家兔隔核中去甲肾上腺素对皮肤与内脏痛阈的影响

本工作以电刺激内脏大神经或耳尖部皮肤测定清醒家兔内脏痛阈或皮肤痛阈,以探讨隔核去甲肾上腺素在内脏镇痛和皮肤镇痛中的作用以及与中脑导水管周围灰质(PAG)中内阿片肽系统的关系。实验观察到,双侧隔核内微量注射α受体激动剂可乐宁(10μg/2μl)或α受体阻断剂酚妥拉明(10μg/2μl)对内脏痛阈无明显影响。注入β受体激动剂异丙肾上腺素(1μg/2μl)使内脏痛阐明显升高;而注入β受体阻断剂心得安(1Cμg/2μl)则内脏痛阈明显降低。隔核内注入酚妥拉明(10μg/2μl)或心得安(10μg/2μl)均可使皮肤痛阈明显提高。提示,隔核内NA通过β受体调制内脏痛;通过α受体和β受体调制皮肤痛。隔核内注入异丙肾上腺素(1μg/2μl)明显地镇内脏痛,此作用可被PAG内注射纳洛酮(1μg/2μl)或注射抗亮啡肽抗血清(1:20,000)所减弱;但可使PAG内亮啡肽样物质释放量增加。这提示,隔核内NA的镇内脏痛作用与PAG的内阿片肽系统有关;其中亮非肽在这一过程中具有重要作用。     

外侧隔核注射促甲状腺素释放激素对丘脑束旁核痛放电的影响

本实验用细胞外记录法,观察大鼠外侧隔核(LS)微量注射促甲状腺素释放激素(TRH)对丘脑束旁核痛兴奋神经元(PEN)放电的影响。结果如下:(1)LS注射TRH对束旁核PEN痛放电产生明显的抑制效应;TRH的最大抑制效应及持续时间与TRH剂量(1,2.5,5μg/1μl)的对数呈正线性相关;(2)预先 LS 注射纳洛酮(3μg/1 μl)不能改变TRH抑制柬旁核PEN痛放电效应;(3)预先LS注射阿托品(5μg/lμl)阻断了TRH对束旁核PEN痛放电的抑制效应。结果表明:LS是TRH参与镇痛的一个有效的作用部位。LS胆碱能M受体可能参与了TRH的抑制PEN痛放电效应,而TRH的抑制效应未涉及阿片受体。     

海马背部微量注射埃托啡对家兔内脏大神经伤害性刺激引起回缩反应的影响

慢性实验中,电刺激清醒家兔内脏大神经模拟内脏痛刺激,以前肢回缩反应(Withdrawreaction,WR)为痛反应指标,探讨了背海马内微量注射埃托啡对WR阈值的影响。结果表明:(1)单侧海马内微量注射埃托啡2μg/2μl,可显著提高兔WR阈值,作用维持20min。(2)该效应对剂量有依从关系,并能被静脉注射0.4mg/kg纳洛酮拮抗。(3)海马内微量注射埃托啡后,WR阈值提高和呼吸频率抑制呈分离现象。提示:海马内阿片受体可能参与内脏痛的镇痛作用。     

导水管周围灰质参与电针对防御反应的抑制效应

在清醒家兔中,双侧损毁导水管周围灰质(PAG)的腹侧部或在双侧PAG腹侧部微量注射阿片受体拮抗剂纳洛酮,可明显阻断电针对刺激下丘脑背内侧区引起的防御反应的抑制效应。双侧损毁PAG腹侧部或在双侧PAG腹侧部微量注射纳洛酮,也都能减低直接兴奋弓状核区对防御反应的抑制作用的程度,在PAG 腹侧部微量注射阿片受体激动剂吗啡则可抑制刺激下丘脑引起的防御反应。以上实验结果提示,PAG 腹侧部的阿片受体可能参与电针抑制防御反应的机制。本文讨论了电针可能激活弓状核的内啡肽神经元并激活PAG 腹侧部的阿片受体而对防御反应发生抑制作用的可能性。     

家兔延髓面神经后核内侧区在吗啡抑制呼吸中的作用

实验在麻醉、切断颈迷走神经、肌肉麻痹和人工通气的家兔上进行。静脉注射吗啡4mg/kg能显著地抑制呼吸,主要是使呼吸频率降低和每分钟膈神经活动减少。如果先向延髓面神经后核内侧区(mNRF)注射1μg/1μl纳洛酮,可大部分阻断静脉注射吗啡引起的呼吸抑制。向一侧mNRF注射10μg/1μl吗啡能显著地抑制呼吸,两侧注射则产生呼吸暂停。先向两侧mNRF注射1μg/1μl纳洛酮,可完全阻断mNRF注射吗啡引起的呼吸抑制。结果说明mNRF存在阿片受体,并在静脉注射吗啡引起的呼吸抑制中起重要作用。本工作还为mNRF在发生和维持呼吸节律中的重要作用提供了新的证据。     

