基于文献计量分析的国际海洋科学研究发展态势

海洋在调节全球气候和生物地球化学循环等方面起着关键作用。基于1900—2017年间Web of Science数据库中的SCI论文,利用TDA等工具对海洋科学领域进行了文献计量,并对比分析了国际主要海洋科研机构的学术影响力,以期从宏观尺度上为海洋保护决策提供参考。结论如下:(1)发文量较多的国家有美国、英国、法国、中国和德国;(2)发文量较多的机构有中国科学院、美国海洋和大气管理局、美国加尼福利亚大学、俄罗斯科学院和美国伍兹霍尔海洋研究所;(3)Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans是海洋科学领域刊文量最大的SCI期刊,刊文主题主要集中于海洋物理、海洋地质和海洋气候等方面;中国在Acta Oceanologica Sinica的发文量最大,但其高水平的海洋科学论文数量需进一步突破;(4)基于h-指数的学术影响力分析结果表明,美国伍兹霍尔海洋研究所和美国斯克里普斯海洋学研究所在15个国际主要海洋研究机构中的排名分别居于第1、2位,中国亟待提升其在海洋领域的国际学术影响力;(5)当前主要关注点为:热点海洋区域(北冰洋、南大洋、北极、南极洲)、海洋监测技术(遥感技术、稳定同位素)、海洋生态系统结构(浮游植物、浮游动物、沉积物)、海洋环境变化(气候变化、海洋酸化、海冰);(6)未来重要研究方向有:海洋生态系统-全球气候变化耦合关系、利用新兴技术监测海洋动态、深海生态系统结构与功能、多领域涉海学科的交叉融合等。     

山西省野生黄芩种质资源及植物学性状研究

通过对山西省9个市27个县（区）野生黄芩生长环境及气候条件的调查,发现黄芩在山西省分布范围广泛。山西野生黄芩主要分布于N34?6''19.78''～N40?4''17.71'',E110?0''17.80''～E114?3''13.41'';海拔介于705～1675 m之间,其中以1000～1500 m最为常见;生长区域年均降水量介于400～800 mm之间,年均温度为6.8～14 ℃。群落组成较为单一,其周围主要分布有杂草、灰菜、蒲公英、黄刺玫以及豆科类植株等;少部分伴随有当地优势种植株,其中大同市主要为狼毒、岩青兰,长治市平顺县主要为柴胡、蒲公英等。山西野生黄芩主要分布于半山腰,山顶分布较少,山谷底一般极少分布;山西野生黄芩多分布于半阳坡,少数分布于阳坡,阴坡一般极少分布。气候、海拔、降水量、日照等生态环境的不同以及人为因素是导致山西黄芩分布不均的主要因素。研究结果验证、补充了山西野生黄芩种质资源的数据和资料,为培育性状优良、种源明确的栽培品种提供了依据。     

山西省野葛种质资源分布与植物学性状研究

了解山西省野葛种质资源的分布状况、群落组成以及植物学特性,为晋产野葛资源的挖掘、保护和可持续利用提供参考依据。对山西境内12个产地野葛的植物学性状及生长环境进行实地调查。结果表明,山西省野葛种质资源主要分布于晋南的中条山区域和晋北的太行山区域。从水平分布看,山西野葛主要分布于34°47'04.77″~39°31'05.23″N,110°30'17.80″~114°33'18.24″E;垂直分布介于730~1240 m之间,以海拔730~950 m最为常见。山西野葛生长的区域年均降水量介于400~800 mm之间,年均温度为6.8~14℃。山西野葛的群落组成较为单一,大部分伴随其生长的是较矮的灌木丛,少部分伴随有杨树、刺槐等。根据生态环境的不同,可将山西野葛大致分为疏林灌木型、河道草地型和砂质土壤型3种类型。     

广东阳春重阳传统药市药用民族植物学研究

该研究自2013年开始对阳春开展了全面的中药资源普查工作,在全面了解阳春地区药用植物资源的基础上,于2013年和2014年两次对阳春重阳传统药市进行全面跟踪调查。结果表明：阳春重阳传统药市出售的药物种类丰富,共收集鉴定得出134种药用植物,隶属于60科117属,并对收集到的药用植物进行编目,包括俗名、学名、药用部位、用途和用法等。从药用植物的科、属分布上来看,其中种类较多的科有大戟科(11种)、蝶形花科(10种)、菊科(10种)、茜草科(9种)、马鞭草科(6种)、姜科(5种)、防己科(5种)。药用植物的种类广泛分布于各科和属中,而非集中于少数科、属内。此外,还对阳春重阳传统药市所形成的文化基础、植物应用特色和药材地域特色进行了分析,在药市中调查到一批具有当地特色的滋补养生类的药材,得出阳春当地具有将药用植物融入日常饮食的习惯。药市中售卖的药材功效与当地的自然环境密切联系,其中尤以治疗与岭南地区湿热的气候和瘴疠虫蛇等特点所引起的常见疾病为主。同时,对阳春药市的可持续发展提出了意见和建议。     

