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1.
Interferon could be recovered from homologous cells to which it was applied but could not be recovered from heterologous cells. The amount of interferon that could be recovered from cells corresponded to the sensitivity of the cells to the antiviral activity of the interferon: mouse embryo fibroblasts, which were 5 to 10 times as sensitive as L-929 cells to interferon, bound 5 to 10 times more interferon than the latter, whereas Lpa cells, which were only one-third as sensitive as L-929 cells to interferon, bound only one-third as much as the latter. The concentration of cell-bound interferon was as much as 150 times the extracellular concentration of interferon applied to the cells. Interferon bound to cells at 4 C with the same efficiency as it did to cells at 37 C, and actinomycin D-treated cells bound interferon as well as normal cells. Even though the total amount of interferon bound to cells was as much as 30% of the amount of interferon applied to them, no loss of antiviral activity was detectable from the medium. 相似文献
2.
Tissue microarrays have become an essential tool in translational pathology. They are used to confirm results from other experimental
platforms, such as expression microarrays, as well as a primary tool to explore the expression profile of proteins by immunohistochemical
analysis. Tissue microarrays are routinely used molecular epidemiology, drug development and determining the diagnostic, prognostic
and predictive value of new biomarkers. By applying traditional protein based assays, as well as novel assays to the platform,
tissue microarrays have gained a new utility as a proteomic tool for both basic science as well as clinical investigation.
This article will explore the new approaches that are being applied to tissue microarrays to, characterize the human proteome,
and new technologies that allow tissue microarrays to function as a protein array.
The U.S. Government's right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged 相似文献
3.
Smith KA 《Medical immunology (London, England)》2005,4(1):5
It has been more than 100 years since the realization that microbes are capable of causing disease. In that time, we have learned a great deal as to how each organism has adapted to the immune system so as to avoid elimination. As well, we have also learned an immense amount since Louis Pasteur first proposed that the solution to infectious diseases was to culture the microbes and attenuate their virulence, so as to use them as vaccines. From the optimism and promise of the 19th century and immunization as the ultimate answer to the invasion by the microbial world, to the scientific realities of the 21st century, it is of interest to retrace the steps of the earliest microbiologists cum immunologists, to realize how far we've come, as well as how far we yet have to go. This editorial focuses on the history of anthrax as a microbial disease, and the earliest efforts at producing a vaccine for its prevention. 相似文献
4.
The SLX4/FANCP tumor suppressor has emerged as a key player in the maintenance of genome stability, making pivotal contributions to the repair of interstrand cross-links, homologous recombination, and in response to replication stress genome-wide as well as at specific loci such as common fragile sites and telomeres. SLX4 does so in part by acting as a scaffold that controls and coordinates the XPF–ERCC1, MUS81–EME1, and SLX1 structure-specific endonucleases in different DNA repair and recombination mechanisms. It also interacts with other important DNA repair and cell cycle control factors including MSH2, PLK1, TRF2, and TOPBP1 as well as with ubiquitin and SUMO. This review aims at providing an up-to-date and comprehensive view on the key functions that SLX4 fulfills to maintain genome stability as well as to highlight and discuss areas of uncertainty and emerging concepts. 相似文献
5.
Industrial and biotechnological applications of laccases: a review 总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21
Laccases have received much attention from researchers in last decades due to their ability to oxidise both phenolic and non-phenolic lignin related compounds as well as highly recalcitrant environmental pollutants, which makes them very useful for their application to several biotechnological processes. Such applications include the detoxification of industrial effluents, mostly from the paper and pulp, textile and petrochemical industries, use as a tool for medical diagnostics and as a bioremediation agent to clean up herbicides, pesticides and certain explosives in soil. Laccases are also used as cleaning agents for certain water purification systems, as catalysts for the manufacture of anti-cancer drugs and even as ingredients in cosmetics. In addition, their capacity to remove xenobiotic substances and produce polymeric products makes them a useful tool for bioremediation purposes. This paper reviews the applications of laccases within different industrial fields as well as their potential extension to the nanobiotechnology area. 相似文献
6.
Silvia Barbi Massimo Messori Tiziano Manfredini Martina Pini Monia Montorsi 《Biopolymers》2019,110(5):e23250
In this study proteins extracted from prepupae of Hermetia illucens, also known as black soldier fly, are investigated as promising base for a new type of bioplastics for agricultural purposes. Design of experiments techniques are employed to perform a rational study on the effects of different combination of glycerol as plasticizer, citric acid as cross-linking agent and distilled water as solvent on the capability of proteins to form a free-standing film through casting technique, keeping as fixed the quantity of proteins. Glycerol shows interesting properties as plasticizer contributing to the formation of homogenous and free-standing film. Moreover, mechanical and thermal characterizations are performed to estimate the effect of increasing amounts of proteins on the final properties and thickness of the specimens. Proteins derived from H. illucens can be successfully employed as base for bioplastics to be employed for agricultural purposes. 相似文献
7.