阿片受体在大鼠丘脑中央下核和顶盖前区前核介导电针镇痛中的不同作用

本文旨在研究阿片受体是否参与丘脑中央下核(nucleus submedius,Sm)和顶盖前区前核(anterior pretectal nucleus,APtN)所介导的不同强度电针的镇痛作用。以辐射热诱发甩尾(tail flick,TF)反射潜伏期为伤害性反应的指标,观察了Sm和APtN微量注射阿片受体拮抗剂纳洛酮对不同强度电针“足三里”穴(St．36)抑制大鼠TF反射的效应。结果表明,Sm给予纳洛酮(1．0μg,0．5μl)阻断强电针(5mA)对TF反射的抑制效应,而对弱电针(0．5mA)的效应无明显影响;相反,APtN给予纳洛酮阻断弱电针对TF反射的抑制效应,而对强电针的效应无明显影响;纳洛酮供给到Sm或APtN邻近其它脑区对强、弱电针的效应均无影响。这些结果提示,Sm内的阿片受体参与介导强电针兴奋细传入纤维(A-δ和C类)产生的镇痛,而APtN内的阿片受体则介导弱电针兴奋粗传入纤维(A-β类)产生的镇痛。     

蝎毒中枢镇痛机制的初步探讨

目的：研究BmK蝎毒是能过何种受体实现其中枢镇痛作用的;外侧隔核是否是BmK蝎毒产生中枢镇痛作用的重要部位之一。方法：用辐射热一甩尾法测定痛阈,用玻璃微电极记录束旁核的单位放电;通过不锈钢套管向侧脑室和外侧隔核内微量注射0.01％BmK蝎毒。结果：向大鼠侧脑室2μl0.01%蝎毒可明显升高痛阂。该效应可被侧脑室注射2μl0.25%纳洛酮完全翻转,向隔核内注射0.5μl0.01%BmK蝎毒,分别对束帝核中的71％（15／21）痛兴奋单位和83％（5／6）痛抑制单位对痛刺激的反应减北,而对痛无关单位的电活动夫明显影响。结论：BmK蝎毒的中枢镇痛作用可能主要是通过吗啡受体实现的;隔核是BmK蝎毒产生中枢镇痛作用的重要部位之一。     

家兔中脑导水管周围灰质中注射八肽胆囊收缩素(CCK-8)拮抗吗啡镇痛和电针镇痛

家兔单侧PAG内注射CCK-83ng,能使静脉注射4mg/kg吗啡引起的镇痛作用降低73％或使电针镇痛效果降低67％。在1.5—6.0ng范围内呈量效关系。无硫的CCK-8无此作用。PAG内注射CCK受体拮抗剂proglumide 4μg可翻转CCK-8的抗吗啡镇痛作用。说明PAG部位注射外源性CCK-8可通过CCK受体对抗阿片镇痛。 PAG内注射CCK-8抗血清可显著增强静脉注射2mg/kg吗啡的镇痛效果。PAG内注射CCK抗血清本身也能引起痛阈轻度升高。说明PAG内有内源性的CCK-8发挥紧张性的抗阿片镇痛作用。     

家兔伏核注射吗啡引起的镇痛可被中脑导水管周围灰质注射纳洛酮或甲啡肽抗体所阻断

本实验室以往的资料表明,在家兔中脑导水管周围灰质(PAG)到伏核之间存在一条与镇痛有夫的神经通路,该通路以5-羟色胺(5-HT)和甲啡肽(ME)为其递质。本工作进一步探讨从伏核到PAG的下行镇痛通路。 以辐射热照射家兔嘴侧部皮肤,测量其躲避反应的潜伏期(ERL)作为痛反应阈,简称痛阈。通过预先埋植的慢性套管向伏核内微量注射吗啡,20min后向PAG内双侧注射纳洛酮(NX)或脑啡肽抗血清,观察ERL的变化。(1)伏核内注射吗啡20μg/1μl,引起ERL升高80％以上,作用持续50min以上。(2)PAG内注射NX(每侧0.5、1.0或2.0μg)可不同程度地阻断伏核内注射吗啡的镇痛效应,且呈明显的剂效关系。(3)PAG内注入甲啡肽抗血清(每侧1μl)可部分阻断伏核内注射吗啡的镇痛效应,而注入亮啡肽抗血清或正常兔血清则无效。 实验结果提示,从伏核到PAG存在一条下行镇痛通路,在PAG内可能以ME为其递质。该通路与PAG到伏核的上行镇痛通路构成一个环形的“中脑边缘镇痛回路”,并在针刺镇痛和吗啡镇痛中发挥重要作用。     

阻断缰核或内侧前脑束对 L-谷氨酸刺激隔区引起的镇痛作用的影响

以辐射热-甩尾潜伏期作为测定大鼠痛阈的指标,用向隔区内微量注射 L-谷氨酸和向缰核或内侧前脑束微量注射利多卡因,可逆性刺激和阻断上述核团。L-谷氨酸刺激隔区使大鼠痛阈明显提高,并且在13.6—100nmol 呈现剂量-效应关系。利多卡因阻断缰核,使隔区的镇痛作用明显减弱(P<0.001)。而阻断内侧前脑束对隔区的镇痛作用无明显影响(P>0.05)。结果表明隔区在脊髓水平抑制痛觉信息的传导主要是下行通过缰核实现的。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.