森林生态系统DOM的来源、特性及流动

可溶性有机物质（Dissolved Organic Matter)是森林生态系统主要的可移动碳库及重要的养分库。系统综述了森林生态系统DOM的来源,组成,性质,季节动态;DOM释放与存留机制及影响因素,森林生态系统DOM的流动及干扰对DOM动态影响等,已有研究表明DOM的森林生态系统C、N、P循环,成土作用,污染物迁移等方面起着重要作用。今后森林生态系统DOM的研究应集中于以几方面：（1）确定森林生态系统中DOM源和汇;（2）评价森林水文条件对DOM释放与存留的调节作用;（3）探讨全球气候变化对森林生态系统DOM的影响;（4）可溶性有机氮（Dissolved Organic Nitrogen),可溶性有机磷（Dissolved Organic Phosphorus)动态与可溶性有碳（Dissolved Organic Carbon）动态的差别。     

水溶性有机质对土壤吸附菲的影响

研究了来源于稻草腐熟物的外源水溶性有机质(DOM)和土壤本身固有的内源DOM对有机碳含量不同的3种土壤吸附菲的影响.结果表明,不同处理土壤对菲的吸附曲线均为线性,其吸附系数(K_d)与土壤有机碳含量(f_oc)正相关.去除内源DOM后,黄棕壤、红粘田和黑土吸附菲的K_d值增加了7.08%～21.4%,增加量(ΔK_d)和增加幅度与f_oc正相关,表明土壤中存在的内源DOM抑制土壤对菲的吸附.而外源DOM对土壤吸附菲的影响与其浓度密切相关.在供试浓度范围(0～106 mg DOC·L^-1)内,红粘田吸附菲的K_d值随加入外源DOM浓度的提高先增大后减小.外源DOM浓度为28 mg DOC·L^-1时,红粘田吸附菲的K_d值增加了19.5%;而当外源DOM浓度≥52 mg DOC·L^-1时,则明显抑制菲的吸附.内源和外源DOM对土壤吸附菲的影响,主要与DOM和菲在溶液中的结合作用、在土壤中的累积吸附效应等有关.     

Degradation of surface-water dissolved organic matter: influences of DOM chemical characteristics and microbial populations

The degree to which biodegradation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) depends on microbial community structure and source remains unknown. In this study, we concentrated the microbial biomass from two streams in northern Michigan and a dystrophic bog lake in northern Wisconsin with varying initial DOM concentration (6.7–78.8 mg C l^–1) and DOM chemical characteristics (e.g. DOM average molecular weights from 808–1887 Da). Each of the three microbial inocula was added to each of the three DOM sources at in situ population levels for a total of nine treatments. Changes in DOM concentration and bacterial productivity, along with chemical characteristics, were examined over 308 h. The [³H]-leucine incorporation method was used to measure microbial production. In two of three sampling sites, bacterial communities were most productive when metabolizing DOM in their native waters. A variable peak in productivity was seen between 16–48 h after inoculation, followed by a drop in productivity in most treatments, with periods of DOM production most likely due to microbial turnover. These data suggest that microbial communities are better able to degrade the DOM of their native habitats, suggesting that biodegradation of DOM is influenced by source-specific microbial species and DOM chemical characteristics.     

水溶性有机物电子转移能力及其生态效应

水溶性有机物(Dissolved organic matter,DOM)是生态系统最为活跃的有机物组分,参与众多物理、化学及生物过程.DOM具有电子转移能力,主要原因在于结构中包含的醌基官能团,通过醌、半醌和氢醌之间的可逆转化完成电子转移过程.DOM作为电子穿梭体,循环参与电子转移的能力是其发挥生态效应的重要体现.研究表明,DOM可以通过氧化还原反应介导环境中Cr(Ⅵ)、Hg(Ⅱ)等重金属及卤代烃、硝基芳香化合物等持久性有机污染物降解转化.综述了DOM电子转移能力机理、途径及可循环性,电子转移能力测定方法,以及DOM电子转移能力的生态效应并展望研究方向.     

Mineralisation of dissolved organic matter by heterotrophic stream biofilm communities in a large boreal catchment

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水溶性有机物对黑麦草吸收铜的影响

采用水培试验,研究蚓粪及蚯蚓培养载体牛粪中水溶性有机物(DOM)对不同Cu2+浓度下(0、5、10 mg·L-1)黑麦草吸收Cu2+的影响.结果表明:随着Cu2+浓度的增加,黑麦草地上部、根干质量,以及根系的长度、表面积、体积和根尖数均逐渐下降;DOM显著增加了Cu2+处理下黑麦草地上部及根系生物量,促进了其根系的长度、表面积、体积和根尖数的增长.DOM降低了黑麦草地下部Cu2+浓度,促进了Cu2+从地下部向地上部的运输,显著增加了地上部Cu2+积累量.蚓粪DOM对黑麦草的影响优于牛粪DOM,并且供试高浓度DOM效果优 于低浓度.     