植物学研究领域近期SCI文献浅析

采用科学文献计量学方法．通过SCI数据库对植物学研究领域文献量进行统计,初步探究植物学研究领域近十年来的研究概况,并重点分析了近三年来的关键文献和研究热点,探讨加强中国在植物学研究领域上的影响。     

植物学研究领域近期SCI文献浅析

采用科学文献计量学方法,通过SCI数据库对植物学研究领域文献量进行统计,初步探究植物学研究领域近十年来的研究概况,并重点分析了近三年来的关键文献和研究热点,探讨加强中国在植物学研究领域上的影响。     

冷冻电镜技术在分子植物学研究中的应用

植物体的各项生理活动依赖于分子水平上多种植物蛋白质/蛋白质复合体的相互作用和动态变化,了解这些蛋白质/蛋白质复合体的结构和功能对于研究相关植物生理活动的分子机理至关重要.得益于最近的技术进步——包括直接电子探测器的发展和先进的图像处理算法,冷冻电镜技术已经逐步发展成为研究蛋白质/蛋白质复合体的重要技术手段,这也为深入理...     

桂东南客家跌打损伤传统药用植物的民族植物学研究（附件）

客家人在长期的迁徙和适应新环境中,形成了客家武术文化。桂东南客家人在日常习武和农业生产、生活实践中,总结了丰富且独特的跌打损伤药用植物传统知识。为了系统调查和记录桂东南客家地区跌打损伤药用植物的种类、应用方法及其相关传统知识,该研究在2021—2024年,采用民族植物学的研究方法,以玉林市陆川县、博白县客家社区为例,对桂东南客家利用的跌打损伤药用植物进行了调查,并采用一致性水平(FL)指数对跌打损伤药用植物的传统知识一致性水平进行定量评估。结果表明：(1)共记录桂东南客家跌打损伤药用植物97种,隶属于47科81属,以豆科(8种)和报春花科(7种)占比最高。(2)当地跌打损伤药用植物以野生植物为主,其中枝叶(27种)和全株(25种)是最常见的药用部位,草本(36种,占比37.11%)和灌木(31种,占比31.96%)是当地日常使用的跌打损伤药用植物资源。(3)跌打损伤药用植物的加工方法有煮水喝、煮水洗、煮水擦、泡酒擦、煲汤喝、加酒炒热敷、捣碎敷等,其中煮水喝和煮水洗的应用最广泛。(4)两面针、薄叶红厚壳、朱砂根、雪下红、黑叶小驳骨和小驳骨6种药用植物显示出较高的知识一致性水平,是当地治疗跌打损伤的最常见药物。此外,该研究还对当地跌打损伤药用植物传统知识的传承和可持续发展提出了建议。     

民族植物学研究现状(2017-2022)

《生物多样性公约》《名古屋议定书》《植物科学深圳宣言》等指导性文件都强调要认识到生物多样性相关传统知识的重要作用。生物多样性相关传统知识在生物文化多样性保护和可持续发展方面的作用也越来越受到人们的关注。民族植物学研究人与植物的相互作用关系, 是研究生物多样性相关传统知识的最主要学科领域, 近些年来取得了一系列的研究进展, 研究成果对于《植物科学深圳宣言》第六个优先领域目标的完成具有重要的推动作用。本文回顾了近年来特别是《植物科学深圳宣言》发布后的民族植物学研究状况, 主要从认知、利用、保护、管理植物等方面进行概述, 以便全面了解近期民族植物学研究的发展状况, 保护传统知识和植物文化, 为生物文化多样性的保护与发展做出重要贡献。近期获得的民族植物学成果, 说明民族植物学研究可以解决当下的一些热点问题。民族植物学的研究发现, 该学科能极大地促进传统知识、植物文化、生物文化多样性的保护, 尤其在农家品种以及濒危语言的保护方面有着巨大优势。     

Henry Hurd Rusby: The father of economic botany at the New York Botanical Garden

Henry Hurd Rusby (1855–1940) is one of the outstanding personalities in the history of the New York Botanical Garden (NYBG). He played a significant role, not only in the founding of NYBG in 1891, but also in establishing a strong precedent of research and exploration in the field of economic botany at the new institution. As a result of Rusby’s influence and activity, the study of useful plants formed an important part of NYBG’s original mandate, an institutional commitment that was rejuvenated nearly a century later, with the formation of the Institute of Economic Botany. An indefatigable researcher both in the field and in the herbarium, Rusby left behind a voluminous corpus of published work in systematic and economic botany that is a legacy for modern botanists and pharmacologists.     

