高龋菌株产生的变链素对口腔链球菌抑制活性的比较

目的 通过比较高龋和无龋儿童变形链球菌临床分离株产生的变链素对口腔链球菌的抑制活性,探讨变链素的产生与其致龋性及口腔微生态的关系.方法 从10例高龋儿童和10例无龋儿童牙菌斑内分离、鉴定得到80株变形链球菌临床分离株,分为高龋组和无龋组.用平板法检测两组菌株产生的变链素对口腔链球菌Streptococcus oralis ATCC 10557的抑制情况,观察两组菌株产生的抑菌环大小, 测量记录数据,T检验比较两组菌株抑菌环均数差异.结果 高龋组产生的抑菌环平均值为10.4 mm,无龋组平均值为6.9 mm,T检验显示差异具有显著性(t值为3.098,P<0.05).结论 高龋菌株产生的变链素对ATCC 10557有更大的抑制活性,变链素对口腔链球菌的抑制活性与其致龋力呈正相关.     

液体培养基中天然变链素的纯化

目的 从变形链球菌临床株的液体培养基中分离纯化变链素,为进一步从分子水平研究变链素奠定基础.方法 通过抑菌活性检测,从变链临床株中选择出抑菌活性较强的菌株.用氯仿抽提法从该菌株的培养液中粗提变链素,经固相萃取和反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)对粗提物进行纯化.结果 获得变链素活性较强的菌株"1G".从其200 ml液体培养基中粗提出变链素约15 μg,经固相萃取柱洗脱,再经过RP-HPLC 2次纯化,得到有抑菌活性的成分,此为纯化的变链素.结论 变链素分子量小,分离提纯步骤复杂,本实验得到纯化的变链素,为下一步研究变链素的氨基酸序列和基因序列奠定了基础.     

药用植物青蒿不同种类的内生菌抑菌活性分析

为了研究青蒿不同种类的内生菌抑制细菌和抑制真菌的活性,该研究采用组织块法和研磨法从青蒿的根、茎、叶中分离内生细菌、放线菌和真菌,以大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coli)(CICC 23657)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)(CICC 10275)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)(CICC 10384)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)(CICC 2487)、酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)(CICC 33032)为指示菌,采用琼脂块法和双层平板法检测内生菌的抑菌活性。结果表明:(1)从青蒿植株中共分离到76株内生菌,其中内生细菌19株、内生放线菌34株、内生真菌23株。从分离部位来看,56株来自于茎段、17株来自于根段、3株来自叶片。(2)内生细菌中抑菌活性菌株占总菌株的比例最高,为95%,内生放线菌和内生真菌中抑菌活性菌株的比例分别为41%、35%。(3)内生细菌的抗菌谱较广;虽然内生放线菌的抗菌谱较窄,但其中高抗菌株较多,尤其对酿酒酵母的抑菌效果好。综上结果显示,药用植物青蒿中存在着丰富的有抑菌活性的内生菌,且不同种类的内生菌抑菌活性不同。     

产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的AmpC基因型分析

目的 了解深圳市人民医院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌合并产AmpC酶的状况及基因型特点.方法 从近几年深圳市人民医院产ESBLs大肠埃希菌临床菌株中,筛选出对头孢西丁耐药菌株51株,PCR分别扩增菌株的TEM、SHV、CTX-M基因,同时应用多重PCR检测菌株的AmpC酶基因,序列测定PCR阳性产物以确定其基因亚型.结果 51株菌中有49株至少检出一种ESBLs或AmpC基因.单ESBLs基因阳性菌株37株(72.5％),单AmpC基因阳性4株(7.8％),合并ESBLs和AmpC基因阳性的8株(15.6％).共有41株(80.4％)含CTX-M-14基因,4株含CTX-M-15,其他基因型ESBLs较少.2株检出两种ESBLs基因;一株同时检三种ESBLs基因.检出AmpC基因的菌株12株,其中10株为DHA-1型,2株为CMY-2型;其中6株DHA-1型及2株CMY-2型菌同时检出CTX-M-14基因.结论 该院头孢西丁耐药产ESBLs大肠埃希菌中大多数为单产ESBLs菌,主要为CTX-M-14型;少数同时产生ESBLs和AmpC酶,AmpC酶以DHA-1型为最常见.     

