中国大豆（Glycine max）品种资源保存与更新状况分析

大豆在中国已有5000多年的栽培历史。至2000年底,中国已经保存国内外25144份栽培大豆资源,是世界上保存栽培大豆品种数量最多的国家。本文针对大豆品种资源在国家中期库保存的种子数量少、种子生活力差和特性鉴定内容有限的现状,提出更新与鉴定、研究和应用相结合的策略以及在保证种质安全性、品种特性和田间试验准确性方面采取必要的技术措施,以确保种质的安全更新。     

中国大豆(Glycine max)品种及种质资源主要品质状况分析

对2003年中国19个主要大豆种植省(直辖市、自治区)的大豆品种与种质资源的蛋白、脂肪含量和部分大豆品种水溶性蛋白含量进行了分析.结果表明,大豆种质资源的蛋白含量和蛋脂总量总体上与品种持平.品种脂肪含量总体上明显高于种质资源脂肪含量,说明当前中国种植的大豆中高脂肪的品种已经占有一定的比例. 北方、黄淮海、南方三大生态区大豆品种和种质资源蛋白含量呈现自北向南递增的趋势,而脂肪含量呈现递减趋势.生态、气象因子对大豆蛋白含量的影响大于对脂肪含量的影响.大豆水溶性蛋白含量总体上较高,基本适合豆制食品加工业的需要.     

2002年我国大豆(Glycine max)品种及种质资源的蛋白质和脂肪含量分析

对2002年全国14个主要大豆种植省(区)的大豆品种及其种质资源的蛋白质、脂肪含量进行了分析。结果表明,种质资源的蛋白质、脂肪平均含量均高于生产用品种。其中种质资源脂肪含量的变化幅度较大,显示了在未来的育种中更强的高脂肪含量的选择优势。国内种质资源蛋白质平均含量高于国外种质资源。国外种质资源脂肪含量总体上高于国内种质资源。黄淮海生态区品种蛋白质平均含量高于北方生态区品种。新育成黄淮海区域试验品种蛋白质平均含量高于目前黄淮海生态区生产用品种。同品种异地种植,其脂肪含量有明显变化。     

美国大豆品种Osumi在分离大豆根瘤菌种质资源中的应用

以黑龙江省大豆品种1211、124为对照品种,用美国大豆品种Osumi为宿主品种,进行分离土壤中大豆根瘤菌的试验工作。结果显示,根瘤菌与Osumi结瘤早,结瘤数量和种类多,结瘤状况明显好于对照品种。结果表明,美国大豆品种Osumi是分离土壤中大豆根瘤菌种质资源的有效大豆品种。     

中国稻种资源收集、保存和更新现状

截止2003年,我国共编目稻种资源77541份,其中各种类型所占百分比大小顺序为:地方稻种(68.68%)、国外引进稻种(12.65%)、野生稻种(9.45%)、选育稻种(6.96%)、杂交稻"三系"资源(2.09%)、遗传标记材料(0.16%);在国家长期库中共保存稻种资源69133份,其中各种类型所占百分比大小顺序为:地方稻种(71.38%)、国外引进稻种(12.16%)、野生稻种(8.09%)、选育稻种(6.52%)、杂交稻"三系"资源(1.54%)、遗传标记材料(0.18%)、其他(0.12%).加强选育品种、品系、突变体的收集和保存;重视国外稻种资源的收集与引进;开展地方稻种的纯系筛选与保存;持续开展稻种资源的繁种更新;开展已筛选优异种质资源的确认和提供利用,这是今后稻种资源收集和保存工作的重要研究任务.     

利用SSR分子标记检测黄淮夏大豆(Glycine max)初选核心样本的代表性

作物核心种质是用最小的样本代表其全部遗传资源的最大遗传多样性。为了检测大豆初选核心样本取样的代表性,本研究从黄淮夏大豆初选核心样本中,随机选取两个类群,其材料数分别为20份和14份;从保留种质的相应奥群中,分别随机选取6份和5份,共计45份材料,进行14个农艺性状和20对SSR引物的分析。对两组材料进行农艺性状聚类．保菌种质与初选核心种质聚在了一起;利用SSR分子标记数据聚类,也得到了相同的结果。初选核心样本两个类群材料的等位变异数分别为129个,136个;保留种质相应类群材料的等位变异分别为76个,71个;初选核心种质两个类群材料分别包合了整个资源86.00％和86．62％的遗传多样性。本研究为大豆核心种质构建及检测提供分子水平的依据。     

