长期垄作稻田腐殖质稳定碳同位素丰度(δ13C)分布特征

研究了四川盆地丘陵区连续16年垄（宽垄）作稻田土壤稳定碳库腐殖质组分的稳定碳同位素(δ¹³C)分布特征.结果表明： 稻田土壤有机碳含量为宽垄作＞垄作＞水旱轮作.腐殖质碳以胡敏素为主,占土壤碳含量的21%～30%,提取碳以胡敏酸为主,分别占土壤有机碳和腐殖质的17%～21%和38%～65%.土壤有机碳的δ¹³C值介于-27.9‰～-25.6‰,20～40 cm和0～5 cm土壤有机碳δ¹³C值之差约为1.9‰.土壤胡敏酸δ¹³C值比土壤有机碳低1‰～2‰,更接近于油菜和水稻秸秆及根系的δ¹³C值.土壤富里酸δ¹³C值分别较土壤有机碳和胡敏酸高2‰和4‰.耕作层和犁底层胡敏素δ¹³C值分别介于-23.7‰～-24.9‰和-22.6‰～-24.2‰,δ¹³C值的变化反映了耕层中腐殖质的新老混合现象.各有机组分δ¹³C值递减顺序为：胡敏素＞富里酸＞土壤有机碳＞稻草（油菜）残体＞胡敏酸.长期水稻种植有利于增加土壤有机碳含量,同时,耕作方式影响土壤腐殖质δ¹³C在耕作层和犁底层中的分布格局.     

生态转换系统中土壤有机质变化的稳定碳同位素示踪研究进展

由于气候变异、人类活动等因素影响 ,全球各生态系统间短期内正经历着前所未有的区域性转变 ,由此导致的一系列生态环境问题如区域气候变迁、荒漠化、水土流失等广受关注[2 ] ,而其中土壤有机质的变化起着极为关键的作用。据估计 ,地表土壤层中有机碳的总量为大气的 2～ 4倍 ,土壤有机质的变化对大气ＣＯ2 浓度的影响甚大[15] ;同时 ,土壤有机质又是维护土壤结构 ,保持土壤肥力的重要组成部分。因此 ,生态系统的转变对土壤有机质产生的影响为各国科学家所重视。尽管稳定碳同位素是示踪有机质变化过程最有效的手段之一 ,并且Ｎｉｓ ｓｅｎｂ…     

集约化生产对农田土壤碳氮含量及δ13C和δ15N同位素丰度的影响

集约化生产下农田土壤碳、氮含量变化是衡量土壤肥力持久性的重要指标.对常规水稻-蚕豆轮作地、露地蔬菜地、3年塑料大棚地和10年以上塑料大棚地的土壤pH、电导率(EC)、土壤有机碳(SOC)和总氮(TN)含量及δ13C和δ15N同位素丰度进行测定,研究了集约化生产程度对土壤特性的影响.结果表明： 与水稻-蚕豆轮作地相比,露地蔬菜地、3年塑料大棚地和10年以上塑料大棚地0～20 cm耕层土壤pH分别降低1.1、0.8和0.7,而土壤EC分别是水稻-蚕豆轮作地的4.2、4.9和5.2倍;土壤碳、氮含量随塑料大棚地生产年限的增加总体上呈先增大后减小的趋势.与水稻-蚕豆轮作地相比,10年以上塑料大棚地0～20、20～40、40～60、60～80、80～100 cm土层的土壤SOC含量分别下降了54%、46%、60%、63%和59%,土壤TN含量分别下降了53%、53%、71%、82%和85%.农田集约化生产程度显著影响土壤SOC、TN含量和δ13C、δ15N丰度,土壤δ13C丰度与SOC含量呈显著负相关.土壤δ13C丰度可作为评价农田土壤碳循环受人为干扰强度的指标.     