鲍曼不动杆菌IRS-PCR基因分型研究

目的 用低频限制性位点聚合酶链反应(IRS-PCR)对鲍曼不动杆菌进行基因分型,分析基因型与鲍曼不动杆菌耐药谱的关系,并初步探讨其在分子流行病学中的作用.方法 随机收集2008年8月至2009年8月临床分离的73株鲍曼不动杆菌,采用K-B法进行药物敏感试验确定鲍曼不动杆菌耐药谱;同时利用IRS-PCR对此73株鲍曼不动杆菌进行基因分型;并分析IRS-PCR分型与鲍曼不动耐药谱的关系;结合IRS-PCR分型结果与73株鲍曼不动杆菌感染病例的临床资料,分析在此时间段鲍曼不动杆菌在我院流行感染的情况.结果 药物敏感试验将73株鲍曼不动杆菌菌株分为A1(19株全耐药型)和A2 ～ A31(54株耐药谱型)31个药敏谱.IRS-PCR法将其分为A～W共23个基因型,其中A、C、B、D和E型为5种优势菌株,分别为14、11、10、8和6株.对比研究发现A1型菌株(15/19)主要集中在基因型A、C、D内,而基因型B包含A15型耐药菌株9株(69.2％),基因型E包含A3型耐药菌株3株(42.9％).A基因型在院内特别是ICU中心引起2次爆发流行,而C和D型主要在呼吸内科引起感染.结论 IRS-PCR基因分型与药敏分型有较高的一致性,且IRS-PCR基因分型在早期发现和预防感染暴发流行方面优于药敏分型.     

获得性免疫缺陷综合征患者的新生隐球菌基因多态性研究

本文旨在调查2003 年1 月― 2007 年12 月分离自上海地区获得性免疫缺陷综合征( AIDS) 患者的新生隐球菌临床株的配型及基因型分布特征, 为隐球菌病的诊疗提供科学依据。首先以M13 为单引物对模板DNA 进行聚合酶链反应( PCR) 扩增, 参照标准株指纹图将临床株鉴定至基因型; 同时对12 株来自AIDS 患者的新生隐球菌临床株的内转录间隔区( ITS) 基因进行PCR 扩增、序列分析, 以CLUSTAL W1. 83 软件多重比对分析ITS序列的差别,MEGA3. 1 软件处理数据, NJ 法绘制系统进化树, Bootstrapping 法对系统进化树结果进行统计学检验, 区分新生隐球菌格鲁比变种、新生变种及格特变种菌株; 最后选用特异性引物PCR 特异性扩增相关基因, 鉴定α和a 配型。结果显示, 分离自上海地区的12 株隐球菌临床株中, 9 株( 75% ) 为VNⅠ基因型/ α配型菌株,3 株( 25%) 为VNⅡ基因型/ α配型菌株, 且ITS基因序列分析可将各临床株鉴定至变种水平。本研究提示, 分离自上海地区AIDS患者的新生隐球菌临床株存在一定的遗传多态性, 以VNⅠ基因型/ α配型菌株为主, 有少量VNⅡ基因型/ α配型菌株。     

淋病奈瑟菌临床菌株porB基因分型及其突变与耐药相关性研究

了解淋病奈瑟菌临床菌株porB基因型及其产物120和121位氨基酸突变与耐药的相关性。采用多重PCR(mPCR)检测淋病奈瑟菌临床菌株porB基因型,扩增产物测序后分析其编码蛋白的120和121位氨基酸突变情况,二倍平皿稀释法检测临床菌株对青霉素和四环素的耐药性。184株淋病奈瑟菌临床菌株中,99.5%(183/184)检出porB基因,其中61株(33.3%)为porB1A基因型,122株(66.7%)为porB1B基因型。122株porB1B基因型菌株中,117株(95.9%)porB基因120和/或121位氨基酸发生突变,5株(4.1%)porB1B及所有porB1A基因型菌株porB基因120和/或121位氨基酸未突变。117株porB基因120和/或121位氨基酸突变的porB1B基因型菌株中,97.4%(114/117)和95.7%(112/117)分别对青霉素和四环素耐药,2.6%菌株(3/117)对青霉素和四环素敏感。61株porB1A基因型菌株中,仅有2株(3.3%)对青霉素和四环素耐药。研究中采用的mPCR能快速、准确地对淋病奈瑟菌临床菌株porB基因进行分型,这些菌株主要携带porB1B基因且该基因型菌株对青霉素和四环素耐药率显著高于porB1A基因型(P<0.01),该耐药性与porB1B基因120和/或121位氨基酸突变密切相关。     