Triacontanol: a potent plant growth regulator in agriculture

Abstract

Triacontanol (TRIA) is a natural plant growth regulator found in epicuticular waxes. It is used to enhance the crop production in millions of hectares, particularly in Asia. Quite a number of researchers have reported the TRIA-mediated improvement in growth, yield, photosynthesis, protein synthesis, uptake of water and nutrients, nitrogen-fixation, enzymes activities and contents of free amino acids, reducing sugars, soluble protein, and active constituents of essential oil in various crops. Expectedly, TRIA enhances the physiological efficiency of the cells and, thus, exploits the genetic potential of plant to a large extent. In fact, TRIA increased free amino acids, reducing sugars, and soluble protein of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) within 5 min. TRIA elicited the appearance of L(+)-adenosine within 1 min in the roots of plants, the shoots of which were sprayed with nanomolar concentrations of TRIA. TRIA and octacosanol (OCTA), the primary alcohols, are ubiquitous in the environment. OCTA was reported to inhibit the activity of TRIA in the seedlings of rice (Oryza sativa L.) at equimolar concentrations; and both TRIA and OCTA elicited a second messenger, known as OCTAM and triacontanol second messenger (TRIM), respectively. TRIA rapidly increases the ratio of L(+)- to D(–)-adenosine, probably at the tonoplast. However, it is to be resolved as to how TRIA elicits L(+)-adenosine and what is the source of L(+)-adenosine in plants. Based on known metabolic processes, de novo synthesis of L(+)-adenosine is unlikely, because of the rapidity of the response. TRIA-mediated increase in dry matter production could influence the inter-relationship between primary and secondary metabolism, leading to increased biosynthesis of secondary products. Various studies present strong evidences that application of TRIA applied either to the root medium or to leaves enhanced the growth and yield of vegetables and other crops, including agronomic and horticultural crops as well as medicinal and aromatic crop plants under normal and adverse conditions. However, further investigations are required to elucidate the possible role of TRIA on plant growth regulation, physiological activities and secondary metabolite biosynthesis regarding medicinal and aromatic plants subjected to abiotic stress. The present review covers the pivotal role of TRIA in plant growth and development, its mode of action and its significance in improving the crop productivity and quality of agricultural crops.     

中美脑科学领域比较分析

通过定性、定量分析,比较中美脑科学研究的投入、产出差距及各自的重点布局领域,以期对中国的脑科学发展提供借鉴。主要通过分析梳理两国的重大计划、规划以及重要资助机构对脑科学研究的投入和布局,比较两国对脑科学研究的投入情况;综合运用多个数据库和分析工具,定量分析了中美脑科学的论文、专利产出量及影响力。分析结果表明,中国脑科学领域还需要加大投入,重点加强相关技术的研究与开发,提高研究的质量和影响力。     

青藏高原药用植物资源及其保护与利用

本文从青藏高原药用植物资源的分布情况,资源特点以及相应的保护利用等方面简要的概括了近来的研究新进展,旨在理清相关研究情况,为相应的研究工作提供参考。     

小线虫,大发现:Caenorhabditis elegans在生命科学研究中的重要贡献

自20世纪60年代开始,秀丽线虫作为重要的模式生物在生命科学的发展过程中发挥着举足轻重的作用。线虫中的许多重大发现为人们理解复杂的细胞生命活动做出了极大的贡献。本文对秀丽线虫的研究历史、重要成果及研究前景作一简要综述。     

Impact categories for life cycle assessment research of seafood production systems: Review and prospectus