Effect of Dicranopteris dichotoma on spectroscopic characteristic of dissolved organic matter in red soil erosion area

Aims Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is the most active component of organic matters in soils, and plays an important role in carbon cycles. It is a mixed organic compound with varying molecular sizes and weights. We aimed to explore the impacts of Dicranopteris dichotoma coverage on quantity and structure of DOM after vegetation restoration in severely eroded red soil region. Methods A typical sequence of vegetation restoration (Y0, without ecological restoration; Y13, ecological restoration for 13 years; Y31, ecological restoration for 31 years) was selected as the research object in Hetian Town, Changting County, Fujian Province, China. At each experimental site, soils were subject to three treatments—NRd, not removed D. dichotoma; Rd, removed D. dichotoma; and CK, control, and the effects of D. dichotoma on the spectral characteristics of DOM were evaluated.Important findings The results indicated that the quantity of soil DOC under NRd treatment of the Y0, Y13 and Y31 was 7.61, 4.83, and 5.47 times higher than their CK treatment, respectively. The Rd treatment had significantly lower DOC than that under NRd treatments, and it was 1.84, 4.12, and 4.73 times higher than their CK treatments, respectively. Thus the D. dichotoma had exerted significant effects on the quantity of soil DOM. The Aromaticity index (AI), emission fluorescence spectrum humification index (HIX_em) and synchronous fluorescence spectrum humification index (HIX_syn) of DOM under the NRd treatment were significantly higher than those of the CK treatments in Y13 and Y31, respectively. However, the ratio of ultraviolet-visible light absorption photometric quantity at 250 nm wavelength to ultraviolet-visible light absorption photometric quantity at 365 nm wavelength (E₂:E₃) had an opposite trend. It showed that the DOM structure in soils covered by D. dichotoma contained more aromatic nucleus and had higher aromaticity and humification, and DOM molecular was larger. In addition, the AI and humification index (HIX) of DOM under the Rd treatment was significantly decreased compared with the NRd treatment. Similar results were observed by analysis of emission and synchronous fluorescence spectrum, and by the Fourier infrared transmission spectrum analysis. These results suggest that D. dichotoma had positive impacts on the complexity of DOM structure, but it was a long and slow process. The DOM spectral analysis showed that the soil DOM covered by D. dichotoma had a stable and complex structure and was easily adsorbed by soil colloid. As a result, Dicranopteris dichotoma had a positive effect on the accumulation of soil organic carbon.     

泥炭沼泽湿地土壤分解过程中可溶性有机质氧化还原能力变化特征及其影响机制

泥炭沼泽湿地土壤(泥炭土)分解过程是控制泥炭土碳排放的关键过程,其中可溶性有机质(DOM)是泥炭分解过程的主要输出物。DOM富含具有氧化还原活性的官能团,其中酚基具有抗氧化性质,是DOM氧化还原活性的重要组成部分,对驱动有氧和缺氧条件下的氧化还原过程意义重大。同时,酚基也可抑制泥炭的氧化降解,在泥炭土分解过程中起着重要作用。目前,关于泥炭分解过程中DOM氧化还原能力影响机制的相关研究较少。利用创新介导电化学方法、激发—发射荧光矩阵光谱法(EEM),直接定量、定性评估DOM氧化还原变化程度,进而探讨(1)取自两个泥炭样地(OS/LB)的地表水、地下水、孔隙水样品中DOM的氧化还原性能;(2)来自泥炭样地OS的泥炭孔隙水剖面中DOM的氧化还原能力变化规律以及与泥炭分解的重要指标间的关系(如C/N和δ¹³C_DOC)。结果表明:选取电子转移能力(ETC)作为表征DOM氧化还原能力的指标,不同来源DOM的ETC值主要在2—4 mmole^-/gC之间;在泥炭土中DOM的ETC值与醌基和酚基的光谱性质参数存在强相关,这些基团对DOM氧...     