植物和土壤δ13C的分析误差校正与数据标准化

植物和土壤中稳定碳同位素(δ¹³C)可用于指示、示踪和整合碳循环关键过程与功能。双路和连续流气体稳定同位素比值质谱仪(IRMS)是δ¹³C的两种测试技术,其精度和准确度受分析误差和数据标准化方法影响。分析误差包括记忆效应、时间漂移和信号强度依赖性等。将测定序列按样品δ¹³C从低到高排列或延长气路冲洗时间消除或降低记忆效应;在测样序列中内插标准物质并建立测定时间与分析误差的函数关系校正时间漂移;信号强度依赖性应先校正样品空白效应,再校正仪器非线性响应。数据标准化包括标准物质和数据标准化方法选择。选择的标准物质δ¹³C应涵盖待测样品δ¹³C,且遵循同等处理原则;标准物质数量≥4或每个标准物质重复测定次数≥4;数据标准化体系应长期稳定,并添加监测标准物质。     

会仙喀斯特湿地三种典型植物叶片碳同位素(δ13C)特征及其指示意义

为探讨会仙喀斯特湿地不同生长环境下植物叶片碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)、稳定碳同位素(δ~(13)C)特征及其生态学指示意义,该文以挺水植物芦苇、浮水植物水葫芦和沉水植物金鱼藻为研究对象,分析了三种典型不同生活型植物叶片的δ~(13)C特征及种间和微生境的差异,并基于植物碳同位素与碳酸酐酶显著正相关的二端元模型,估算了植物利用光合作用固定的碳酸氢根离子(HCO3-)的碳量。结果表明:(1)三种植物叶片δ~(13)C的变化范围为-28.47‰～-21.69‰,平均值为-24.83‰,不同生活型植物间δ~(13)C存在差异,金鱼藻水葫芦芦苇。(2)植物δ~(13)C值与叶片C、N和P元素含量间呈显著正相关,与C/N、C/P和N/P呈显著负相关关系,与底泥的有机质、速效氮、总氮、速效磷和总磷含量呈显著正相关。(3)会仙喀斯特湿地三种不同生活型植物叶片N/P平均值为10.34,表现出植物受N、P共同影响的特征。(4)δ~(13)C的变化特征,揭示了三种水生植物可能通过增加磷利用效率来促进低水分利用率环境下的碳的合成,通过提高植物水分利用效率的策略来代偿较低的氮素利用效率。(5)芦苇光合作用固定HCO3-碳量为159.60 t·a~(-1)·km~(-2),水葫芦为10.80 t·a~(-1)·km~(-2),金鱼藻为9.24 t·a~(-1)·km~(-2),平均值为59.88 t·a~(-1)·km~(-2)。会仙喀斯特湿地植物的不同生活型、光合作用途径和生长微环境,是影响叶片δ~(13)C变化的主要因素。     

13C脉冲标记法：不同生育期水稻光合碳在植物-土壤系统中的分配

定量生育期内植物光合碳在植物组织-土壤的分配规律,对于理解全球碳循环有着重要意义。采用~(13)C-CO_2脉冲标记结合室内培养,通过元素分析仪-稳定同位素联用(Flash HT-IRMS)分析植物各部分及土壤δ~(13)C值,比较了不同生育期下水稻光合碳在不同组织间的分配规律,并量化了水稻光合碳向土壤碳库的转移。结果表明:(1)水稻地上部和根系干物质量随水稻生育期的增加而呈现递增趋势,不同的生育期表现为:分蘖期拔节期抽穗期扬花期成熟期。而整个生育期的根冠比为0.2—0.4,分蘖期的根冠比最高,随着水稻生育期的增加而递减,到抽穗期以后根冠比稳定在0.2左右。(2)脉冲标记6h后,水稻地上部和地下部(根系)的δ~(13)C值在-25.52‰—-28.33‰,不同器官的δ~(13)C值存在明显分馏效应,且趋势基本一致,即茎杆(籽粒)叶片(根系);这种由于水稻生育期特性导致的各器官碳同位素分馏的现象,可用于指示不同生育期下水稻光合碳的分配和去向。(3)不同生育期~(13)C-光合碳在植物-土壤系统的分配规律不同,生长前期光合碳向根系及土壤中分配的比例高,具有较强的碳汇能力,而随生育期光合碳在根系及土壤中的分配比例呈下降趋势,但积累量不断增加。(4)不同生育期~(13)C光合碳在水稻-土壤系统中的分配比例差异明显。水稻分蘖期有近30%光合碳用于根系建成并部分通过根系分泌物进入土壤有机碳库(10%),而到成熟期则向籽粒中分配较多,而且光合碳在土壤中的分配比例也随生育期呈下降趋势。研究结果对稻田土壤有机碳循环过程和调控机制的揭示具有重要的理论意义。     