Goal, Scope and Background In face of continued declines in global fisheries landings and concurrent rapid aquaculture development, the sustainability of seafood production is of increasing concern. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) offers a convenient means of quantifying the impacts associated with many of the energetic and material inputs and outputs in these industries. However, the relevant but limited suite of impact categories currently used in most LCA research fails to capture a number of important environmental and social burdens unique to fisheries and aquaculture. This article reviews the impact categories used in published LCA research of seafood production to date, reports on a number of methodological innovations, and discusses the challenges to and opportunities for further impact category developments. Main Features The range of environmental and socio-economic impacts associated with fisheries and aquaculture production are introduced, and both the commonly used and innovative impact categories employed in published LCA research of seafood production are discussed. Methodological innovations reported in agricultural LCAs are also reviewed for possible applications to seafood LCA research. Challenges and options for including additional environmental and socioeconomic impact categories are explored. Results A review of published LCA research in fisheries and aquaculture indicates the frequent use of traditional environmental impact categories as well as a number of interesting departures from the standard suite of categories employed in LCA studies in other sectors. Notable examples include the modeling of benthic impacts, by-catch, emissions from anti-fouling paints, and the use of Net Primary Productivity appropriation to characterize biotic resource use. Socio-economic impacts have not been quantified, nor does a generally accepted methodology for their consideration exist. However, a number of potential frameworks for the integration of such impacts into LCA have been proposed. Discussion LCA analyses of fisheries and aquaculture call attention to an important range of environmental interactions that are usually not considered in discussions of sustainability in the seafood sector. These include energy use, biotic resource use, and the toxicity of anti-fouling paints. However, certain important impacts are also currently overlooked in such research. While prospects clearly exist for improving and expanding on recent additions to environmental impact categories, the nature of the LCA framework may preclude treatment of some of these impacts. Socio-economic impact categories have only been described in a qualitative manner. Despite a number of challenges, significant opportunities exist to quantify several important socio-economic impacts. Conclusion The limited but increasing volume of LCA research of industrial fisheries and aquaculture indicates a growing interest in the use of LCA methodology to understand and improve the sustainability performance of seafood production systems. Recent impact category innovations, and the potential for further impact category developments that account for several of the unique interactions characteristic of fisheries and aquaculture will significantly improve the usefulness of LCA in this context, although quantitative analysis of certain types of impacts may remain beyond the scope of the LCA framework. The desirability of incorporating socio-economic impacts is clear, but such integration will require considerable methodological development. Recommendations and Perspectives While the quantity of published LCA research for seafood production systems is clearly increasing, the influence this research will have on the ground remains to be seen. In part, this will depend on the ability of LCA researchers to advance methodological innovations that enable consideration of a broader range of impacts specific to seafood production. It will also depend on the ability of researchers to communicate with a broader audience than the currently narrow LCA community.     

中国植物园五十年

概述了中国 14 0多个植物园过去 5 0年发展的历史过程、分布和特征 ,以及植物园在研究、保护、展示和利用生物多样性等方面的功能。评述了中国植物园早期在经济作物烟草、药用植物薯蓣和野生果树资源研究中对社会和经济发展的贡献 ,以及近年来在种子科学、物种保护、经济植物引种驯化和育种等方面的理论和应用研究成果。介绍了中国植物园活植物收集的现状。其中木兰科、姜科、苏铁类、药用植物、猕猴桃属和杜鹃属等收集圃的建设已属世界领先。介绍了植物园科普和旅游的发展和中国植物园特有的盆景艺术园和硅化木收集园     

Major Concerns in Developing Countries: Applications of the Precautionary Principle in Ecuador

Ecuador is a Latin American country with one of the biggest biodiversities. At the same time, social and environmental problems are also big. Poverty, political and social problems as well as questions like old transport systems, imported hazards from industrialized countries and lack of information and weak health care systems are the framework of this situation. The most common problems are the use of heavy metals in many activities without safety and health protection, a low technological oil production during two decades, intensive use of pesticides in agriculture, and some other chemical risks. A limited capacity to develop prevention strategies, reduced technical and scientific skills, and the absence of a reliable information and control system, lead to a weak response mechanism. The Precautionary Principle could help to stimulate prevention, protection and to have a new tool to improve the interest in environment and health problems. Reinforcing the presence of international organizations like WHO and ILO, establishing bridges among scientific organizations from developed and developing countries and introducing the Precautionary Principle in the legislation and daily practices of industry and agriculture could lead to an improvement in our environment and health.     

从基金申请项目谈植物学科发展趋势及项目申请中存在的问题

本文根据基金委植物学科近年来申请项目的情况,分析了学科发展的趋势、各分支学科的研究进展,总结了申请者在申请过程中存在的问题并提出了相应的建议。     

Effect of Auxins on in vitro Rooting of Plumbago Zeylanica: Peroxidase Activity as a Marker for Root Induction

Induction of rooting in the microshoots of Plumbago zeylanica was achieved on halfstrength basal Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with 0.25 mg dm^–3 indole-3-butyric acid. Rooting was totally inhibited when the microshoots were cultured in vitro under continuous light, however, maximum percentage of microshoots rooted when incubated in continuous light for 4 weeks before transfer to the rooting media. Peroxidase activity increased markedly during root induction indicating a key role of peroxidase in rooting of microshoots of Plumbago zeylanica in vitro.