转异源chi基因的Bt工程菌株的生防潜力评价

【目的】构建增强抑制真菌能力兼杀虫的苏云金芽胞杆菌多功能生防菌株。【方法】将含有组成型高效表达启动子、地衣芽胞杆菌chi MY基因的重组质粒p DM,转化进杀虫活性高且有一定抑菌活性的Bt519-1菌株。酶谱分析方法确认Bt519(p DM)组成型异源表达几丁质酶。室内测定工程菌株抑菌谱,计算抑菌效率,确定最敏感的植物病原真菌,进行植物盆栽病害防治的应用潜力评价。将不同浓度的Bt粗酶液灌入甜椒幼苗根部,12 h后接种辣椒疫霉孢子液,接种2 d后开始观察,记录发病株数。自7 d起调查植株发病情况统计并分析防治效果。【结果】SDS-PAGE及酶谱分析证明,Bt519(p DM)能够特异表达68 k D蛋白,该蛋白为异源几丁质酶Chi MY。抑菌谱测定证明,工程菌抑制效率达到90%以上的有5种真菌,其中最明显的是辣椒疫霉。盆栽实验证明,Bt519(p DM)7 d的防效为73.2%。工程菌株对棉铃虫的半致死浓度(LC50)为121.26 mg/L。【结论】Bt519(p DM)是一株有应用潜力的生防菌株。     

‘海螺’望春花内生真菌EF-WCH-51鉴定及其抑制葫芦科刺盘孢活性成分分析

【背景】药用植物内生真菌产生的次生代谢产物具有多种抗菌活性,因而具有生防菌开发潜力。【目的】鉴定一株对葫芦科刺盘孢(Colletotrichumorbiculare)有抑菌活性的‘海螺’望春花内生真菌EF-WCH-51,并确定其主要抑菌活性成分。【方法】根据形态特征并结合分子序列鉴定EF-WCH-51菌株,利用生长速率法确定EF-WCH-51抑菌活性,并采用半制备型HPLC、HPLC-MS/MS对其活性成分进行分离鉴定。【结果】供试菌株EF-WCH-51为丝枝蜡蚧菌(Lecanicillium aphanocladii),其发酵液粗提物对葫芦科刺盘孢菌丝生长具有较强抑制作用,EC50为0.086 2 mg/mL;抑菌活性组分A (0.085 0 mg/mL)对葫芦科刺盘孢抑制率达到76.08%,通过查询MS、MS/MS数据库以及与相关文献对比,确定该化合物为卵孢菌素(oosporein)。【结论】本研究发现丝枝蜡蚧菌对葫芦科刺盘孢具有较好的抑菌活性,其主要抑菌活性成分为卵孢菌素,具有作为瓜类炭疽病生防菌株的潜力。     

致病疫霉超级生理小种遗传多样性分析

通过交配型和甲霜灵抗性以及线粒体DNA单倍型、SSR和AFLP基因型分析对40个超级生理小种菌株进行了遗传多样性分析。在被测菌株中发现了A1、A2和自育3种不同类型的交配型。其中,A1和自育型菌株数量多,分别为21株和14株,而A2交配型仅5株。甲霜灵抗性测定检测出高抗菌株26株,敏感菌株14株。线粒体DNA单倍型测定出Ia型和IIa型两种,比例接近1:1。基于5个基因座被测40个超级生理小种菌株共鉴定出了7种SSR基因型。利用6对荧光引物共检测到258条AFLP谱带,其中多态性谱带204条,多态性为79.1%。将供试的40个菌株划分为38个基因型,几乎每个菌株都为1个特有基因型。而且,我国南方和北方超级生理小种群体存在着明显的遗传差异。结果表明我国致病疫霉超级生理小种具有丰富的遗传多样性,可以推断致病疫霉中的任何小种都可在多个抗病基因的强大选择压力下,在短时间内通过与之对应的无毒基因快速突变而成为超级生理小种。当前对致病疫霉生理小种的鉴定及监测对生产上利用抗病品种防控晚疫病的指导意义不大。     

Intrafamilial distribution of mutans streptococci in Japanese families and possibility of father-to-child transmission

