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1.
Laboratory microcosms were used to assess the impact of arsenic (As) contamination on agricultural soil bacterial activity focusing free-living nitrogen fixers for three months. Periodically collected microcosm samples were analyzed by RT–qPCR following extraction of total RNA and cDNA preparation for assessing the metabolically active bacterial population. RT–qPCR data showed the gradual increase of 16S rRNA and nifH gene expression, and relative activity of diazotrophs in the enriched soil bacterial consortia under short time As exposure up to 20 ppm and 10 ppm, respectively. A similar trend of these variables was also noticed but up to 1 ppm As when incubating the bulk soil for the same duration. Reduced bacterial activity was noticed at higher concentration of As although in short time exposure. Extending the As exposure time, the bacterial activities in both enriched consortia and bulk soil were decreased. Although, the relative activity of diazotrophs in enriched consortia was increased in presence of 10 ppm As, the same was decreased in bulk soil when exposed to >1 ppm As for long time indicating susceptibility of nitrogen fixer to As contamination in soil. PCA of the data obtained also indicated a negative correlation between As concentrations and diazotrophic activity.  相似文献   

2.
This study is aimed at assessing culturable diazotrophic bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere of Prosopis juliflora and Parthenium hysterophorus, which grow profusely in nutritionally-poor soils and environmentally-stress conditions so as to identify some novel strains for bioinoculant technology. Diazotrophic isolates from Prosopis and Parthenium rhizosphere were characterized for nitrogenase activity by Acetylene Reduction Assay (ARA) and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Further, the culture-independent quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed to compare the abundance of diazotrophs in rhizosphere with bulk soils. The proportion of diazotrophs in total heterotrophs was higher in rhizosphere than bulk soils and 32 putative diazotrophs from rhizosphere of two plants were identified by nifH gene amplification. The ARA activity of the isolates ranged from 40 to 95 nmol ethylene h−1 mg protein−1. The 16S rRNA gene analysis identified the isolates to be members of alpha, beta and gamma Proteobacteria and firmicutes. The qPCR assay also confirmed that abundance of nif gene in rhizosphere of these two plants was 10-fold higher than bulk soil.  相似文献   

3.
Summary The leaching losses of urea in dry and wet soils as affected by the irrigation water, were studied in 90 cm long and 5 cm diameter plexiglass columns. In dry sandy loam soil urea leached with irrigation water and peaks of urea were observed with water front but in sandy soil the wetting front moved faster leaving the urea peak behind. In initially wet soils the urea peak did not coincide the wetting front, following infiltration and after redistribution for 24 hours of infiltration. More urea was recovered in sandy soil than in sandy loam soil following infiltration and redistribution for 24 hours. Urea leached only upto 30 cm with 5 and 7.5 cm irrigation water whereas with 10 and 15 cm irrigation water profiles urea penetrated to deeper layers. The sub-surface application of urea did not change the leaching behaviour of urea. Urea behaves as a non-reacting ion like Cl with respect to its movement with soil-water before it is hydrolysed.  相似文献   

4.
The global changes in rainfall frequency and quantity have subjected arid and semi-arid regions to long periods of drought. As this phenomenon corresponds to increasing trend of water shortage, the use of treated wastewater (TWW) has been suggested as an alternative for irrigation of agricultural crops in these areas. The aim of the study was to investigate the short- and middle-term effects of TWW irrigation on the soil microbial activities and organic carbon content. The microbial community activity was measured every 1–3 months for 4 years in a persimmon (Diospyros kaki) orchard. These activities were used here as an indicator for the soil health. The hydrolysis activity (detected by fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis (FDA) assay) increased during the irrigation season and was significantly higher in soils irrigated with TWW compared to those irrigated with freshwater (FW). This activity was also negatively correlated with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations during the irrigation season, suggesting that the community degraded the DOC in the soils regardless of its origin. The irrigation season was also characterized by an increase in nitrification potential in both TWW- and FW-irrigated soils, which coincided with high concentrations of nitrate (50 mg kg−1 soil). Overall, there was an increase in all measured activities during the irrigation season, and they were higher in the TWW soils. However, it appears that after each irrigation season, the potential activity of the community returned to levels similar to or even slightly lower than those of FW-irrigated soil during the wet season, suggesting that the periodic irrigation did not significantly change the soil microbial activity.  相似文献   