滨海盐生植物叶片δ13C与主要养分元素化学计量的关系

高盐环境与土壤贫瘠成为限制滨海湿地植被生长的主要因素,盐分稀释(salt-dilution)与盐分抵御(salt-exclusion)为盐生植物普遍的两种适生策略,这些策略影响植物水分与养分利用效率的权衡过程。以江苏盐城滨海湿地常见稀盐盐生植物、拒盐盐生植物为研究对象,通过探讨滨海湿地不同盐生植物叶片δ¹³C(水分利用效率的直接反映参数),与主要养分元素(N、P、K)及化学计量特征的关系,以揭示不同盐生植物养分利用策略及养分利用效率与水分利用效率之间的权衡关系。研究结果表明:滨海湿地盐生植物叶片N/P为15.3,较全球陆生植物平均值低,表现出N、P共同限制特征。两种盐生植物叶片δ¹³C与N、P含量显著正相关,表明盐生植物采取N、P光合相关型策略适应不良环境。拒盐盐生植物叶片δ¹³C与K⁺正相关,采取K⁺渗透调节相关型策略,以减小细胞渗透势、增加水分吸收,减轻植物体内盐分毒害。两种不同耐盐型植物δ¹³C与C/N成反比,表明植物采取扩大水分利用效率以代偿减小的...     

高寒草甸不同坡向条件下植物叶片δ13C及水分利用效率的变化

通过对高寒草甸不同坡向条件下25科86种C3植物叶片稳定性碳同位素组成(δ¹³C)的测定,研究了高寒草甸C3植物δ¹³C和水分利用效率对坡向变化的响应以及环境因子对其产生的影响,分析了坡向上控制植物δ¹³C变化的主要环境因子.结果表明: 从北坡到南坡的生境梯度上,土壤含水量不断减少,而土壤温度及光照强度不断增加,植物群落结构也发生了相应变化.5个坡向中,植物叶片δ¹³C值为-31.19‰~-21.80‰,均值为(27.18±0.13)‰;生长季植物叶片δ¹³C均值在南坡最高,其次为西南坡、西坡、西北坡,最低值出现在北坡.坡向间δ¹³C值的差异主要是由不同坡向土壤含水量和土壤温度,以及光照强度的不同导致的,其中土壤含水量是主要的限制因子.北坡-南坡梯度上植物叶片δ¹³C值随土壤含水量下降、土壤温度及光照强度升高而变大,表明不同坡向植物的水分利用状况对干旱胁迫的响应不同,植物逐渐提高了水分利用效率以适应干旱胁迫的生境.     

13CO2示踪不同化学形态氮素添加对高寒草甸植物光合碳分配的影响

外源氮素(N)输入陆地生态系统后会引起植物和土壤各碳库的变化,但是对不同化学形态氮素的长期输入如何影响光合碳在植物组织、土壤、土壤呼吸中的分配及转运知之甚少,尤其是对于氮输入引起光合碳分配变化进而作用于植物和土壤碳库的机制的认识还非常匮乏。基于在青藏高原矮嵩草草甸开展的不同化学形态氮素添加的长期实验,利用¹³C示踪方法揭示了光合碳在植物地上、地下组织的分配,及其随时间在土壤中的滞留和随土壤呼吸的释放。研究结果表明,外源氮素添加10年后,与对照未添加氮素处理相比,氨态氮处理下的地上生物量增加了49.5%,氨态氮处理下的地下生物量增加了111.3%。土壤中滞留的¹³C整体呈下降趋势,氨态氮处理下的土壤碳库显著高于硝态氮处理下的值。不同处理下的土壤呼吸中¹³C的滞留量随时间呈指数衰减的变化趋势,其中,硝态氮处理下的¹³C衰减最快。¹³C同位素标记后第1天测定植物茎和叶内的¹³C约占刚刚标定完茎和叶内¹³C的80%,不同处理之间没有显著性差异...     

水稻光合碳在植物-土壤系统中的分配及其对CO2升高和施氮的响应

采用¹³C-CO₂进行连续标记,研究水稻分蘖期和孕穗期光合碳在植株-土壤系统中的分配及其对大气CO₂浓度升高(800 μL·L^-1)和施氮(100 mg·kg^-1)的响应.结果表明: CO₂浓度升高显著提高分蘖期根系生物量和孕穗期地上部生物量,并使生物量根冠比在分蘖期增加,而在孕穗期减小.CO₂浓度升高条件下,施氮使水稻地上部分生物量增加,却显著降低了孕穗期水稻根系生物量.CO₂浓度升高使光合¹³C在孕穗期向土壤的输入显著增加,然而施肥并没有促进由CO₂浓度升高驱动的光合¹³C在土壤中的积累,而且还降低了土壤中的光合¹³C的分配比例.综上,CO₂浓度升高显著提高了稻田土壤光合碳输入,促进稻田有机碳周转;施氮促进了水稻地上部的生长,却降低了光合碳向地下的分配比例.     