温度对大豆(Glycine max)种子发育过程中蛋白质、脂肪和淀粉积累过程的影响

目前人们仍不清楚温度是如何影响发育中的大豆（Glycine max L．）种子蛋白质和脂肪积累过程以及基因型不同的大豆是否对温度具有相同的反应。研究拟通过对3个基因型大豆在不同温度处理下,种子发育过程中的蛋白质和脂肪的积累模式研究,以了解温度对种子组分的调节机理。3个基因型大豆品种（Evans,PI132．217,和Proto）种子盆栽在温度为27／20％（中温）的生长箱中生长到开花。在开花后第10天,将其中的一个生长箱的温度调节到35／27℃（高温）;另一个调到20／12℃（低温）。生长在高温和中温条件下的大豆,在开花的第21天开始收集豆荚,每3d取1次样。生长在低温条件下的大豆,在开花的第25天开始收集豆荚,每5d取1次样。结果表明,3个基因型大豆种子均在高温下生长快,成熟早,在中温下生长速率最大,低温下生长速率低但种子生长期延长。当种子获得60％-70％总干重时种子脂肪含量达到最大（中温）,高温使其提前出现,低温则被推后。在低温下,种子中蛋白质和脂肪两者积累模式相同,但蛋白质积累速率低。在高温和中温条件下,种子蛋白质和脂肪的积累模式不同。在种子获得60％～70％的总干重之前,蛋白质和脂肪积累模式相同,但在种子获得60％～70％的总干重之后,蛋白质积累呈上升趋势,而脂肪积累停止或下降。同时在种子发育的晚期伴随着蛋白质含量增加,淀粉和蔗糖含量快速下降。虽然3个基因型大豆种子的蛋白质和脂肪积累模式均明显受温度影响,但在不同温度条件下和不同生长阶段中高蛋白质品种Proto和PI132．217（蛋白质稳定型）蛋白质含量总是高于低蛋白质品种Evans,而且两者差异显著。这一研究表明温度不能改变品种在蛋白质和脂肪合成上的遗传特性。遗传育种在提高大豆种子蛋白质含量上仍起决定作用,但是合理的播种时期在提高大豆种子蛋白质和脂肪含量上也是不可忽视的问题。     

大豆的农艺性状与大豆灰斑病抗性关系的初步分析

对大豆灰斑病抗性水平不同的品种资源的农艺性状,包括结荚习性、株型、叶形、花色、茸毛色进行调查分析,结果表明,在灰斑病抗性较好的品种中,分枝型、圆叶、紫花、棕色茸毛的品种所占比率较大,这种现象可供今后灰斑病抗源筛选及抗灰斑病育种参考。     

中国乌桕品种资源的调查研究

本文报道对我国１６省８２县乌桕主产区进行乌桕品种资源调查的结果。通过性状比较研究划分为４４个农家品种和１１个无性系品种,并描述了这些品种的分布和性状。     

水龙骨科植物的引种及种质资源保存

通过对５０种水龙骨科（Ｐｏｌｙｐｏｄｉａｃｅａｅ）植物的引种栽培,研究了水龙骨科植物的引种方法、栽培管理措施和繁殖技术,初步应用离体保存技术保存了１０种水龙骨科植物,并对主要类群做了应用及观赏性状评价。     

Evaluation of diverse soybean germplasm for root growth and architecture

Root characteristics of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) improve drought avoidance by increasing water uptake from the soil profile. Screening genotypes for improved root architecture without breaking the taproots or losing lateral roots is a challenge. Due to difficulty in separating roots from field or potting soil, a rapid and effective screening method with a suitable growth medium to assess root characteristics under controlled conditions needs to be established. We describe two screening techniques “the cone system” and “the tube system” using turface:sand medium. In the cone system thirty four soybean lines including cultivars and exotic plant introduction (PI) lines were evaluated for tap root length and root biomass, 12 days after sowing. Eight replications per line were grown in a growth chamber. Significant differences among genotypes for tap root length were detected by the cone system. Validity of results from the cone system was tested by evaluating root growth 21 days after planting for eight lines in the tube system. A coefficient of determination of 0.72 indicated good agreement between the two screening systems for evaluating genotypes for rooting depth. The cone system will be a useful method to easily and rapidly assess soybean genotypes for root growth.     