The purpose of this study was to investigate the intrafamilial distribution of mutans streptococci in Japanese families using chromosomal DNA fingerprinting with three endonucleases; EcoRI, HindIII and HaeIII. The analysis of 1,908 isolates cultured from the dental plaque of 76 subjects from 20 families (20 married couples and 36 of their children) resulted in the identification of 144 genotypes containing 114 strains of Streptococcus mutans (serotype c, 66.7%; e, 12.5%) and 30 strains of S. sobrinus (d, 13.2%; g, 7.6%). A mean of 1.89 genotypes (from one to four) was harbored in individual subjects, and a mean of 4.10 genotypes from two to seven was harbored in individual families. Among the 70 genotypes found in the children, 36 (51.4%) were in agreement with their mothers and 22 (31.4%) were in agreement with their fathers. The other genotypes (18.6%) did not correspond with the parents. Homologous strains between parents were found in only two couples. This result showed that fathers or others as well as mothers can be sources of transmission. Further, the serotype d, e and g strains showed significantly higher probabilities of transmission than serotype c.     

Purification and properties of extracellular mutacin, a bacteriocin from Streptococcus sobrinus.

Mutacin MT6223, a cell-free bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus sobrinus MT6223, was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, chromatofocusing with PBE 94 and column chromatography on SP Sephadex C-25. The specific activity of the purified mutacin was increased 1950-fold with a recovery of 9.7%. The molecular mass of the purified mutacin preparation was estimated to be 6.5 kDa. The mutacin activity was stable from pH 2-7, and was resistant to treatment at 100 degrees C for 20 min. It was inactivated by papain or ficin digestion, and was partially inhibited by alpha-chymotrypsin. The mutacin was found to be active against strains of serotypes c, e and f of Streptococcus mutans and the addition of purified mutacin MT6223 to growing cells of S. mutans MT8148 resulted in a rapid inhibition of incorporation of [3H]thymidine, [3H]uracil or L-[3H]glutamic acid into DNA, RNA or protein, respectively. Specific pathogen-free Fischer rats fed diet 2000 and infected with S. mutans MT8148R showed significantly fewer caries and lower plaque scores when mutacin was administered through drinking water. The present study demonstrates that mutacin MT6223 inhibited the growth of mutans streptococci. Thus, mutacin MT6223 may be a candidate for use in dental caries prevention.     

Examine growth inhibition pattern and lactic acid production in Streptococcus mutans using different concentrations of xylitol produced from Candida tropicalis by fermentation

Twenty clinical isolates of Streptococcus sp. were isolated from six clinical samples of dental caries on MSFA. Amongst these isolates, five clinical isolates were identified as S treptococcus mutans on the basis of morphological, biochemical and 16S rDNA sequencing. The isolated strains of S. mutans were exposed to fermented and purified xylitol (0.25-15.0%) and tested for its anti-microbial effects against control medium (Brain Heart Infusion without xylitol) after 12 h. The plate assay was developed using bromocresol green as an indicator dye in order to study the relative growth inhibition pattern of clinical sample at different concentrations of an anti-microbial compound in a single petriplate. The morphology of S. mutans cells in brain heart infusion (BHI) medium containing xylitol resulted in a diffused cell wall as observed using gram staining technique. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is 0.25% for S. mutans obtained from different clinical samples. The MIC(50) and MIC(90) is 5.0% and 10.0% xylitol respectively of the selected S. mutans being designated as clinical isolate B (6). The zone of inhibition was 72 mm and lactic acid production was 0.010 g/l at 10% xylitol concentration in Brain Heart Infusion Broth.     

Mutacins from Streptococcus mutans UA159 are active against multiple streptococcal species

Streptococcus mutans UA159, whose genome is completely sequenced, produces two nonlantibiotic mutacins, mutacin IV (encoded by nlmAB) and mutacin V (encoded by nlmC). In this study, we investigated the contribution of nlmA and nlmB to mutacin IV activity and demonstrated by performing genetic studies as well as by using semipurified molecules that, in contrast to a previous report, both of these genes are required for optimum mutacin IV activity. We also showed that mutacin IV is active against multiple Streptococcus species. In contrast, mutacin V displayed a narrower inhibitory range than mutacin IV. Our results suggest that mutacin IV and mutacin V may act synergistically to inhibit various organisms.     

