代表现为紫花,F2代群体的紫花和白花植株呈3:1分离;F1代植株与白花株交配,后代呈1:1分离。白花株系与紫花株系相比,植株生长旺盛,植株高、株幅大,每花的雄蕊数多,花粉粒大、花粉量少,果内种子数少、果实大、产量高。白花变异可直接做栽培资源利用,还可作为育种材料或用做茄子杂交种纯度鉴定的标记性状。 相似文献
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花色是植物吸引昆虫传播花粉的主要因素,对于植物在自然界的生存必不可少,也是观赏植物最重要的性状之一。在蓬勃发展的花卉产业中,色彩各异花卉的培育,可以弥补自然花色的匮乏,但是令人垂涎的蓝色花比较难培育。花色的多样性主要是由花青素及其衍生物的种类和含量等因素决定的,飞燕草色素的合成是形成蓝色花的关键因素,许多植物体内缺少合成飞燕草色素的结构基因。近年来,利用基因工程技术培育蓝色花的研究也时有报道。文中以常见的观赏植物为例,基于花青素代谢调控,从影响飞燕草色素合成的关键因素和不同分子改良途径培育蓝色花等几个方面对植物花朵呈色的机制进行了综述,并展示不同分子育种策略可能在其他领域的应用,为其他植物或经济作物的色泽改良如彩色棉蓝色纤维的培育等提供参考和技术支持。 相似文献
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We compared flower visitation patterns of two coexisting honey bees, Apis mellifera Linnaeus and Apis cerana japonica Radoszkowski, on 20 plant species, including three exotics, under natural conditions in Nara, Japan, from April to August 2012. We also measured flower color based on bee color vision (15 flower species), nectar volume (nine species) and nectar concentration (eight species). Flowers colored white, pink, red, purple and cream were classified as bee‐blue‐green, and yellow was classified as bee‐green. Apis cerana visited 14 plant species and A. mellifera visited 11. Although the two Apis species are similar in morphology, they visited different plants: in particular, A. cerana visited native plant species more often than did A. mellifera. Both A. mellifera and A. cerana visited not only nectariferous flowers but also those with no nectar. We also found different visitation patterns between A. cerana and A. mellifera: Apis cerana more often visited flowers with smaller color angle (bee‐blue‐green), lower chroma and higher brightness, and flowers secreting nectars of higher concentration and smaller volume than did A. mellifera. 相似文献
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This study examines the role of learning and memory in the butterflyPieris rapae crucivora Boisduval during foraging for flowers. In an outdoor cage with 6 flower species,P. rapae showed various visiting patterns: some visited only one species, while others visited several species in a day. The foraging process for flowers ofErigeron annuus (L.) Pers. could be divided into two successive steps: (1) landing on the nectaring caputs, and (2) finding the source of nectar in the caput. Butterflies learned to proceed through the two steps more efficiently with successive attempts: they gradually decreased landings on nectarless caputs and probings on the nectarless petals of ligulate flowers respectively. As a result, handling time per unit caputs became shorter, and apparent rewards per unit time, i.e. the efficiency of collecting nectar, increased. In addition, once learned,P. rapae could remember a rewarding flower color for 3 days, which was not interfered with by learning another flower color. This indicates thatP. rapae keeps memory for a period longer than 3 days, and that they can remember at least two flower species as suitable flower resources. Furthermore, data indicated that they sometimes can apply the foraging skills obtained on other flower species to a novel one. These abilities could enable butterflies to easily switch flower species, or to enhance labile preference. It has been known thatP. rapae also shows flower constancy, which may be due to memory constraints. Therefore, they may appropriately use two foraging tactics: visit consistency and labile preference, to get enough nectar according to their circumstances. 相似文献
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Matthew H. Koski Tia‐Lynn Ashman 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2016,70(11):2616-2622