Based on data from observations of 302 tree species at La Selva, Costa Rica, we tested a range of hypotheses about the relationship between flowering parameters such as time, frequency, and duration and ecological features such as successional status, habit, sexual systems, and pollen vectors with and without considering the effect of family membership. We predicted that early successional species would flower any time of the year, but species pollinated by different vectors as well as dioecious species would flower nonrandomly across seasons. However, there was little evidence that flowering time varied with successional status, pollen vectors, and sexual systems. As we predicted, supra-annual flowering was proportionately less common in early successional species as compared to late ones, in understory species as compared to canopy species, and in dioecious species as compared to those with hermaphroditic flowers. When considering phylogeny, however, supra-annual flowering in the understory was not as rare as predicted. Our prediction of longer flowering in the early successional species as compared to late successional species was also supported. Predictions about longer flowering of dioecious species as compared to hermaphroditic species and of species pollinated by generalist vectors as compared to the specialists were not supported, though there was a trend in the expected direction. 相似文献
8.
T. A. Kuznetsova T. S. Zaporozhets E. V. Persianova Yu. S. Khotimchenko N. N. Besednova 《Russian Journal of Marine Biology》2016,42(6):443-450
The data from the Russian and foreign literature on the effects of brown seaweed-derived sulfated polysaccharides (fucoidans) used as potential vaccine adjuvants to enhance the anti-infection and anti-tumor immune response are discussed in the present review. Due to their low toxicity, high biocompatibility, safety, and good tolerability by macroorganisms, as well as their mechanisms of immunomodulatory activity, fucoidans can be considered as promising adjuvants to administer in the composition of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. Fucoidans are agonists to receptors of innate immunity and are potent inducers of the cellular and humoral immune response, which is an important factor to be taken into account in the development of vaccines against various pathogens, including viruses, as well as anti-tumor vaccines. The results of numerous studies in which sulfated polysaccharides were tested as components of experimental vaccines, as presented in this review, show that these substances can be used as safe and effective adjuvants. 相似文献
9.
Variability in Race Tests with Heterodera glycines 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tests of Heterodera glycines on differential host plants to determine races were run in Arkansas, Illinois, and North Carolina to check the uniformity of results of the test. Methods used at the three locations varied somewhat. Results indicate that the race test is highly variable. Isolates previously identified as race 1 were identified as race 1 or race 3; those identified as race 2 were identified in these tests as race 2, 4, 9, or 14; those previously identified as race 3 were identified as race 1 or race 3; those identified as race 4 were identified in these tests as race 4 or race 14; those previously identified as race 5 were identified as race 2; and those previously identified as race 6 were identified as race 1, 2, 4, 5, or 6. Part of the variability resulted from the use of differential host plants from different sources and part from nonstandard differential host plants. Other variations may be due to inability to obtain completely uniform inoculum or to recover all nematodes that penetrated. 相似文献
10.
The use of probiotics in shrimp aquaculture 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Farzanfar A 《FEMS immunology and medical microbiology》2006,48(2):149-158
Shrimp aquaculture, as well as other industries, constantly requires new techniques in order to increase production yield. Modern technologies and other sciences such as biotechnology and microbiology are important tools that could lead to a higher quality and greater quantity of products. Feeding and new practices in farming usually play an important role in aquaculture, and the addition of various additives to a balanced feed formula to achieve better growth is a common practice of many fish and shrimp feed manufacturers and farmers. Probiotics, as 'bio-friendly agents' such as lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus spp., can be introduced into the culture environment to control and compete with pathogenic bacteria as well as to promote the growth of the cultured organisms. In addition, probiotics are nonpathogenic and nontoxic microorganisms without undesirable side-effects when administered to aquatic organisms. These strains of bacteria have many other positive effects, which are described in this article. 相似文献
11.