5.
王树芹  赖娟  赵秀兰 《生态学报》2012,32(19):6128-6137
以草本花卉植物一串红和石竹为材料,通过盆栽试验研究了不同浓度垃圾渗滤液灌溉对土壤理化性质及生物学性质、植物生长、氮磷和重金属吸收的影响。渗滤液灌溉提高了土壤有机质、氮含量和电导率,其中,黄壤盐分积累速度大于紫色土,而对土壤磷和重金属含量的影响不明显,土壤脲酶活性随渗滤液浓度的提高呈先升高后降低趋势,紫色土和黄壤在渗滤液灌溉浓度分别为60%和40%时脲酶活性最强;随渗滤液浓度提高紫色土过氧化氢酶活性略为上升,黄壤过氧化氢酶活性降低。渗滤液灌溉使两种花卉根系生长受到抑制,但对植物地上部的生长发育存在低浓度促进高浓度抑制的双重作用。渗滤液灌溉可提高两种植物地上部的氮含量,对一串红磷含量影响不明显,使石竹磷含量降低,对Cu、Zn含量的影响因土壤和植物的不同而异,但高浓度渗滤液灌溉使两种植物Pb、Cr和Cd含量均提高。结果表明,适当浓度渗滤液灌溉具有改善土壤肥力,促进植物地上部生长发育的作用,渗滤液灌溉不会引起土壤和植物体内重金属过量积累,土壤氮过量积累导致的氮磷营养失调和盐分过度积累是高浓度渗滤液抑制植物生长的重要原因。从土壤性质变化和植物生长反应看,渗滤液灌溉浓度以20%—40%为佳。  相似文献   

6.
High Diversity of Diazotrophs in the Forefield of a Receding Alpine Glacier   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Forefields of receding glaciers are unique and sensitive environments representing natural chronosequences. In such habitats, microbial nitrogen fixation is of particular interest since the low concentration of bioavailable nitrogen is one of the key limitations for growth of plants and soil microorganisms. Asymbiotic nitrogen fixation in the Damma glacier (Swiss Central Alps) forefield soils was assessed using the acetylene reduction assay. Free-living diazotrophic diversity and population structure were resolved by assembling four NifH sequence libraries for bulk and rhizosphere soils at two soil age classes (8- and 70-year ice-free forefield). A total of 318 NifH sequences were analyzed and grouped into 45 unique phylotypes. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a higher diversity as well as a broader distribution of NifH sequences among phylogenetic clusters than formerly observed in other environments. This illustrates the importance of free-living diazotrophs and their potential contribution to the global nitrogen input in this nutrient-poor environment. NifH diversity in bulk soils was higher than in rhizosphere soils. Moreover, the four libraries displayed low similarity values. This indicated that both soil age and the presence of pioneer plants influence diversification and population structure of free-living diazotrophs.  相似文献   

7.
【背景】荒漠化是一个重大环境问题,生物土壤结皮(Biological soil crusts,BSCs)可遏制荒漠化,其中的固氮微生物对BSCs的形成和发育有重要作用,但目前BSCs中固氮细菌群落结构和多样性尚不十分清楚。【目的】阐明浑善达克沙地中不同类型生物土壤结皮及其下层土壤固氮细菌的群落结构、多样性及其影响因素。【方法】利用稀释热法和碱解扩散法检测土壤的有机质(Organic matter,OM)和速效氮(Available nitrogen,AN)含量;利用高通量测序对nifH基因进行测序,基于nifH序列比较分析固氮细菌群落结构和多样性;利用典范对应分析(Canonical correlation analysis,CCA)分析群落、样品和土壤理化参数的相关性。【结果】固氮细菌优势菌门除在苔藓结皮(HSM)中为Cyanobacteria和Proteobacteria外,在其他类型BSCs中均只为Cyanobacteria;苔藓结皮下层土壤(HSMs)(下层土壤中只有HSMs检测到了nifH)优势菌门为Proteobacteria,优势菌纲为Alphaproteobacteria和Betaproteobacteria;优势菌属差异较大,藻结皮(HSA)中Unclassified_f_Nostocaceae占90.99%;地衣结皮(HSL)中Scytonema和Unclassified_f_Nostocaceae分别占45.85%和44.14%;HSM中Unclassified_f_Nostocaceae、Scytonema、Nostoc、Skermanella、Unclassified_o_Nostocales分别占29.21%、22.57%、15.34%、14.74%和10.60%;HSMs中Skermanella、Azohydromonas、Unclassified_p_Proteobacteria、Unclassified_c_Alphaproteobacteria分别占33.80%、25.66%、18.20%和10.62%;固氮细菌多样性随结皮的发育逐渐提高;OM和AN对结皮的发育起促进作用。【结论】藻结皮、地衣结皮和苔藓结皮及其紧邻下层土壤中的固氮细菌群落结构和多样性差异明显,且固氮细菌类群和多样性指数随BSCs发育阶段的提高而增加。本研究为认识和利用生物土壤结皮相关固氮细菌提供了基础依据。  相似文献   