Divergence in reproductive traits between closely related species that co‐occur contributes to speciation by reducing interspecific gene flow. In flowering plants, greater floral divergence in sympatry than allopatry may reflect reproductive character displacement (RCD) by means of divergent pollinator‐mediated selection or mating system evolution. However, environmental filtering (EF) would prevail for floral traits under stronger selection by abiotic factors than pollination, and lead to sympatric taxa being more phenotypically similar. We determine whether floral UV pigmentation and size show signatures of RCD or EF using a biogeographically informed sister taxa comparison. We determine whether 35 sister pairs in the Potentilleae tribe (Rosaceae) are allopatric or sympatric and confirm that sympatric sisters experience more similar bioclimatic conditions, an assumption of the EF hypothesis. We test whether interspecific differences are greater in allopatry or sympatry while accounting for divergence time. For UV pigmentation, sympatric sisters are more phenotypically similar than allopatric ones. For flower size, sympatric sisters show increased divergence with time since speciation but allopatric ones do not. We conclude that floral UV pigmentation shows a signature of EF, whereas flower size shows a signature of RCD. Discordant results between the traits suggest that the dominant selective agent differs between them. 相似文献
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菊花花色遗传及花色嵌合体发现 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
对开黄花菊花和开白花菊花材料分别和开红花菊花材料进行了正反交,结果表明,花色遗传比较复杂, 在以红花材料作为母本组合中表现为比较明显的偏母性遗传特征,而以黄花和白花材料为母本则不表现偏母性特征;除此之外,菊花花色遗传还表现出不完全显性和镶嵌显性的特点。在黄花材料3501和红花材料3509所得到杂种中发现了2个分枝出现花色嵌合体的现象,该嵌合体特征是花一边为红色,而另一边则出现镶嵌显性的现象。染色体分析表明,不同颜色嵌合体花瓣的染色体数目都是36条,因此,实验所得到的花色嵌合体不是由染色体数目变化造成的,而有可能是转座子插入影响色素合成基因造成的。 相似文献
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紫茉莉是我国广泛分布的庭院花卉之一,具有丰富的花色。但不同花色紫茉莉在开花过程中的花色变化规律及其呈色机制还不清楚。以紫红色、黄色和白色紫茉莉为研究对象,分别通过色差仪测定法和紫外-可见分光光度法测定了不同开花时期不同花色紫茉莉花色表型及各类色素含量,探讨了其花色和色素变化规律,揭示其呈色机制。结果表明,从花蕾期到盛开期,紫红色紫茉莉花冠由淡绿色转变为紫红色,明度L*值和色相b*值减小,而色相a*值、色度C*值和色度角h值增大,叶绿素含量逐渐下降,类胡萝卜素、花色素苷和总黄酮含量逐渐升高;黄色紫茉莉花冠由淡绿色转变为黄色,盛开期具有最高的色度C*值、色相a*值和b*值,整个开花过程具有较稳定的叶绿素和总黄酮含量,同时具有较高的类胡萝卜素含量;白色紫茉莉花冠由淡绿色转变为白色,过渡期具有最高的明度L*值、色度C*值、色相a*值和b*值,整个开花过程花色素苷和总黄酮含量较低,但随着开花进程逐渐升高,而类胡萝卜素含量稳定,过渡期总叶绿素含量显著低于其他2个时期。可见,不同花色紫茉莉开花过程中花色变化规律存在差异,而其差异性与其相应的色素成分变化密切相关。 相似文献
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植物花青素生物合成相关基因的研究及应用 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
石少川;高亦珂;张秀海;孙佳琦;赵伶俐;王叶 《植物研究》2011,31(5):633-640
花青素是决定植物花色的主要色素,使大多数花呈现从红到蓝的系列变化,是花色研究和开发的重点,并具有重要的营养和药用作用。目前花青素生物合成途径已日益清楚,并已分离到大量的相关酶和基因,并获得了一批具有商业价值的转基因植物新品种。本文重点介绍了花青素合成途径中关键基因的研究成果,并概述了国内外花青素基因在植物基因工程中的应用研究进展情况,同时对花青素基因的研究应用前景和发展趋势作一展望。 相似文献
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《Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry》2013,77(8):1420-1423
Mutagenic activity and DNA intercalation were examined for 9-aminoacridine (9-AA) and its derivatives. Introduction of a nitro group into the 9-AA molecule was found to enhance the activity enormously as was detected by the Ames test. Acetylation of amino group at 9-position of acridine ring inhibited the intercalation, the frameshift activity disappearing. Rat liver S9 converted 9-AA metabolically to 9-amino-2-hydroxyacridine. 相似文献
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北热带喀斯特森林木本植物花性状及其生境分异 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
植物花性状的多样化是植物长期进化及自然选择的结果, 不同植物种间花性状的变异与生境存在一定的相关性。北热带喀斯特季节性雨林具有生境异质性强、群落结构复杂、特有成分丰富等特点, 分析该森林植物性状的变化特征及其与生境的关联性, 有助于理解物种共存、协同进化过程和对生境的适应, 可为阐明喀斯特植物的生态适应性、理解生物多样性维持机理提供依据。本研究在弄岗15 ha森林动态监测样地木本植物开花相对集中的时间段进行, 记录并分析了21个物种花性状的变化。根据物种空间分布及其与生境的关联特性, 将21个物种分成偏好谷底、山坡、山顶的3种类型, 分析了这3种类型植物的花性状差异; 另外又根据花性状对21个物种进行聚类分析, 探讨了聚类分组结果和根据偏好生境分组结果的异同。结果表明: 花大小、花色鲜艳度均与物种优势度存在显著的负相关关系, 花小而不鲜艳的物种在群落中更有优势, 表现出更好的适应性; 不同偏好生境的植物花色明度有显著差异, 其他的花性状差异不显著; 聚类分组与根据偏好生境的分组有较好的一致性, 反映出物种的花性状变化响应了生境的变化。综上结果, 我们认为北热带喀斯特季节性雨林植物花性状与物种的优势度及生境条件有密切联系, 在该区域中生境对花性状的影响可能比传粉者更为深刻。 相似文献