华南典型树种凋落叶的野外分解和溶解性有机质溶出动态

选用华南亚热带地区常见阔叶树种木荷和针叶树种湿地松的新近凋落叶,在野外分解0、30、60、90、150、210、240、365 d,分析溶出的溶解性有机质(DOM)浓度、组成和性质的变化,以及对土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)的影响.结果表明: 随着分解的进行,尽管木荷叶片的DOM浓度高于松针,但是2种凋落叶DOM浓度、性质和物质组成变化规律一致;2种凋落叶的DOM浓度均呈下降趋势,芳香化程度和分子量增大,富里酸、腐殖酸类物质逐渐增多,可降解的简单芳烃蛋白(如酪氨酸)逐渐减少.在分解初期,DOM主要由亲水中性和酸性部分组成,易分解、易迁移,对表层土壤DOC影响不显著;在分解后期,DOM主要为腐殖酸和富里酸类物质,吸附性强,表层土壤DOC浓度显著下降.     

土壤溶解性有机质及其表面反应性的研究进展

溶解性有机质(DOM)是土壤溶液中的一个重要的组成部分,在土壤化学和生物过程中起着十分重要的作用。虽然DOM在天然有机质中所占的比例并不高,但它将土壤中的矿物质、有机质联系在一起,并能调控环境污染物的迁移转化与归宿,因此国内外学者都很重视溶解性有机质对土壤环境中污染物环境行为影响的研究。综述了DOM的分类和分离技术,DOM的结构及其表征方法,DOM的表面反应性以及对有机污染物、重金属在土壤中吸附、迁移的影响等,并提出了有待于进一步研究的一些问题。     

喀斯特湖泊-河流系统溶解性有机质光谱特征

为探索喀斯特湖泊-河流系统溶解性有机质(DOM)光谱特征空间格局,该研究以我国贵州红枫湖、百花湖和老马河为对象,分析了表层水体DOM紫外参数(SUVA₂₅₄、SUVA₂₈₀、S_275-295、S_350-400、S_R和E2/E3),利用三维荧光-平行因子(EEM-PARAFAC)解析DOM主要成分,同时基于荧光参数(HIX、FI、BIX和β：α)揭示其来源信息。该研究运用Spearman相关性分析及主成分分析(PCA)方法,揭示DOM参数的内在联系及重要组分贡献。结果显示,红枫湖、百花湖和老马河SUVA₂₅₄和SUVA₂₈₀值较低,而E2/E3、S_275-295和S_350-400值较高,说明芳香类成分占比较少且DOM整体分子量较小。水体DOM主要成分为:红枫湖/百花湖(C1:微生物代谢类腐殖质;C2:可见光范围腐殖质;C3:色氨酸),老马河(C1:色氨酸;C2:富里酸;C3:陆源类腐殖质)。水体BIX范围在0.77-1.12之间,说明生物源和陆源输入共同贡献DOM。红枫湖与百花湖FI值小于1.4,而老马河在1.4-1.9间,说明河流内源DOM贡献率高于湖泊。水体β：α值范围在0.73-1.10之间,说明新生DOM具有显著贡献。湖泊与河流HIX值低于4,表明水体腐殖化程度低。老马河HIX与S_R和S_275-295呈正相关(P ＜ 0.05)且与FI呈负相关(P ＜ 0.05),说明DOM腐殖化程度与分子大小和来源密切联系。芳香类DOM的同质性导致SUVA₂₅₄和SUVA₂₈₀相互耦合。研究发现新生DOM多具有生物降解性,表现为BIX和β：α强相关。相对于激流系统,湖泊具有更多的水力停留时间,这可能进一步促进内源微生物的代谢,导致生物驱动的有机质快速循环,因此不同DOM生物讯号相互耦合。研究阐明了喀斯特湖泊-河流系统DOM成分与来源特征,有望为研究全球碳循环过程提供数据支撑。     

外源水溶性有机物及温度对红壤铜形态的影响

利用模拟培养试验研究了外源水溶性有机物（DOM）添加量和培养温度对红壤中Cu形态的影响. 结果表明: 与不添加DOM比较, 添加不同量的DOM均可提高土壤中交换态Cu的含量、降低铁锰结合态Cu含量; 随着培养时间的延长,不同DOM添加量下土壤交换态Cu含量呈逐渐下降趋势;至试验结束时,DOM添加量为250 mg·L^-1时土壤交换态和碳酸盐结合态Cu含量最高, 添加量为500 mg·L^-1时铁锰结合态Cu含量最高;不同DOM添加量下, 土壤中有机结合态Cu含量较CK增加10.67%～23.66%. 在25 ℃和45 ℃温度条件下, 添加DOM后土壤交换态和铁锰结合态Cu含量均随培养时间的延长呈下降趋势, 但在5 ℃下变化趋势相反; 3种温度下添加DOM后土壤碳酸盐结合态Cu含量有随培养时间延长而增加的趋势. 随着培养温度的升高,土壤有机结合态Cu含量增加, 但在温度较低(5 ℃)时土壤残渣态Cu含量下降.     