Modelling organic carbon turnover in cleared temperate forest soils converted to maize cropping by using 13C natural abundance measurements

In southwest France, thick humic acid loamy soils have developed from Quaternary silty alluvial deposits. On these soils, most forest lands have been converted to continuous intensive maize cropping and the loss of C upon conversion to intensive agriculture has been shown to be significant. The objective of this study was to determine if a study of natural ¹³C abundance in soil organic C makes possible an improved modelling of organic carbon turnover in the cultivated horizons of soils in this landscape in southwest France. A chronosequence study is realized by comparing C pools and C-13 natural abundance of three forest sites and 14 adjacent agricultural sites, whose ages of cultivation ranged from 3 to 32 yr. ¹³C ratio is found to increase with time of cultivation. The fraction of C coming from the maize crop increases during the first decades of cultivation, and reaches a plateau thereafter. This equilibrium level is reached after a few decades of cultivation. The decrease of the initial C pool is fitted by a simple model assuming that about half of this pool is mineralized during the first yr of cultivation whereas the other half decreases at a slower rate. Therefore, a general bi-compartmental model is proposed for describing the soil organic carbon dynamics in these soils after forest clearing and intensive maize cropping.     

13C natural abundance variations in carbonates and organic carbon from boreal forest wetlands

¹³C natural abundance variations were measured in peat soil and vegetation from two contrasting boreal forest wetlands: an upland watershed basin and a permanently saturated lowland mire. Evidence of methane oxidation was shown in the permanently saturated wetland with δ¹³C values as low as -97 ‰ in carbonate minerals found in floating peat mats. It is postulated that¹³C depleted CH₄ is oxidized in the mat and reacts with calcium ions to form calcite (identified through x-ray diffraction). Methane flux measurements during the summer of 1992 showed much lower fluxes in areas with floating peat mats relative to open water. Secondary carbonates in the basin peat have isotope compositions close to the δ¹³C values of the peat organic carbon (-25 ‰), indicating their origin from fermentation and possibly from sulfate-reduction. In the upland basin peat deposits, the δ¹³C_PDB values of organic C were constant with depth, while the permanently saturated mire had localities of¹³C enrichment in deeper layers of the peat. The¹³C enrichment may reflect areas of intense CH₄ production in which¹³C enriched residual substrate is left behind during the production of highly¹³C depleted CH₄.     

亚热带季风常绿阔叶林树木年轮的13C/12C和空气CO2浓度变化

测定了亚热带季风常绿阔叶林的几种树木年轮的¹³C/¹²C比率(δ¹³C)。云南银柴的1962-1983年年轮δ¹³C平均为-28.53±0.84（n=5）,华润楠的1951-1984年年轮的δ¹³C为-28.46±0.53（n=6）。黄果厚壳桂的1951-1984年年轮的δ¹³C为-29.19±0.80（n=6）,木荷的1975-1984年年轮δ¹³C为-28.42±0.41（n=4）,δ¹³C数值偏离平均值逐年增大。计算空气CO₂浓度每年递增1.21μ1/L。     

