转基因技术在作物抗旱改良中的应用

浙江大学原子核农业科学研究所王忠华、谢建坤、夏英武等研究人员对此课题作了研究。他们以不同靶标基因为例 ,分不同作用机制 (渗透调节和清除氧自由基等 ) ,介绍了近 1 0年来国内外利用转基因技术改良作物耐盐和抗旱性的研究进展 ,为我国北方农业作物抗旱和耐盐性研究与应用提供了参考资料。他们利用转基因的模式作物烟草到直接用粮食作物水稻的抗旱和耐盐基因水稻在生产中应用虽然还需要进一步深入研究 ,但目前国内外农业和植物科学工作者已确定作物的渗透调节、清除活性氧和LEAP(Laeembryogensis abu ndantproteins)蛋白等 3大抗旱与…     

作物抗旱相关分子标记及其辅助选择的研究进展

分子标记辅助选择育种给作物抗旱育种提供了新的途径。本介绍了国内外在小麦、玉米、水稻、大豆等重要农作物抗旱相关分子标记方面的研究进展。对作物抗旱相关QTL分子标记辅助育种进行了探讨,并对其发展策略提出了一些思考。     

转基因技术在作物抗旱改良中的应用

以不同靶标基因为例,分不同作用机制（诸如渗透调节和清除氧自由基等）简要介绍了近10年来国内外利用转基因技术改良作物耐盐和抗旱性的研究进展,为我国北方农业的抗旱耐盐性研究提供一些思路。     

植物的渗透调节与其它生理过程的关系及其在作物改良中的应用

水分胁迫下,植物细胞中溶质主动积累,渗透势降低,从而产生渗透调节（oxmoticadjustment,OA）现象。渗透调节的主要功能在于维持膨压,继而影响其它一些生理生化过程[30,41]。本文讨论植物在水分胁迫下产生渗透调节的生理基础,渗透调节的意义及其在作物改良中的应用前景。互渗透调节的意义1．互渗透调节与抗旱性的关系在水分胁迫下,小麦的渗调能力与抗旱性成正相关。这是Morgan在1977年的试验结果。Flower等‘”‘也观察到抗旱的高粱品种比不抗旱品种能在更低的叶水势下使膨压得到维持。从理论上讲,渗调能力高有利于植物抗旱,但由…     

植物抗旱节水:从实验室到田间

干旱是植物在生长发育过程中可能面临的最重要的环境胁迫之一,严重影响着世界范围内的农业生产格局和生产力.随着全球气候的变化,这种影响越来越明显.因此,研究植物的抗旱机理,挖掘优良的抗旱基因,培育抗旱节水的农作物尤为迫切.植物在长期进化过程中形成了很多不同的抗旱策略以适应环境.本文将从植物的御旱性和耐旱性这两大策略,结合国际上最新的研究进展和本研究组多年来应用抗旱基因来提高作物抗旱性的实践来阐述植物抗旱的分子机制,并发掘这些抗旱基因在抗旱节水作物培育中的潜在应用,同时分析抗旱研究中仍然存在的问题,展望抗旱研究的广阔前景.     

甜菜碱和甜菜碱合成酶

就重要的渗透调节剂甜菜碱在高等植物中的分布、诱导积累和生物合成,以及甜菜碱合成酶的分子生物学研究的历史和进展作了扼要综述。甜菜碱是一种非毒性的渗透调节剂。植物、微生物、海洋无脊椎动物、海藻、真菌和细菌中都有存在。许多高等植物,特别是会科和禾本科植物,在受到水／盐胁迫时积累大量甜菜碱。甜菜碱生物合成的调节控制及其相应的遗传操作的研究,对认识植物的渗透调节机理和培育高抗盐抗旱作物品种有重要意义。     

木本植物抗旱机理研究进展

干旱是主要的环境胁迫因子之一,严重影响植物的分布与生长发育。研究和探索旱生植物的抗旱机理已成为众多研究者关注的焦点。本文综述了部分抗旱木本植物根、茎、叶等与干旱环境相适应的结构特征,分析了干旱胁迫下,植物自身的渗透调节、抗氧化酶系统、内源激素变化、抗旱蛋白对干旱胁迫的响应机理,并概述了抗旱相关基因的研究进展。     