Donald B. Casebolt Roy V. Henrickson David W. Hird 《American journal of primatology》1985,8(4):289-297
Reproductive records of 284 female rhesus monkeys housed in six multimale corrals at the California Primate Research Center were examined for the birth seasons 1977–1982 to determine possible associations between the probability of birth or live birth and female age, parity, origin, parturition in the previous season, infant birth date, and infant birth date in previous season. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify and quantitate the effects of factors on the probability of birth or live birth, while controlling for the possibly confounding effects of other factors in the model. Females who had infants early in the previous season were 2.5 times as likely to give birth as those who had infants late in the previous season. Females with two or three previous births were 2.1 times as likely to give birth, and those with four or five previous births were 6.7 times as likely to give birth as were females with no or one previous birth. Controlling for other factors (age, parity, and timing of birth in the previous season), corralborn females were 3.3 times as likely to give birth as either wild-caught or domestic-born monkeys not native to the corrals. Domestic-born females who were not corral natives were 0.3 times as likely to have live births as wild-caught females. Births late in the season were 1.8 times as likely to result in live infants as births early in the season. 相似文献
12.
《European journal of cell biology》2023,102(4):151356
Podosomes have been known for several decades as micron-sized, F-actin-rich structures that play a pivotal role in cell migration and invasion, as they are able to mediate both cell-matrix attachment as well as extracellular matrix degradation. Particularly in monocytic cells, podosomes have been shown to fulfill a variety of additional functions such as sensing of substrate rigidity and topography, or cell-cell fusion. Increasing evidence now points to the involvement of podosome-like structures also during phagocytosis by immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. Here, we compare the different cell models and experimental set ups where “phagocytic podosomes” have been described. We also discuss the composition and architecture of these structures, their potential involvement in mechanosensing and particle disruption, as well as the pros and cons for addressing them as bona fide podosomes. 相似文献
13.
Marion S. Rauner Helmut Niessner Ulrike Leopold-Wildburger Natasa Peric Teresa Herdlicka 《Flexible Services and Manufacturing Journal》2016,28(1-2):336-365
The number of complex and unique mass casualty incidents has increased due to natural and technological disasters as well as man-made disasters such as political instabilities, economic recession, and terrorism. Thus, health care policy-makers such as the Austrian Samaritan Organization have been continuously improving the training of emergency staff to enable them to quickly evacuate an emergency site, to minimize the number of fatalities at the incident site, and to decrease the patients’ waiting time for treatment. We developed a policy management game to provide a training tool for emergency staff to support such policy-makers. In addition, with this game students can be educated on scheduling and planning techniques such as simulation, queuing theory, and resource allocation. To investigate the potential of our policy management game, we conducted an experimental study with 96 participants including students, practitioners from health care services, and researchers. They acted as incident commanders to decide on sending medical staff to triage, to different treatment rooms for care and to on-site transportation, as well as to transportation to hospitals during three game runs. The participants rated the general structure and organization of the experiment as high. The performance was also improved by many participants during the experiment. We found differences in performance among the different participant groups. 相似文献
14.
Structures in focus--filopodia 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Filopodia are thin cell surface extensions filled with tight parallel bundles of actin filaments. They are highly dynamic structures which rapidly extend and retract as well as sweep up and down and from side to side, and can be found at the leading edge of many types of motile cells such as fibroblasts and keratinocytes, as well as the growth cone tips of migrating axons. Cells appear to use filopodia to explore the extracellular matrix (ECM) and surfaces of other cells, identifying appropriate targets for adhesion or in the case of a migrating growth cone, for sensing guidance cues that enable the axon to navigate to it's appropriate target. As well as this sensory role, filopodia have also recently been shown to play an important mechanical role in epithelial adhesion, and are likely to be key players in developmental processes that require migrating epithelial sheets to zipper and fuse to one another. Their dynamic properties as well as their tendency to be damaged or lost after fixation mean they are best analysed using live imaging techniques. As this field improves, the number of tissues in which filopodia are seen to be playing key roles is fast increasing. 相似文献
15.
New chemicals are being added each year to the existing burden of toxic substances in the environment. This has led to increased
pollution of ecosystems as well as deterioration of the air, water, and soil quality. Excessive agricultural and industrial
activities adversely affect biodiversity, threatening the survival of species in a particular habitat as well as posing disease
risks to humans. Some of the chemicals, e.g., pesticides and heavy metals, may be genotoxic to the sentinel species and/or
to non-target species, causing deleterious effects in somatic or germ cells. Test systems which help in hazard prediction
and risk assessment are important to assess the genotoxic potential of chemicals before their release into the environment
or commercial use as well as DNA damage in flora and fauna affected by contaminated/polluted habitats. The Comet assay has
been widely accepted as a simple, sensitive, and rapid tool for assessing DNA damage and repair in individual eukaryotic as
well as some prokaryotic cells, and has increasingly found application in diverse fields ranging from genetic toxicology to
human epidemiology. This review is an attempt to comprehensively encase the use of Comet assay in different models from bacteria
to man, employing diverse cell types to assess the DNA-damaging potential of chemicals and/or environmental conditions. Sentinel
species are the first to be affected by adverse changes in their environment. Determination of DNA damage using the Comet
assay in these indicator organisms would thus provide information about the genotoxic potential of their habitat at an early
stage. This would allow for intervention strategies to be implemented for prevention or reduction of deleterious health effects
in the sentinel species as well as in humans.