Pan-European δ13C values of air and organic matter from forest ecosystems

We present carbon stable isotope, δ¹³C, results from air and organic matter samples collected during 98 individual field campaigns across a network of Carboeuroflux forest sites in 2001 (14 sites) and 2002 (16 sites). Using these data, we tested the hypothesis that δ¹³C values derived from large‐scale atmospheric measurements and models, which are routinely used to partition carbon fluxes between land and ocean, and potentially between respiration and photosynthesis on land, are consistent with directly measured ecosystem‐scale δ¹³C values. In this framework, we also tested the potential of δ¹³C in canopy air and plant organic matter to record regional‐scale ecophysiological patterns. Our network estimates for the mean δ¹³C of ecosystem respired CO₂ and the related ‘discrimination’ of ecosystem respiration, δ_er and Δ_er, respectively, were ?25.6±1.9‰ and 17.8 ±2.0‰ in 2001 and ?26.6±1.5‰ and 19.0±1.6‰ in 2002. The results were in close agreement with δ¹³C values derived from regional‐scale atmospheric measurement programs for 2001, but less so in 2002, which had an unusual precipitation pattern. This suggests that regional‐scale atmospheric sampling programs generally capture ecosystem δ¹³C signals over Europe, but may be limited in capturing some of the interannual variations. In 2001, but less so in 2002, there were discernable longitudinal and seasonal trends in δ_er. From west to east, across the network, there was a general enrichment in ¹³C (～3‰ and ～1‰ for the 2 years, respectively) consistent with increasing Gorczynski continentality index for warmer and drier conditions. In 2001 only, seasonal ¹³C enrichment between July and September, followed by depletion in November (from about ?26.0‰ to ?24.5‰ to ?30.0‰), was also observed. In 2001, July and August δ_er values across the network were significantly related to average daytime vapor pressure deficit (VPD), relative humidity (RH), and, to a lesser degree, air temperature (T_a), but not significantly with monthly average precipitation (P_m). In contrast, in 2002 (a much wetter peak season), δ_er was significantly related with T_a, but not significantly with VPD and RH. The important role of plant physiological processes on δ_er in 2001 was emphasized by a relatively rapid turnover (between 1 and 6 days) of assimilated carbon inferred from time‐lag analyses of δ_er vs. meteorological parameters. However, this was not evident in 2002. These analyses also noted corresponding diurnal cycles of δ_er and meteorological parameters in 2001, indicating a rapid transmission of daytime meteorology, via physiological responses, to the δ_er signal during this season. Organic matter δ¹³C results showed progressive ¹³C enrichment from leaves, through stems and roots to soil organic matter, which may be explained by ¹³C fractionation during respiration. This enrichment was species dependent and was prominent in angiosperms but not in gymnosperms. δ¹³C values of organic matter of any of the plant components did not well represent short‐term δ_er values during the seasonal cycle, and could not be used to partition ecosystem respiration into autotrophic and heterotrophic components.     

亚热带人工林松树13C/12C比率和水分利用效率

The ¹³C/¹²Cratio, photosynthetic rate and stomatie conductivity of leaves of Pinus massoniana, Schima superba,Psychotria rubra, Evodia lepta and Rhodomyrtus tomentasa are measured. No significant deviation (at 5% level) is observed between water use efficiencies calculated by these items. The¹³C/¹²Cis 25.41±0.61‰. In average for treerings of Pinus massoniana from 1971 to 1983(n=6), with the maximum in1977 when the lowest precipitation was recorded. The average water use efficiency of Pinus massoniana is 8.28±0.38 in1977—1983, which is higher than that of trees in natural site and might be caused by the changes of solar radiation and water condition. ¹³C/¹²Cratio ana lysis could provide usefull informations for studying water use efficiency of artificial forest.     

土壤剖面碳氮稳定同位素自然丰度的垂直分布模式及其影响机制

土壤碳、氮稳定同位素自然丰度(δ13C和δ15N)随土壤深度变化的研究,对揭示碳、氮元素生物地球化学循环机制具有重要意义.本文在概述土壤剖面δ13C和δ15N垂直分布特征的基础上,重点介绍了土壤δ13C和δ15N垂直分布模式的影响机制.土壤剖面δ13C垂直分布模式的影响机制主要有3种:1)植被δ13C值的历史变化;2)...     

三峡库区小江库湾鱼类食物网的稳定C、N同位素分析

应用稳定碳(δ₁₃C)、氮(δ₁₅N)同位素探讨了三峡库区一级支流小江库湾枯水期(2010.7)和丰水期间(2010.12)鱼类食物网结构。研究结果显示：初级生产者颗粒有机物(POM)和固着藻类δ₁₃C、δ₁₅N值范围分别为-23.33‰～-21.05‰、-25.13‰～-24.54‰,3.99‰～6.25‰、4.64‰～4.79‰。POM和固着藻类构成了小江库湾食物网能量的主要来源,其中丰水期间陆生营养物质输入是其食物网能量来源的一种重要补充途径。小江库湾常见鱼类食性可分为杂食偏植物食性、杂食偏动物食性及动物食性3种营养类群。在不同时期(枯水期和丰水期)小江库湾鱼类食物网营养级长度均有三级并且存在4种主要营养路径,表明了在三峡工程运行初期小江库湾已经形成了相对稳定的食物网结构。研究为小江库湾鱼类资源管理及生态系统恢复提供了一定的指导意义。