高粱抗旱性鉴定方法及相关QTL定位研究进展

高粱[Sorghum bicolor(L.)Moench]是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、纤维和能源作物之一,因其根系发达、叶片蜡质层厚密、渗透调节能力强、光合效率高等特点,在干旱条件下具有很强的适应性。因此,高粱在气候变化、水资源短缺和满足世界粮食需求等方面发挥着重要的作用。干旱是制约世界农业生产的主要逆境因素之一,如何解决高粱在干旱条件下的产量问题仍然是育种工作者面临的巨大挑战。为了给高粱抗旱育种提供参考,本文综述了高粱抗旱性的鉴定方法、鉴定指标和优异抗旱种质资源,以及高粱花前抗旱和花后抗旱相关性状QTL定位的研究进展,并对高粱抗旱性研究的发展趋势提出了展望。认为应建立规模化高粱种质资源抗旱鉴定体系、选择合适的全生育期自然鉴定地点,筛选抗旱种质资源;利用高通量测序技术,高效挖掘高粱抗旱性基因;建立高粱遗传转化体系、运用基因编辑等生物技术,加快高粱抗旱育种进程。     

小麦抗旱基因工程研究进展

小麦是人类重要的粮食作物,干旱是影响小麦产量、质量和种植范围的非生物胁迫因子,近年来小麦抗旱基因工程发展迅速。本研究总结了国内外小麦抗旱基因工程最新的研究成果。从与抗旱相关的转录因子类基因、LEA蛋白基因、信号转导相关基因、代谢调节相关基因、氧化调控相关基因5个方面对小麦抗旱相关基因的克隆情况进行了总结并从转化受体和转化方法、抗旱基因导入小麦的研究现状两个方面对转基因小麦进行了总结。最后,对提高小麦抗旱基因工程的研究效率提出了建议。     

植物营养与作物抗旱性

本文综述了近30年来植物营养与作物抗旱性关系的研究进展,重点讨论了植物必需的营养元素氮、磷、钾等对作物抗旱性的影响,指出这些营养元素主要通过水分调节、渗透调节、气孔调节和光合调节等一系列生理生化机制来增强作物的代谢活性、提高作物抗旱性。并对今后这方面研究中的重点内容进行了评述。     

Prototype Design and Experimental Study on Locust Air-Posture Righting

Locust has the capacity to maintain a righting posture and glide through attitude adjustment after leaping. A prototype inspired by the dynamic mechanism of attitude adjustment of locusts was developed. The prototype consists of a pair of wings driven by a four-bar mechanism, and a 2 Degree of Freedom （DOF） tail to imitate the movement of the locust abdomen. The power source, microcontroller, wireless data transmission module, and attitude sensors are contained in the fuselage. Experiments imitating the flight of locust were conducted to determine the mechanism of locust Subsequent Attitude Adjustment （SAA）. The tethered prototype was driven by the movement of the tail and the flapping of the wings. Results show that the pitch and yaw of the tail, and the asymmetric action of the flapping wings significantly influence the posture of the prototype. These findings suggest that both the wiggling abdomen and flapping wings contribute to the locust SAA in the air. This research lays the groundwork and technical support for the probable design and development of practical jumping robots with attitude adjustment function.     

基于I/O特性的听觉非线性动态适应机制与前向掩蔽效应模型

听觉前向掩蔽效应是听觉动态非线性的重要表现, 也是听觉适应机制的重要表现, 由此产生听觉前后向参考编码机制,而传统的语音信号处理机制是帧与帧独立的线性处理方式,所以不能反映实际听觉系统的动态非线性适应特性。传统的听觉模型对这种动态非线性适应机制的模拟是通过自适应调节听觉耳蜗滤波器的增益来完成的, 这不管在计算量上还是在滤波器的稳定性设计上都有其缺陷。我们根据听觉的生理学机制,建立前馈自适应模型,从输入输出特性曲线上引出静态增益曲线,再在静态增益曲线上引入动态过程,由此建立的数学模型,利用心理学试验数据得到模型参数。试验结果表明,该模型能够很好地预测前向掩蔽效应,对听觉的动态非线性适应机制是一种很好的解释。     

Maternal Condition but Not Corticosterone Is Linked to Offspring Sex Ratio in a Passerine Bird

