用显微光度图像分析系统研究谷子胚性细胞系的GDH细胞类型分布

由显微光度图像分析与细胞化学技术对不同实验材料和不同培养时期谷子胚性细胞系的谷氨酸脱氢酶细胞类型分布表明：从单细胞群体水平研究胚性细胞系可以比较准确地了解其所处的生理状态;胚性细胞系的细胞类型分布可以作为其是否适于原生质体培养的指标之一;细胞类型分布也适用于组织培养和原生质体培养一些问题的研究。     

谷子胚性细胞系的超低温冰冻保存

超低温冰冻保存是保存生物材料的一种方法。目前禾本科植物原生质体培养的主要问题之一是胚性细胞系的状态不稳定。试验比较了影响谷子(Setaria italica(L.)Beauv)胚性细胞系超低温冰冻保存的因素如：不同的冰冻保护液组成,不同培养时间的胚性细胞系以及细胞系的恢复生长和原生质体培养。结果表明：本实验采用超低温冰冻保存方法不会影响胚性细胞系原生质体的培养特性,能够保持或提高原生质体培养的植板率。     

野大麦幼穗原生质体的分离和培养

以野大麦（Ｈｏｒｄｅｕｍｂｒｅｖｉｓｕｂｕｌａｔｕｍ）的幼穗诱导愈伤组织,建立悬浮细胞系,利用胚性悬浮细胞系在不同的酶解条件和不同的酶解液中分离原生质体并进行培养,获得了细胞分裂,形成细胞团。     

柑桔种间体配融合及培养研究

“平户”文旦（柚）（Ｃｉｔｒｕｓｇｒａｎｄｉｓ）Ｏｓｂｅｃｋ的四分体经酶解,分离出原生质体。ＰＥＧ（聚乙二醇）诱导这类原生质体与二倍体“伏令夏”甜橙（Ｃ．ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）胚性悬浮细胞系的原生质体融合。融合后的原生质体培养于ＢＨ３／ＥＭＥ培养基中。２天后,观察到花粉管生长现象。不同处理的结果显示,这一现象来源于异核体细胞。这种具花粉管生长的细胞可进一步分裂,形成多细胞团及球形和心形胚状体。对再生的胚状体进行染色体数检查,证明１３．１％的胚状体为三倍体,２ｎ＝３ｘ＝２７。而起始悬浮细胞系为二倍体,检查的３９２个细胞,未发现有染色体倍性变异。     

植物体细胞胚发生与作物育种

评述了植物体细胞胚发生在作物育种中的研究与应用,内容包含有：胚性细胞系的建立与原生质体培养;体细胞胚的形成与人工种子制作;胚性细胞与遗传转化;胚性细胞系与优良种质保存和体细胞无性系变异与突变体筛选等,并讨论了有关机理。     

水稻原生质体制备条件的优化及其细胞壁变化的快速检测

以疣粒野生稻和栽培稻02428的成熟种子为材料,对愈伤组织的诱导和继代、胚性悬浮细胞系建立、原生质体制备、再生细胞团分化及植株再生进行研究。结果表明：（1）水稻愈伤组织诱导的最佳2,4-D浓度为0.014 mmol/L;（2）胚性悬浮细胞系建立的最佳条件为AA 悬浮培养基+ 0.009 mmol/L 2,4-D ,每25 mL液体培养基加入0.4 g愈伤组织的初始接种量,7 d的继代周期;（3）原生质体制备的最佳条件为20 g/L纤维素酶+ 1 g/L果胶酶,酶解5 h,800 r/min离心5 min;（4）用荧光增白剂（VBL）细胞壁染色液可以快速、准确的检测原生质体制备及培养过程中细胞壁的变化情况。     

黄瓜胚性细胞悬浮培养及其原生质体的植株再生

黄瓜子叶原生质体来源的胚性愈伤组织,在液体培养中形成胚性悬浮细胞系,已继代两年,仍保持胚胎发生能力,不同的ABA和蔗糖浓度对胚状体的生长发育和同步化有明显影响。1mg/l的ABA和7－9％的蔗糖能显著地减少培养物的愈伤化,并同步地控制胚状体处于球形或球形后期,低浓度的蔗糖（1％）有利于胚状体的早期萌发,继代3－5天的胚性是浮细胞团酶解后,获得大量有活力的原生质体,原生质体在DPDK,液滴或浅层培养,或褐藻酸钠包埋培养中活跃分裂,形成细胞团和球形胚,转至固体培养基上或将包埋培养物直接转入液体振荡培养,胚状体可不断增殖,胚状体在大量元素减半,不加外源激素的MS培养基上发育成小植株。     