In vitro conservation of Dendrobium germplasm

Dendrobium is a large genus in the family Orchidaceae that exhibits vast diversity in floral characteristics, which is of considerable importance to orchid breeders, biotechnologists and collectors. Native species have high value as a result of their medicinal properties, while their hybrids are important as ornamental commodities, either as cut flowers or potted plants and are thus veritable industrial crops. Thus, preservation of Dendrobium germplasm is valuable for species conservation, breeding programs and the floriculture industry. Cryopreservation represents the only safe, efficient and cost-effective long-term storage option to facilitate the conservation of genetic resources of plant species. This review highlights 16 years of literature related to the preservation of Dendrobium germplasm and comprises the most comprehensive assessment of thorough studies performed to date, which shows reliable and reproducible results. Air-drying, encapsulation–dehydration, encapsulation–vitrification, vitrification and droplet-vitrification are the current cryopreservation methodologies that have been used to cryopreserve Dendrobium germplasm. Mature seeds, pollen, protoplasts, shoot primordia, protocorms and somatic embryos or protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) have been cryopreserved with different levels of success. Encapsulation–vitrification and encapsulation–dehydration are the most used protocol, while PLBs represent the main explant explored.     

大豆优异种质资源的利用与创新

黑龙江省农科院利用已获得的具有野生大豆(含半野生大豆)多花荚、多分枝、高蛋白等有益性状基因的优异种间杂交新种质(G.max×G.soja)与栽培大豆(G.max)回交,一方面继续拓宽大豆育种遗传基础,另一方面改善现有种间杂交种质的农艺性状和品质,并提高产量水平,已选育出外贸制纳豆、豆芽、制酱及青瓤黑豆等特用大豆品种(系).实践表明,利用野生大豆及种间杂交新种质,对拓宽大豆育种遗传基础,提高大豆育成品种水平,尤其对特用大豆品种(系)的选育是有效可行的.     

不同大豆基因型对农杆菌敏感性研究及优异种质筛选

大豆遗传转化一直是植物基因工程领域的难点之一,受体品种对农杆菌的敏感程度以及不同农杆菌菌株对靶组织的侵染能力是影响转化效率的主要因素。本研究利用GUS组织瞬时表达技术,比较了4个农杆菌菌株对靶组织子叶节的侵染能力差异,同时利用筛选到的侵染能力最强的菌株评估了33个不同受体基因型对农杆菌的敏感性。结果表明,超毒农杆菌菌株Ag10对靶组织的侵染能力最强,优于其他3个菌株;地方与野生大豆种质在农杆菌侵染后GUS的平均瞬时表达效率显著高于选育品种。此外,通过鉴定筛选出6个对农杆菌敏感性较高的受体材料,其对农杆菌的敏感性优于前人报道的敏感材料Peking,为大豆高效遗传转化体系的建立和新型转化受体的开发提供了参考。     

Current status and conservation of Pistacia germplasm

The genetic erosion of Pistacia germplasm has been highlighted in many reports. In order to emphasize this and to focus more attention on this subject, national and international (especially IPGRI and IFAR) institutions have initiated projects proposing to characterize, collect and conserve Pistacia germplasm. Therefore, this paper reviews recent research concerning conventional (in situ and ex situ) and unconventional biotechnological conservation strategies applied to the preservation of Pistacia germplasm. As regards conventional conservation, the majority of germplasm collections of Pistacia species are preserved on farms (in situ) and in seed and field genebanks (ex situ), as well as in the wild, where they are vulnerable to unexpected weather conditions and/or diseases. Hence, complementary successful unconventional in vitro methods (organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis and micrografting) and slow-growth storage conditions for medium-term preservation of Pistacia are presented together with the morphological and molecular studies carried out for the characterization of its species in this review. Moreover, special attention is additionally focused on cryopreservation (dehydration- and vitrification-based one-step freezing techniques) for the long-term preservation of Pistacia species. Possible basic principles concerning the establishment of a cryobank for the successful conservation of Pistacia germplasm are also discussed.     