There is evidence of offspring sex ratio adjustment in a range of species, but the potential mechanisms remain largely unknown. Elevated maternal corticosterone (CORT) is associated with factors that can favour brood sex ratio adjustment, such as reduced maternal condition, food availability and partner attractiveness. Therefore, the steroid hormone has been suggested to play a key role in sex ratio manipulation. However, despite correlative and causal evidence CORT is linked to sex ratio manipulation in some avian species, the timing of adjustment varies between studies. Consequently, whether CORT is consistently involved in sex-ratio adjustment, and how the hormone acts as a mechanism for this adjustment remains unclear. Here we measured maternal baseline CORT and body condition in free-living blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) over three years and related these factors to brood sex ratio and nestling quality. In addition, a non-invasive technique was employed to experimentally elevate maternal CORT during egg laying, and its effects upon sex ratio and nestling quality were measured. We found that maternal CORT was not correlated with brood sex ratio, but mothers with elevated CORT fledged lighter offspring. Also, experimental elevation of maternal CORT did not influence brood sex ratio or nestling quality. In one year, mothers in superior body condition produced male biased broods, and maternal condition was positively correlated with both nestling mass and growth rate in all years. Unlike previous studies maternal condition was not correlated with maternal CORT. This study provides evidence that maternal condition is linked to brood sex ratio manipulation in blue tits. However, maternal baseline CORT may not be the mechanistic link between the maternal condition and sex ratio adjustment. Overall, this study serves to highlight the complexity of sex ratio adjustment in birds and the difficulties associated with identifying sex biasing mechanisms.     

Sensitivity of cell division and cell elongation to low water potentials in soybean hypocotyls

Summary The response of cell division and cell elongation to low cell water potentials was studied in etiolated, intact soybean hypocotyls desiccated either by withholding water from seedlings or by subjecting hypocotyls to pressure. Measurements of hypocotyl water potential and osmotic potential indicated that desiccation by withholding water resulted in osmotic adjustment of the hypocotyls so that turgor remained almost constant. The adjustment appeared to involve transport of solutes from the cotyledons to the hypocotyl and permitted growth of the seedlings at water potentials which would have been strongly inhibitory had adjustment not occurred. Growth was ultimately inhibited in hypocotyls due to inhibition of cell division and cell elongation to a similar degree. The inhibition of cell elongation appeared to result from a change in the minimum turgor necessary for growth. On the other hand, when intact hypocotyls were exposed to pressure for 3 h, osmotic adjustment did not occur, turgor decreased, and the sensitivity of growth to low cell water potentials increased, presumably due to inhibition of cell elongation. Thus, although cell division was sensitive to low cell water potentials in soybean hypocotyls, cell elongation had either the same sensitivity or was more sensitive, depending on whether the tissue adjusted osmotically. Osmotic adjustment of hypocotyls may represent a mechanism for preserving growth in seedlings germinating in desiccated soil.Supported by a grant from the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Illinois and grant 1-T1-GM-1380 from the United States Public Health Service.     

Sex-ratio adjustment when relatives interact: a test of constraints on adaptation

Studies of sex allocation offer excellent opportunities for examining the constraints and limits on adaptation. A major topic of debate within this field concerns the extent to which the ability of individuals to adaptively manipulate their offspring sex ratio is determined by constraints such as the method of sex determination. We address this problem by comparing the extent of sex-ratio adjustment across taxa with different methods of sex determination, under the common selective scenario of interactions between relatives. These interactions comprise the following: local resource competition (LRC), local mate competition (LMC), and local resource enhancement (LRE). We found that: (1) species with supposedly constraining methods of sex determination showed consistent sex-ratio adjustment in the predicted direction; (2) vertebrates with chromosomal sex determination (CSD) showed less adjustment then haplodiploid invertebrates; (3) invertebrates with possibly constraining sex-determination mechanisms (CSD and pseudo-arrhenotoky) did not show less adjustment then haplodiploid invertebrates; (4) greater sex-ratio adjustment was seen in response to LRC and LMC than LRE; (5) greater sex-ratio adjustment was seen in response to interactions between relatives (LRC, LMC, and LRE) compared to responses to other environmental factors. Our results also illustrate the problem that sex-determination mechanism and selective pressure are confounded across taxa because vertebrates with CSD are influenced primarily by LRE whereas invertebrates are influenced by LRC and LMC. Overall, our analyses suggest that sex-allocation theory needs to consider simultaneously the influence of variable selection pressures and variable constraints when applying general theory to specific cases.     