海水中天然细菌对不同生源要素有机物的矿化作用

海洋异养细菌是微食物网中非常重要的一部分,它消耗海洋中的溶解有机物并进行细菌的二次生产。细菌对不同种类的溶解有机物分解速率不同,并且有机物的生物利用率影响细菌的生长。研究了含有不同生源要素的4种溶解有机物(DOM)在海洋异养细菌存在下的矿化作用及对细菌生长的影响。结果表明:添加不同生源要素的有机物,对海洋天然异养细菌的生长均有促进作用,其比生长速率(μ)的大小顺序为:NCPS对照组,说明含氮有机物更有助于细菌的生长;细菌生长效率(BGE)的大小顺序为:对照组CPNS,说明细菌的二次生产跟有机物的分解速率没有直接相关性;单个细菌对有机物的消耗速率I为:NCPS对照组,说明细菌生长速率与有机物消耗速率直接相关;有机物的生物可利用性顺序为:NCPS对照组,与有机物的消耗速率顺序一致。上述结果表明,具有相同结构但不同生源要素的有机物的矿化速率存在差异,含氮有机物最容易分解,其次是含碳有机物,然后是含磷有机物,含硫有机物分解最慢,说明细菌对含有不同生源要素有机物的分解利用存在差异。     

Influence of dissolved organic matter source on lake bacterioplankton structure and function--implications for seasonal dynamics of community composition

It has been suggested that autochthonous (internally produced) organic carbon and allochthonous (externally produced) organic carbon are utilized by phylogenetically different bacterioplankton. We examined the relationship between the source of organic matter and the structure and function of lake bacterial communities. Differences and seasonal changes in bacterial community composition in two lakes differing in their source of organic matter were followed in relation to environmental variables. We also performed batch culture experiments with amendments of various organic substrates, namely fulvic acids, leachates from algae, and birch and maple leaves. Differences in bacterial community composition between the lakes, analysed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, correlated with variables related to the relative loading of autochthonous and allochthonous carbon (water colour, dissolved organic carbon, nutrients, and pH). Seasonal changes correlated with temperature, chlorophyll and dissolved organic carbon in both lakes. The substrate amendments led to differences in both structure and function, i.e. production, respiration and growth yield, of the bacterial community. In conclusion, our results suggest that the source of organic matter influences community composition both within and among lakes and that there may be a coupling between the structure and function of the bacterial community.     

Relationship of trophic and chemical conditions to photobleaching of dissolved organic matter in lake ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a major light-absorbing substance, responsible for much of the color in water bodies. When sunlight energy is absorbed by DOM, some color can be lost by the process of photobleaching. We measured rates of DOM photobleaching in thirty lakes that varied greatly in color, trophic status and ionic composition. Loss of color (measured as absorbance at 440 nm and expressed as absorption coefficients) was a first order function of sunlight dose, and rates were nearly identical for 0.2m- and GF/F-filtered samples suggesting that the process was predominantly abiotic. Photobleaching rates were rapid (color loss of 1–19% d^–1) and varied about seven-fold among lakes. Our method under-estimated the actual rate by 15–20% based on comparisons between the glass bottles we used in the survey and quartz containers. The large variation in photobleaching rates was examined in relation to lake trophy and chemical conditions. The best predictor of this variability was acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) (r ²=0.94;p<0.001) such that photobleaching was most rapid in the most alkaline lakes. The relationship between ANC and photobleaching suggests that differences in ionic conditions among lakes may influence the solubility and configuration of humic and fulvic acids and hence their susceptibility to photobleaching.     

Strong coupling between natural Planctomycetes and changes in the quality of dissolved organic matter in freshwater samples

Dilution-regrowth experiments coupled to fluorescence in situ hybridization were conducted with samples from two humic reservoirs in order to examine how inorganic nutrients (N, P) affect free-living bacterioplankton phylogenetic groups and subsequently the quality of dissolved organic matter (DOM). The experiments were complemented by analyses of the empirical relationships between the targeted bacteria, nutrients, DOM and grazers. The ratio of absorbance of waters (A) at 250 and 365 nm (A(250 nm):A(365 nm)), which has been found to increase with the proportion of small molecules in the DOM pool in other humic waters, was used as an index of DOM quality. When nutrient stimulated bacteria, both the responses of bacterial groups (in the absence of grazers) and the ratio A(250 nm):A(365 nm) were generally different between treatments (+N, +P, +NP), suggesting that in nutrient-poor systems, differences in the type of inorganic nutrient supply will ultimately cause differences in DOM quality. The ratio A(250 nm),:A(365 nm) peaked in the +N treatments where members of the Planctomycetes (PLA) were the most stimulated group, and across treatments, PLA best explained (positive relationship) variations in this ratio. Consistent with this, the in situ data showed that the removal of the negative effects of flagellates on PLA yielded the highest R(2) in attempts to use bacterial groups to explain variations in A(250 nm):A(365 nm). These findings provide lines of evidence, not previously demonstrated in natural waters, that Planctomycetes may be an important factor changing the DOM quality, particularly in nutrient-poor systems when supplied with inorganic N.     