短叶省藤种质离体培养保存研究

本文对短叶省藤种质的离体培养保存进行了探索性研究。结果表明：种质以丛芽形式,采用ＲＥＯ保存培养基,在温度１２．５℃和光照３００１Ｘ×１２ｈ／ｄ的保存条件下,可安全保存１８个月以上,保存率＞２５％,丛芽平均高生长小于２．２ｃｍ。种质保存一年后,转接至增殖或生根培养基,仍可诱导增殖和生根．结果表明离体保存具一定可行性,其保存模式可预定为：增殖培养２个月＋离体保存１８个月的循环模式．     

Ex situ conservation of plant germplasm using biotechnology

Conservation of plant genetic resources attracts more and more public interest as the only way to guarantee adequate food supplies for future human generations. However, the conservation and subsequent use of such resources are complicated by cultural, economical, technical and political issues. Over the last 30 years, there have been significant increases in the number of plant collections and in accessions in ex situ storage centres throughout the World. The present review is of these ex situ collections and the contribution biotechnology has made and can make to conservation of plant germplasm. The applications and limitations of the new, molecular approaches to germplasm characterization are discussed. In vitro slow growth is used routinely for conserving germplasm of plants such as banana, plantain, cassava and potato. More recently, cryopreservation procedures have become more accessible for long-term storage. New cryopreservation techniques, such as encapsulation-dehydration, vitrification and desiccation, lengthen the list of plant species that can not only tolerate low temperatures but also give normal growth on recovery. Extensive research is still needed if these techniques are to be fully exploited.V.M. Villalobos is with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalia, 00100 Rome, Italy. F. Engelmann is with the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), Via delle Sette Chiese 142, 00145 Rome, Italy.     

Molecular markers for resistance to Heterodera glycines in advanced soybean germplasm

Germplasm line J87-233 is resistant to soybean cyst nematode (SCN) races 1, 2, 3, 5 and moderately resistant to race 14 with resistance derived from 3 primitive sources, Peking, PI 88788 and PI 90763. F_2:3 progeny of J87-233 and SCN-susceptible Hutcheson cross were evaluated for response to SCN races 1, 2, 3, 5 and 14. Linkage groups (LG) A, B, F, G, J, M, N, S were tested with 215 genomic clones and 45 decamers for parental genotypes. QTL for race 1 and QTL for race 3 were detected on LG A2, the region of BLT65V and SCAR 548/563_{1100/1025,975.} The cluster analysis of 12 soybean cultivars and 38 plant introductions confirmed association of SCAR_{1100/1025,975} with resistance to races 1 and 3, and suggested possible DNA rearrangements that might give rise to new resistance specificities in the region. The highly significant association of K69T marker with SCN race 1 resistance in conjunction with its location, 18.5 cM from the reported QTL, exemplifies the importance of the QTL locus on LG G and suggests expansion of the linkage map in the LG G-terminal region. Detected interaction between loci on LG A2 and LG G, and also with loci on LG F and LG M, may play a significant role in the genotype-specific response to SCN. Identification of two major regions on LG A2 and LG G for SCN resistance shows their applicability to advanced germplasm, however, transmission of molecular marker alleles indicates that applied markers are not yet reliable in revealing all possible recombination events in breeding for SCN resistance.     

大豆种质对疫霉根腐病抗性特点研究

对1027份中国和国外引进的大豆种质进行了大豆疫霉(Phytophthora sojae)根腐病的抗病性鉴定评价.结果表明,中国大豆种质的抗病性高于国外引进种质;中国南方的大豆种质抗病性较北方种质强,长江流域大豆中抗病种质比率最高,其次为黄淮海流域种质,而东北地区抗病种质较少;不同省份大豆种质的总体抗病性差异明显;育成品系的抗性好于改良品种和农家种,但不同省份来源的农家种、品系和品种抗性存在差异,黑龙江材料抗病性最低,这也是该省大豆疫霉根腐病严重发生的重要原因之一;在大豆籽粒脐色为黄色和褐色的材料中,抗病种质较多.