8.
Agricultural soils are heterogeneous environments in which conditions affecting microbial growth and diversity fluctuate widely in space and time. In this study, the molecular ecology of the total bacterial and free-living nitrogen-fixing communities in soils from the Nafferton Factorial Systems Comparison (NFSC) study in northeast England were examined. The field experiment was factorial in design, with organic versus conventional crop rotation, crop protection, and fertility management factors. Soils were sampled on three dates (March, June, and September) in 2007. Total RNA was extracted from all soil samples and reverse transcribed. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) were used to analyze nifH and 16S rRNA genes in order to study free-living diazotrophs and the total bacterial community, respectively. Crop rotation was shown to have a significant effect on total bacterial diversity (and that of free-living N fixers) (P ≤ 0.001). On all three dates, nifH activity was higher in the conventional crop rotation. In contrast, qPCR analysis of free-living N fixers indicated significantly higher levels of activity in conventionally fertilized plots in June (P = 0.0324) and in plots with organic crop protection in September (P = 0.0143). To our knowledge, the effects of organic and conventional farming systems on free-living diazotrophs have never been studied. An increased understanding of the impacts of management practices on free-living N fixers could allow modifications in soil management practices to optimize the activity of these organisms.  相似文献   

9.
Free-living nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes (diazotrophs) are ubiquitous in soil and are phylogenetically and physiologically highly diverse. Molecular methods based on universal PCR detection of the nifH marker gene have been successfully applied to describe diazotroph populations in the environment. However, the use of highly degenerate primers and low-stringency amplification conditions render these methods prone to amplification bias, while less degenerate primer sets will not amplify all nifH genes. We have developed a fixed-primer-site approach with six PCR protocols using less degenerate to nondegenerate primer sets that all amplify the same nifH fragment as a previously published PCR protocol for universal amplification. These protocols target different groups of diazotrophs and allowed for direct comparison of the PCR products by use of restriction fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting. The new protocols were optimized on DNA from 14 reference strains and were subsequently tested with bulk DNA extracts from six soils. These analyses revealed that the new PCR primer sets amplified nifH sequences that were not detected by the universal primer set. Furthermore, they were better suited to distinguish between diazotroph populations in the different soils. Because the novel primer sets were not specific for monophyletic groups of diazotrophs, they do not serve as an identification tool; however, they proved powerful as fingerprinting tools for subsets of soil diazotroph communities.  相似文献   

10.
Diversity of the native diazotrophs associated with the rhizosphere of pearl millet (P. glaucumn), grown in nutritionally poor soils of semi-arid regions was studied with a view to isolate effective nitrogen fixing and plant growth stimulating bacteria with root associative characteristics. The native population varied from 10(3)-10(4) g(-1) of rhizosphere soil after 40 d growth and belonged to genera Azospirillum, Azotobacter and Klebsiella. Another non-diazotrophic root associative group was Pseudomonas sp., which also produced IAA and enhanced plant growth. Some of these rhizobacteria showed high in vitro acetylene reduction activity along with production of indole acetic acid. Out of 11 selected diazotrophs used as seed inoculants, M10B (Azospirillum sp.), M11E (Azotobacter sp.) and M12D4 (Klebsiella sp.) resulted in significant increase in total root and shoot nitrogen at 45 and 60 days of plant growth under pot culture conditions.  相似文献   

11.
12.
Free-living nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes (diazotrophs) are ubiquitous in soil and are phylogenetically and physiologically highly diverse. Molecular methods based on universal PCR detection of the nifH marker gene have been successfully applied to describe diazotroph populations in the environment. However, the use of highly degenerate primers and low-stringency amplification conditions render these methods prone to amplification bias, while less degenerate primer sets will not amplify all nifH genes. We have developed a fixed-primer-site approach with six PCR protocols using less degenerate to nondegenerate primer sets that all amplify the same nifH fragment as a previously published PCR protocol for universal amplification. These protocols target different groups of diazotrophs and allowed for direct comparison of the PCR products by use of restriction fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting. The new protocols were optimized on DNA from 14 reference strains and were subsequently tested with bulk DNA extracts from six soils. These analyses revealed that the new PCR primer sets amplified nifH sequences that were not detected by the universal primer set. Furthermore, they were better suited to distinguish between diazotroph populations in the different soils. Because the novel primer sets were not specific for monophyletic groups of diazotrophs, they do not serve as an identification tool; however, they proved powerful as fingerprinting tools for subsets of soil diazotroph communities.  相似文献   