黄瓜胚性细胞悬浮培养及其原生质体的植株再生

黄瓜子叶原生质体来源的胚性愈伤组织,在液体培养中形成胚性悬浮细胞系,已继代两年,仍保持胚胎发生能力,不同的ABA和蔗糖浓度对胚状体的生长发育和同步化有明显影响。1mg/l的ABA和7－9％的蔗糖能显著地减少培养物的愈伤化,并同步地控制胚状体处于球形或球形后期,低浓度的蔗糖（1％）有利于胚状体的早期萌发,继代3－5天的胚性是浮细胞团酶解后,获得大量有活力的原生质体,原生质体在DPDK,液滴或浅层培养,或褐藻酸钠包埋培养中活跃分裂,形成细胞团和球形胚,转至固体培养基上或将包埋培养物直接转入液体振荡培养,胚状体可不断增殖,胚状体在大量元素减半,不加外源激素的MS培养基上发育成小植株。     

火炬松原生质体的体细胞胚胎发生

研究了基本培养基、原生质体密度和ABA浓度对火炬松（PinustaedaL．）悬浮细胞原生质体体细胞胚胎发生的影响。结果表明,DCR基本培养基最有利于原生质体的体细胞胚胎发生。体细胞胚胎发生所需的最适原生质体密度和ABA浓度分别是7×104个／mL和4mg／L。显微观察表明,来自原生质体的胚性胚柄细胞团（ESM：embryogenicsusPensormass）,经早期原胚（ESP：earlystageProembryos）阶段形成了后期原胚（LSP：latestageProembryos）。这一结果为火炬松的原生质体培养再生植株奠定了基础。     

影响谷子原生质体看护培养的一些因素

研究了谷子原生质体看护培养中的一些问题。结果表明：不同种植物愈伤组织做看护细胞对谷子原生质体培养植板率有不同的影响。用光头种草愈伤组织对谷子胚性、非胚性或中间型意伤组织的原生质体进行看护培养,以对胚性意伤组织原生质体的效果最好。看护培养主要是作用于原生质体形成完整细胞后的生长发育。试验没有观察到明显的看护细胞数量效应。     

Plant Regeneration from Protoplasts of Corn(Zea mays L.)

Maize embryogenic calli induced from pollen were subcultured for one and one half years on N, basic medium supplemented with 2 mg/1 kinetin, 1 mg/l 6-benzyl-aminopurine, 0.3 mg/l 2,4-D, 500 mg/l casein hydrolysate and 250 mg/l glutamine. These embryogenic calli were used for protoplast isolation. Protoplasts were cultured on Z2 medium (Table 1) which is composed of rice protoplast culture basic medium 1 supplemented with 0.2 mg/l kinetin, 0.1 mg/l 6-benzyl-aminopurine, 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D, 200 mg/l casein hydrolysate, 100 mg/l glutamine and 2% coconut milk. The first division of regenerated cell occurred after 4-6 days in culture. After 3 weeks later, small calli could be seen with naked eyes. At this moment, addition of the same Z2 medium with decreased osmoticum twice for the protoplast culture is necessary. Regenerated calli, 2–4 mm in diameter, were transferred in succession on differentiation medium Z3 and Z4 for organogenesis. Embryogenesis and plant regeneration could occur simultaneously on Z4 differentiation medium. It seems that except the cultural conditions genotype and using of embryogenic materials are the two key factors for plant regeneration of maize protoplast and the former may be the critical one.     

Development of novel elongated fiber-structure in protoplast cultures of Betula platyphylia and Larix leptolepis

Summary Novel elongated fiber-structures were repeatedly found both in leaf protoplast culture of two clones of Betula platyphylla and in protoplast culture of embryogenic cells of Larix leptolepis. Suboptimum culture conditions for cell division appeared to lead to fiber formation when using multi-well plate culture with varying medium compositions The suboptimum conditions for cell divisions were brought about by (1) plant growth regulators: auxins and cytokinins; (2) pH: 3.5, 4.5, 5.8; (3) divalent cations: CaCl₂ and MgCl₂; and (4) sugars: sucrose and mannitol. Divalent cations had the most profound effect on fiber formation. Calcium ions were preferred by Betula and magnesium ions were preferred by Larix. Single fiberpurification and micro-staining methods using a micromanipulator were developed. The fibers fluoresced when stained with Calcofluor White and Aniline Blue, which suggested that they were composed of cell wall component(s), including callose (β-1,3-glucan). Electron microscopy showed that fiber bundles of Larix fibers had helical substructures.     

谷子胚性愈伤组织粘液提取物对原生质体培养的影响

将谷子胚性愈伤组织粘液提取物添加到谷子原生质体培养基中,其对原生质体培养的影响表明该提取物有助于原生质体形成细胞壁;并且该类有粘液分泌的念伤组织的原生质体游离所需的酶液浓度低、处理时间短。由原生质体形成完整细胞的数量在一定范围内与谷子原生质体培养的植板率相对应;通过增加形成完整细胞的数量可较大幅度地提高原生质体培养的植板率。     

猕猴桃愈伤组织的生理差异与原生质体生长和分化的关系

美味猕猴桃和中华猕猴眺子叶愈伤组织系A_(16)N_1,A_(11)B_2和A_(14)N_7,A_(14)B_2的生理分析表明:愈伤组织系A_(16)N_1和A_(14)N_7的原生质体再生细胞能持续分裂。而愈伤组织系A_(11)B_2和A_(14)B_2的原生质体再生细胞不能持续分裂。前两个愈伤组织系的多胺含量高,酚酸含量低,超氧物歧化酶活性高。过氧化物酶活性低,可溶性蛋白质和氨基酸含量高,说明用于取得并分离原生质体的材料的生理状态对原生质体生长、分化有影响。     