Effects of dietary carbohydrates on mutacin production and activity

Although mutacins (bacteriocins produced by Streptococcus mutans) were shown to be active in vivo, their ecological role in the oral cavity is still controversial. In the present paper, the effect of dietary carbohydrates, one of the ecological parameters which influences oral bacterial populations, on the activity and the production of mutacins from four S. mutans strains (C67-1, Ny257, Ny266 and T8) is described. Results obtained by the deferred antagonism test in solid media and by the mixed cultivation of the mutacinogenic strains with a sensitive indicator strain in liquid batch cultures, indicate that a minimal fermentable sugar concentration is needed for mutacin production. Among all the fermentable carbohydrates tested (fructose, glucose, lactose, mannitol and sucrose), none significantly affected the production and the activity of the four mutacinogenic strains used, in concentrations up to 5%. Although the results do not discount the possibility of mutacin inactivation in vivo, they indicate that they are not affected by dietary carbohydrates.     

Population structure of plasmid-containing strains of Streptococcus mutans, a member of the human indigenous biota

There are suggestions that the phylogeny of Streptococcus mutans, a member of the human indigenous biota that is transmitted mostly mother to child, might parallel the evolutionary history of its human host. The relatedness and phylogeny of plasmid-containing strains of S. mutans were examined based on chromosomal DNA fingerprints (CDF), a hypervariable region (HVR) of a 5.6-kb plasmid, the rRNA gene intergenic spacer region (IGSR), serotypes, and the genotypes of mutacin I and II. Plasmid-containing strains were studied because their genetic diversity was twice as great as that of plasmid-free strains. The CDF of S. mutans from unrelated human hosts were unique, except those from Caucasians, which were essentially identical. The evolutionary history of the IGSR, with or without the serotype and mutacin characters, clearly delineated an Asian clade. Also, a continuous association with mutacin II could be reconstructed through an evolutionary lineage with the IGSR, but not for serotype e. DNA sequences from the HVR of the plasmid produced a well-resolved phylogeny that differed from the chromosomal phylogeny, indicating that the horizontal transfer of the plasmid may have occurred multiple times. The plasmid phylogeny was more congruent with serotype e than with mutacin II evolution, suggesting a possible functional correlation. Thus, the history of this three-tiered relationship between human, bacterium, and plasmid supported both coevolution and independent evolution.     

Collagenase production and hemolytic activity related to 16S rRNA variability among Parvimonas micra oral isolates

Parvimonas micra are gram positive anaerobic cocci isolated from the oral cavity and frequently related to polymicrobial infections in humans. Despite reports about phenotypic differences, the genotypic variation of P. micra and its role in virulence are still not elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine the genotypic diversity of P. micra isolates obtained from the subgingival biofilm of subjects with different periodontal conditions and to correlate these findings with phenotypic traits. Three reference strains and 35 isolates of P. micra were genotyped by 16S rRNA PCR-RFLP and phenotypic traits such as collagenase production, elastolytic and hemolytic activities were evaluated. 16S rRNA PCR-RFLP showed that P. micra could be grouped into two main clusters: C1 and C2; cluster C1 harbored three genotypes (HG1259-like, HG1467-like and ICBMO583-like) while cluster C2 harbored two genotypes (ATCC33270-like and ICBMO36). A wide variability in collagenolytic activity intensities was observed among all isolates, while elastolytic activity was detected in only two isolates. There was an association between hemolytic activity in rabbit erythrocytes and cluster C2. There was an association between hemolytic activity in rabbit erythrocytes and cluster C1. Although these data suggest a possible association between P. micra genetic diversity and their pathogenic potential, further investigations are needed to confirm this hypothesis.     

Streptococcus mutans strain N produces a novel low molecular mass non-lantibiotic bacteriocin

Streptococcus mutans strain N was shown to have bacteriocin production and immunity characteristics consistent with those of Group I mutacin-producing strains of S. mutans. The bacteriocin mutacin N was purified from agar cultures of S. mutans strain N using XAD andp6 reversed phase chromatography. The molecular mass of mutacin N was 4806 Da and the entire 49 amino acid sequence was determined by N-terminal sequencing. Database searches indicate that mutacin N is a novel bacteriocin, but with some homology to the protein IIC domain of a hypothetical sugar-phosphotransferase enzyme from Acholeplasma florum.