13.
引黄灌区土壤有机碳密度剖面特征及固碳速率   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
为揭示灌溉耕作对土壤有机碳密度剖面(0—100 cm)分布产生的影响,通过在宁夏引黄灌区进行实地调查与采样,以无灌溉耕作的自然土壤作为对照,研究不同灌溉耕作时间序列下灌区土壤有机碳密度的剖面分布特征,并估算其平均固碳速率。结果表明:灌区土壤有机碳含量具有随土层深度增加而下降的剖面分布特征,灌溉耕作对增加表层土壤有机碳含量作用最明显;灌区土壤剖面碳密度与灌溉耕作时间和土壤类型均显著相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.63和0.74,且因灌溉耕作时间和土壤类型的不同,土壤有机碳密度差异性显著(P0.05);灌溉耕作影响的土层深度及剖面土壤有机碳密度的增加量因灌溉耕作时间长短的不同而异;引黄灌区5类土壤的平均固碳速率为0.53 MgC·hm-2·a-1。引黄灌溉耕作在增加农田土壤固碳中发挥着重要作用。  相似文献   

14.
Relationships exist between plant root growth and the phytoremediation of oil-contaminated soils. In a previous study, we demonstrated that zinnia flowers are well suited for the remediation of oil-contaminated soil. In this study, our goal was to quantify the relationship between zinnia root growth and purification of oil-contaminated soils. Three treatments were used: (1) cultivation of zinnia in oil-contaminated soil (contaminated pots), (2) cultivation in non-contaminated soil (non-contaminated pots), and (3) contaminated soil with no cultivation and only irrigation (irrigated pots). Growth of the Zinnia plants, including their roots, was significantly reduced in the contaminated pots compared with the noncontaminated pots. The soil dehydrogenase activity increased between 45 and 90?days after planting in all parts of the contaminated pots, especially the upper parts. The soil total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentrations in the contaminated pots decreased throughout the study period. Interestingly, the soil dehydrogenase activity increased, and the soil TPH concentration decreased even in lower parts of the pots where there was very little root growth. Therefore, the cultivation of plants can have a remediative effect on oil-contaminated soil even below the depth reached by the plant roots.  相似文献   

15.
Little is known of the mechanisms employed by woody plants to acquire key resources such as water and nutrients in hyperarid environments. For phreatophytic plants, deep roots are necessary to access the water table, but given that most nutrients in many desert ecosystems are stored in the upper soil layers, viable shallow roots may be equally necessary for nutrient uptake. We sought to better understand the interaction between water and nutrient uptake from soil horizons differing in the relative abundance of these resources. To this end, we monitored plant water and nutrient status before and after applying flood irrigation to four phreatophytic perennial plant species in the remote hyperarid Taklamakan desert in western China. Sap flow in the roots of five plants of the perennial desert species Alhagi sparsifolia Shap., Karelina caspica (Pall.) Less., Calligonum caput medusea Schrenk, and Eleagnus angustifolia Hill. was monitored using the heat ratio method (HRM). Additionally we measured predawn and midday water potential, foliar nitrate reductase activity (NRA), xylem sap nutrient concentration and the concentration of total solutes in the leaves before, 12 and 96 h after flooding to investigate possible short-term physiological effects on water and nutrient status. Rates of sap flow measured during the day and at night in the absence of transpiration did not change after flooding. Moderately high rates of sap flow (HRM heat pulse velocity, 5–25 cm h−1) detected during the day in soils that had a near zero water content at the surface indicated that all species had contact to groundwater. There was no evidence from sap flow data that plants had utilised flood water to increase maximum rates of transpiration under similar climatic conditions, and there was no evidence of a process to improve the efficiency of water or nutrient uptake, such as hydraulic redistribution (i.e. the passive movement of water from moist soil to very dry soil via roots). Measurements of plant water status, xylem sap nutrient status, foliar NRA and the concentration of osmotically active substances were also unaffected by flood irrigation. Our results clearly show that groundwater acts as the major source of water and nutrients for these plants. The inability of plants to utilise abundant surface soil–water or newly available nutrients following irrigation was attributed to the absence of fine roots in the topsoil layer.  相似文献   