Chromatic regulation inChlamydomonas reinhardtii alters photosystem stoichiometry and improves the quantum efficiency of photosynthesis

The work addressed the adjustment of the photosystem ratio in the green algaChlamydomonas reinhardtii. It is shown that green algae, much like cyanophytes and higher plants, adjust and optimize the ratio of the two photosystems in chloroplasts in response to the quality of irradiance during growth. Such adjustments are compensation reactions and helpC. reinhardtii to retain a quantum efficiency of oxygen evolution near the theoretical maximum. Results show variable amounts of PS I and a fairly constant amount of PS II in chloroplasts and suggest that photosystem stoichiometry adjustments, occurring in response to the quality of irradiance during plant growth, are mainly an adjustment in the concentration of PS I. The work delineates chromatic effects on chlorophyll accumulation in the chloroplast ofC. reinhardtii from those pertaining to the regulation of the PS I/PS II ratio. The detection of the operation of a molecular feedback mechanism for the PS I/PS II ratio adjustment in green algae strengthens the notion of the highly conserved nature of this mechanism among probably all oxygen evolving photosynthetic organisms. Findings in this work are expected to serve as the basis of future biochemical and mutagenesis experiments for the elucidation of the photosystem ratio adjustment in oxygenic photosynthesis.     

膳食营养素与高血压关系的研究进展

高血压是心血管疾病和死亡的主要危险因素,其发生发展与人们的饮食及生活习惯密切相关。国内外研究均表明,各种膳食营养素与血压的调节有关,本文就各种营养素与血压的关系,调节血压的机制,以及干预措施的最新研究进行综述。     

Osmotic adjustment to water stress in pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum [L.] Leeke) under field conditions

Abstract. Osmotic adjustment, a mechanism whereby plants maintain positive turgor despite low water potential (ψ), was investigated in pearl millet ( Pennisetum americanum [L.] Leeke) in three types of field experiment at Hyderabad, India:

• (1)

  Osmotic adjustment during the growing season was evaluated by comparing solute potential (ψ_s) of leaves taken at midday from irrigated and droughted plots and allowed to rehydrate in the laboratory. The degree of seasonal adjustment was also estimated by comparing observed values of ψ_s in the field with those expected if ψ_s decreased solely in proportion to water loss. Both types of assessment indicated the maximum seasonal adjustment to be about 0.2 MPa. The cultivars BJ 104 and Serere 39 differed in their capacity to adjust osmotically over the season; Serere 39 was least able to osmoregulate.
• (2)

  Measurements of diurnal variations in ψ and ψ_s in BJ 104 revealed osmotic adjustment during the afternoon hours. At a given value of ψ, turgor (ψ_p) was about 0.1 MPa higher in irrigated, and over 0.2 MPa higher in droughted plants, in the afternoon, than in the morning.
• (3)

  Osmotic adjustment of different leaves within the canopy was investigated. Upper leaves had lower ψ than basal leaves. Differences in ψ were matched by gradients in ψ_s, so that turgor was similar for all leaf layers.

     

微生物学案例式教学的探索与实践

基于《微生物学》课程的知识内容零散、错综复杂等特点,应用案例式教学的模式进行探索与实践,介绍了案例式教学中案例设计、课堂实施与效果评价等要点。案例式教学对于微生物教学改革有着重要意义与推广价值,但在实施的过程中需要注意调整与不断完善。     

植物与传粉者物候错配效应研究进展

开花植物与传粉者之间稳定互惠模式的建立是维持互作双方种群适合度的关键。在全球变化的背景下,植物与传粉者对温度、融雪、人类活动等外界扰动的响应差异,易于引起两者关键物候期的不同步发生,由此可能减少传粉互作的重叠时间,改变相互作用的成本和收益,进而对两者的种群动态产生潜在的深远影响（即物候错配效应）。近年来国内外对植物花期与传粉者活动物候的错配研究主要集中在两方面：一是物候错配现象发生的原因及机制;二是这种物候错配带来的生态后果,尤其是对互惠双方种群动态的影响。但由于研究方法及数据获取等方面的局限性,物候错配研究仍存在一些薄弱环节,如物候匹配模式对环境变化的响应机制、传粉效率对错配效应的调节影响、物候数据获取的独立性等。本文综述了植物-传粉者物候错配效应的最新研究进展,并对未来的研究展望进行初步探讨,以期为物种多样性、动植物种群动态的合理预测等方面的研究提供有益的参考。