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鸳鸯茉莉开花过程中花青素组成的变化 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了解鸳鸯茉莉(Brunfelsiaacuminata)花色变化的机理,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)体系检测其开花过程中花青素组成的变化。结果表明,优化的HPLC体系为:流速为0.8 mL min–1,流动相A为7.5%甲酸乙腈,流动相B为7.5%甲酸水,洗脱程序为0 min,8%A;15 min,18%A;25 min,23%A;45 min,40%A;50 min,8%A。利用优化体系检测到鸳鸯茉莉花瓣中含有锦葵色素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、矮牵牛素葡萄糖苷和飞燕草素葡萄糖苷3种花青苷,其中锦葵色素-3-O-葡萄糖苷的含量最高,飞燕草素葡萄糖苷含量最低,且在花色由深变浅的过程中3种花青苷的含量均降低。因此,鸳鸯茉莉的呈色与这3种花青苷有关,且锦葵色素-3-O-葡萄糖苷起主导作用。 相似文献
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Rosati Carlo Simoneau Philippe Treutter Dieter Poupard Pascal Cadot Yves Cadic Alain Duron Michel 《Molecular breeding : new strategies in plant improvement》2003,12(3):197-208
Flower color was modified in forsythia (Forsythia x intermedia cv Spring Glory) by inducing anthocyanin synthesis in petals through sequential Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with dihydroflavonol 4-reductase from Antirrhinum majus (AmDFR) and anthocyanidin synthase from Matthiola incana (MiANS) genes. This is the second report of flower color modification of an ornamental shrub after rose, and the first time an ANS gene is used for this purpose. Double transformants (AmDFR+MiANS) displayed a novel bronze-orange petal color, caused by the de novo accumulation of cyanidin-derived anthocyanins over the carotenoid yellow background of wild type (wt), and intense pigmentation of vegetative organs. Transformation with single genes (either AmDFR or MiANS) produced no change in flower color, showing a multistep control of late anthocyanin pathway in petals of forsythia. Analysis of relevant late flavonoid pathway genes – an endogenous flavonoid glycosyltransferase (FiFGT) and transformed DFR and ANS genes – showed appropriate expression in flower organs. Functional characterization of FiFGT expressed in E. coli revealed its ability to metabolize both flavonols and anthocyanidin substrates, a prerequisite for effective anthocyanin accumulation in petals of plants transformed with constructs leading to anthocyanidin synthesis. Biochemical analyses of flavonoid compounds in petals and leaves showed that, besides anthocyanin induction in petals of double transformants, the accumulation pattern of flavan-3-ols was quantitatively and qualitatively modified in petals and leaves of transformants, in agreement with the most recent model proposed for flavan-3-ol synthesis. On the other hand, phenylpropanoid, flavone and flavonol pools were not quantitatively affected, indicating a tight regulation of early flavonoid pathway. 相似文献
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楸树是我国中部地区重要的珍贵阔叶用材和著名的园林观赏树种,已有2 600多年的栽培历史。研究其花性状多样性与变异性旨在揭示花表型性状在楸树种内存在的巨大变异,为新花色育种和优良观花新品种的选育及新品种的鉴定和保护提供理论依据。以1985~1990年收集的优良单株和杂种F1共27株为材料,测定了花性状中的2个质量性状和7个数量性状,并采用方差分析、聚类分析等方法进行统计分析。①27株的开花物候期差异可达5 d,花大小、花序长短和单株花量均有较大差异,并且由于叶柄长度和花枝长度的差异导致不同单株表现出显花和隐花特征。②楸树为二强雄蕊,分为雄性可育和败育,调查的27株中有12株为雄性可育,且花粉量差异较大。③花冠檐部5裂,上唇3瓣,下唇2瓣,上唇瓣长度大于下唇瓣。27株的花枝长度、花序长度、单花枝花数、花上唇瓣长度、花下唇瓣长度和花冠直径均存在极显著差异,单株间的变幅分别为10.7~16.4 cm、5.6~9.6cm、2~13朵、3.8~5.2 cm、3.0~4.3 cm、3.9~5.4 cm,表型变异系数分别为12.8%、12.5%、36.7%、7.5%、9.1%和9.2%。④16株间花色L^*值(亮度值)、a^*值(红绿值)、b^*值(黄蓝值)、C^*值(彩度)和h值(色相)均存在极显著差异,a^*值、b^*值以及彩度C^*值的表型变异系数分别为35.1%、52.5%和29.8%;以L^*、a^*和b^*值度量花色,通过聚类分析将16株聚为3类,红色系、粉红色系和白色系。楸树27株的花枝长度、花序长度、花大小差异极显著,16株的花色也具有明显的差别,依据L^*、a^*和b^*值进行聚类分析,当欧氏距离为15时可将16株聚为3类:红色系、粉红色系和白色系。 相似文献