A stormflow/baseflow comparison of dissolved organic matter concentrations and bioavailability in an Appalachian stream

Patterns of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) delivery were compared between times of stormflow and baseflow in Paine Run, an Appalachian stream draining a 12.4 km² forested catchment in the Shenandoah National Park (SNP), Virginia. The potential in-stream ecological impact of altered concentrations and/or chemical composition of DOM during storms also was examined, using standardized bacterial bioassays. DOC and DON concentrations in Paine Run were consistently low during baseflow and did not show a seasonal pattern. During storms however, mean DOC and DON concentrations approximately doubled, with maximum concentrations occurring on the rising limb of storm hydrographs. The rapid response of DOM concentration to changes in flow suggests a near-stream or in-stream source of DOM during storms. Stormflow (4% of the time, 36% of the annual discharge) contributed >50% of DOC, DON and NO₃ ^– flux in Paine Run during 1997. In laboratory bacterial bioassays, growth rate constants were higher on Paine Run stormflow water than on baseflow water, but the fraction of total DOM which was bioavailable was not significantly different. The fraction of the total stream DOC pool taken up by water column bacteria was estimated to increase from 0.03 ± 0.02% h^–1 during baseflow, to 0.15 ± 0.04% h^–1 during storms. This uptake rate would have a minimal effect on bulk DOM concentrations in Paine Run, but storms may still have considerable impact on the bacterial stream communities by mobilizing them into the water column and by supplying a pulse of DOM.     

Effects of dissolved organic matter from sewage sludge on the atrazine sorption by soils

The effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM), water soluble organic matter derived from sewage sludge, on the sorption of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-trazine) by soils were studied using a batch equilibrium technique. Six paddy soils, chosen so as to have different organic carbon contents, were experimented in this investigation. Atrazine sorption isotherms on soils were described by the linear equation, and the distribution coefficients without DOM (Kd) or with DOM (Kd*) were obtained. Generally, the values of Kd*/Kd initially insoil-solution system form. Critical concentrations of DOM (DOMnp) were obtained where the value of Kd* was equal to Kd. The presence of DOM with concentrations lower than DOMnp promoted atrazine sorption on soils (Kd* ＞ Kd), whereas the presence of DOM with concentrations higher than DOMnp tended to inhibit atrazine sorption (Kd* ＜ Kd). Interestingly, DOMnp for tested soils was negatively correlated to the soil organic carbon content, and the maximum of Kd*/Kd (i.e.Kmax) correlated positively with the maximum of DOM sorption on soil (Xmax). Further investigations showed that the presence of hydrophobic fraction of DOM evidently promoted the atrazine sorption on soils, whereas the presence of hydrophilic DOM fraction obviously tended to inhibit the atrazine sorption. Interactions of soil surfaces with DOM and its fractions were suggested to be the major processes determining atrazine sorption on soils. The results of this work provide a reference to the agricultural use of organic amendment such as sewage sludge for improving the availability of atrazine in soils.     

Effects of dissolved organic matter from sewage sludge on the atrazine sorption by soils

The effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM), water soluble organic matter derived from sewage sludge, on the sorption of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-trazine) by soils were studied using a batch equilibrium technique. Six paddy soils, chosen so as to have different organic carbon contents, were experimented in this investigation. Atrazine sorption isotherms on soils were described by the linear equation, and the distribution coefficients without DOM (Kd) or with DOM (Kd*) were obtained. Generally, the values of Kd*/Kd initially increased and decreased thereafter with increasing DOM concentrations of 0-60 mg DOC ·L-1 in soil-solution system form. Critical concentrations of DOM (DOMnp) were obtained where the value of Kd* was equal to Kd. The presence of DOM with concentrations lower than DOMnp promoted atrazine sorption on soils (Kd* > Kd), whereas the presence of DOM with concentrations higher than DOMnp tended to inhibit atrazine sorption (Kd* < Kd). Interestingly, DOMnp for