Protoplast-to-plant regeneration in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Coker 312) using feeder layers

Summary We report the regeneration of protoplasts isolated from two embryogenic cell lines of Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Coker 312 initiated from hypocotylderived callus. Protoplasts plated on cellulose nitrate filters and placed over feeder layers formed embryogenic callus from which plants were regenerated. Plating efficiency up to 12.8% depended upon the cell line. Addition of phytohormones to the protoplast medium had no stimulating effect on plating efficiency. The influence of feeder cells and conditioned medium on plating efficiency was significantly different for the two cell lines.Abbreviations ACM autoclaved conditioned medium - AFC autoclaved feeder cells - BM basic medium - BM+ basic medium with phytohormones - CM non-autoclaved conditioned medium - FC non-autoclaved feeder cells - FDA fluorescein diacetate - MM maturation medium - NAA 1-naphtaleneacetic acid - PCM protoplast culture medium - PCM+ protoplast culture medium with phytohormones - SC settled cells - 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - 6-BAP 6-benzylamino purine     

Changes in gene expression patterns during the sexual life cycle of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Significant differences in membrane fluidities, expressed as fluorescence anisotropies, are demonstrated between embryogenic (E) and non-embryogenic (NE) cell lines when cells in suspension culture are removed from auxin. Cells of an E and NE cell line of Asclepias tuberosa were grown for 21 days either with or without 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), cultures were sampled at various intervals and protoplast membrane (hydrophobic interiors) was labeled with 1, 6 diphenyl-1, 3, 5-hexatriene (DPH). No differences between cultures with and without 2,4-D were detected in the NE line. In contrast the E line rapidly developed differences in membrane fluidity over time. Such clear differences in the responses of E and NE lines in membrane fluidity indicated that this parameter could be a good predictor and marker for embryogenesis. Eight suspension cell lines of Asclepias and 2 of Daucus carota were tested. After 2 days on medium without auxin, every E cell line exhibited a positive change in anisotropy and became embryogenic, whereas NE cell lines exhibited much lower positive changes or even negative changes in anisotropy and never underwent embryogenesis. Such changes have been consistent in all cell lines tested and represent a marker for embryogenicity in suspension cell lines before morphological change becomes apparent after removal from auxin. Basic molecular membrane changes in embryogenesis are likely to be common among different culture systems and understanding them could be a major step in removing barriers to regenerating plants from cultured material.     

‘过山香’香蕉胚性悬浮细胞原生质体分离的方法研究

目的：研究不同的方法对‘过山香’胚性悬浮细胞原生质体分离的影响,筛选最适合用于‘过山香’香蕉胚性悬浮细胞原生质体分离的方案。方法：用不同浓度、不同组合的酶液对‘过山香’原生质体进行分离,并对酶液的甘露醇含量、pH值进行调节。结果：3．0％纤维素酶R-10＋0．2％果胶酶Y-23的是最佳酶组合;酶解8h、酶液中含0．41M甘露醇、酶液pH值为5．3时,获得原生质体产量最高。结论：合适的酶组合、酶解时间、酶液的渗透压和pH值对‘过山香’香蕉胚性悬浮细胞原生质体的分离有明显的促进作用。     

华北落叶松体细胞胚胎发生及遗传转化实验系统的建立(简报)

华北落叶松(Larix principis-Rupprechtii)是我国北方中高山地区重要的针叶速生用材树种,进行其体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生的研究,在针叶树无性快速繁殖及基因工程育种上有其特殊的用途,既可为针叶树无性系林业提供产业化途径,也可作为目的基因遗传转化实验系统。针叶树的基因转化相对较难,再生更属不易,Lelu等报道过杂种落叶松与欧洲落叶松体细胞胚胎发生方面的研究;而我国尚未见有落叶松体细胞胚胎发生的研究报道。我们     

Plantlet regeneration from protoplast-derived haploid embryogenic calli of wheat

To search for an alternative method for protoplast culture, regenerable embryogenic calli were obtained from anther culture of three wheat cultivars, Karl 92, Jinghua #1, and Pavon 76. Protoplasts were isolated directly from the haploid embryogenic calli and cultured in modified PMI and LM8P media without going through cell suspension culture. After 8–11 days of subculture, the embryogenic calli produced the maximum yield of protoplasts and cell division was at the highest frequency when plated at a density of 3–4 × 10⁵ protoplasts ml⁻¹. Frequency of colony formation varied from 0.2% to 0.5% for Jinghua #1 and from 0.1% to 2% for Pavon 76, while Karl 92 failed to produce colonies, even though its embryogenic calli were friable and fast-growing on the maintenance medium. Green haploid plantlets of Jinghua #1 and Pavon 76 have been regenerated from protoplasts, which were cultured on a differentiation medium first and then on a rooting medium. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.