IITR Communication No. 2656 相似文献
16.
Sabah A. A. Jassim Richard G. Limoges 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2014,30(8):2153-2170
Antibiotics have been a panacea in animal husbandry as well as in human therapy for decades. The huge amount of antibiotics used to induce the growth and protect the health of farm animals has lead to the evolution of bacteria that are resistant to the drug’s effects. Today, many researchers are working with bacteriophages (phages) as an alternative to antibiotics in the control of pathogens for human therapy as well as prevention, biocontrol, and therapy in animal agriculture. Phage therapy and biocontrol have yet to fulfill their promise or potential, largely due to several key obstacles to their performance. Several suggestions are shared in order to point a direction for overcoming common obstacles in applied phage technology. The key to successful use of phages in modern scientific, farm, food processing and clinical applications is to understand the common obstacles as well as best practices and to develop answers that work in harmony with nature. 相似文献
17.
Rajasekhar Ramakrishnan 《Mathematical biosciences》1984,72(2):373-385
Berman and Schoenfeld used matrix transformations to study unidentifiable pool models. It is possible to use the method to examine if two models are output-indistinguishable, that is, if given the nature of tracer injections and observations, the two models have the same responses. The method is applied to two three-pool models for whole-body cholesterol metabolism. The indistinguishability of a mammillary model from a catenary model is proved using matrix transformations. The method is used in two ways, directly as well as after simplifying the problem. The two ways, as well as an analysis of the converse, help to show how the method is to be applied as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the method. 相似文献
18.
CHEN Lu LIU Yuanjun MA Xiaojun HUANG Suoyi LAN Mingsheng Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant 《生物资源》2017,(1):10-16
巴西人参原产于南美洲,当地人把它当做具有壮阳、增强体质等作用的草药。巴西人参已在我国广西、浙江等地引种栽培成功,现代研究发现,其主要含有三萜和三萜皂苷类、甾体类等多种化学成分,具有抗肿瘤、抗炎、保护胃黏膜等药理活性。本文通过对近年来巴西人参的研究情况进行综述,阐明已有的化学物质基础和药理作用,为其进一步的深入研究和开发提供理论依据。 相似文献
19.
核受体是一类高度保守的配体依赖性转录因子家族,在哺乳动物发育、繁殖、免疫应答、心血管功能、组织生长、肿瘤形成、外源物清除及糖类和脂质代谢等生理过程中发挥重要作用。机体对外源物质的清除主要是由孕烷X受体等核受雄介导的。孕烷X受体最早是作为外源物感受器而被研究的,可以被大多数亲脂性药物等外源性化合物及一些内源性化合物如胆汁酸等结构差异很大的配体激活,进而与视黄醇类X受体等形成异源二聚体,结合在ER6、XREM等DNA元件上,调控下游靶基因(包括一相代谢酶、二相结合酶及药物转运体等基因)的表达。此外,孕烷X受体在能量代谢和免疫反应中也有重要作用,参与某些代谢疾病的发生发展,且已在动物模型中被证明是Ⅱ型糖尿病、血脂异常、肥胖症和动脉粥样硬化等代谢疾病治疗的有效靶标。我们主要就其发现、结构、组织分布、作用方式、自身表达的调节等方面的最新研究进行综述。 相似文献
20.
Guanylin, an intestinal peptide hormone and endogenous ligand of guanylyl cyclase C, is produced as the corresponding prohormone proguanylin. The mature hormone consists of 15 amino acid residues, representing the COOH-terminal part of the prohormone comprised of 94 amino acid residues. Here we report the recombinant expression and purification of proguanylin with its native disulfide connectivity, as well as the biophysical characterization of the recombinant and native protein. The comparison of recombinant and native proguanylin revealed identical biophysical and structural properties, as deduced from CZE, HPLC, and mass spectrometry, as well as NMR spectroscopy and CD spectroscopy at various temperatures and pH values. Exhaustive analytical ultracentrifugation studies were employed for protein concentrations up to the millimolar range to determine the association state of recombinant as well as native proguanylin, revealing both proteins to be monomeric at the applied solution conditions. As a result, a former identified close proximity between the termini of proguanylin is due to intramolecular interactions. 相似文献