16.
17.
Barley yield under saline water cultivation   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
B. Pal  C. Singh  H. Singh 《Plant and Soil》1984,81(2):221-228
Summary In a microplot experiment conducted during the winter seasons of 1979–80 and 1980–81 on a sandy loam soil in the semi-desert tract, the accumulation of salts was found to be highest in March after harvest of the barley crop grown with saline water of EC values ranging from 2.2 to 24 mmhos/cm. The average EC of saturation extract of the surface soil layer (0–15 cm) was 0.79 times that of the applied irrigation water at the time of crop harvest, however, accumulated salts of the winter season were leached by the following monsoon rains. The average SAR of saturation extract of soil was 1.5 times that of the irrigation water in March but quite low in November. Highly significant correlations, (+0.90 to 0.99) at the post irrigated period between ECse of soils and EC of waters and SARse of soils and SAR of waters have been observed. Barley could be grown economically with irrigation water upto EC 16 mmhos/cm; however an average reduction in grain yield or not more than 43.5% compared to the yield under irrigation with tube well water of EC 2.2 mmhos/cm, was obtained. The starch, N and P contents decreased and that of K and Na increased in the grain with the use of saline waters. The performance of DL-85 variety was best and its K/Na ratio was also higher than that of other tested varieties.  相似文献   

18.
膜孔灌溉条件下点源平均入渗水深的数学模拟   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
应用RETC和SWMS-3D软件对多种典型土壤的膜孔灌溉点源入渗特性进行模拟,分析了膜孔灌溉入渗特性及其影响因素,在此基础上建立了包含开孔率、膜孔直径、粘粒含量和土壤容重等因素的膜孔灌溉点源平均入渗水深通用模型,并利用黄土高原典型土壤的室内试验资料对所建模型进行了验证.结果表明:膜孔灌溉条件下的入渗系数随开孔率的增大而增大,随膜孔直径和土壤粘粒含量的增大而减小;入渗指数随开孔率和土壤粘粒含量的增大而减小.新建模型能较简单和准确地确定入渗系数和入渗指数,可以较准确地反映膜孔灌溉点源入渗特点 .  相似文献   

19.
Water quality, soil and climate can interact to limit photosynthesis and to increase photooxidative damage in sensitive plants. This research compared diffusive and non‐diffusive limitations to photosynthesis as well as photorespiration of leaves of grapefruit trees in heavy clay and sandy soils having a previous history of treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation for >10 years, with different water qualities [fresh water (FW) vs TWW and sodium amended treated wastewater (TWW + Na)] in two arid climates (summer vs winter) and in orchard and lysimeter experiments. TWW irrigation increased salts (Na+ and Cl), membrane leakage, proline and soluble sugar content, and decreased osmotic potentials in leaves of all experiments. Reduced leaf growth and higher stomatal and non‐stomatal (i.e. mesophyll) limitations were found in summer and on clay soil for TWW and TWW + Na treatments in comparison to winter, sandy soil and FW irrigation, respectively. Stomatal closure, lower chlorophyll content and altered Rubisco activity are probable causes of higher limitations. On the other hand, non‐photochemical quenching, an alternative energy dissipation pathway, was only influenced by water quality, independent of soil type and season. Furthermore, light and CO2 response curves were investigated for other possible causes of higher non‐stomatal limitation. A higher proportion of non‐cyclic electrons were directed to the O2 dependent pathway, and a higher proportion of electrons were diverted to photorespiration in summer than in winter. In conclusion, both diffusive and non‐diffusive limitations contribute to the lower photosynthetic performance of leaves following TWW irrigation, and the response depends on soil type and environmental factors.  相似文献   

20.
张明智  牛文全  许健  李元 《生态学杂志》2016,27(6):1925-1934
为探明微灌与播前深松耕作对夏玉米根际土壤酶活性和产量的影响,以大田夏玉米为研究对象,设计微灌灌溉方式(地表滴灌、地下滴灌和微润灌)、灌水量(分别控制土壤含水量下限为田间持水率的50%、65%和80%)和深松深度(20、40、60 cm)3因素、3水平正交田间试验.结果表明: 夏玉米全生育期内,土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性均呈先增加后减小趋势,磷酸酶活性则呈先减小后增加趋势.地下滴灌0~80 cm生育期平均土壤含水率比地表滴灌和微润灌高6.3%和1.8%,且显著提高土壤脲酶活性、夏玉米根系体积和产量;随着灌水量的增加,土壤磷酸酶活性呈先减小后增加趋势,脲酶活性和产量均呈先增加后减小趋势,生育期平均土壤含水率与根系体积均呈增加趋势;深松40 cm比20 cm的产量和根系体积增加量大于深松60 cm比40 cm的增加量,深松40 cm土壤酶活性较高.从提高水资源、氮肥利用率及作物产量角度考虑,该地区夏玉米种植的最优组合应为地下滴灌、灌水下限为田间持水率的65%与播前深松40 cm.  相似文献   

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