浙江省竹林害虫竹镂舟蛾和竹卵圆蝽的寄生蜂

2013年5月至2014年10月,对浙江省竹林害虫竹镂舟蛾Loudonta dispar(Kiriakoff)和竹卵圆蝽Hippotiscus dorsalis(Stl)的寄生蜂进行调查,共发现16种寄生蜂。其中3种是首次记录寄生这两类害虫的寄生蜂:寄生于竹镂舟蛾的螟黄赤眼蜂Trichogramma chilonis Ishii以及寄生于竹卵圆蝽的中国蝽卵金小蜂Acrodlisoides sinicus HuangLiao和双斑平腹小蜂Anastaus bifasciatus Geoffroy。本文提供了这3种寄生蜂的主要鉴别特征及其主要寄生生物学,并提供形态特征图。     

蝽科精巢细胞减数分裂染色体行为及其反映的属种间亲缘关系

为探讨蝽科精巢细胞减数分裂各时期染色体形态和行为差异, 以及据此反映的属种间亲缘关系, 采用常规染色体制片法对蝽科6属9种精巢细胞减数分裂各期染色体形态特征、 行为及精子的形成进行了观察和比较研究。结果表明： 蝽科精巢细胞为交叉型减数分裂, “O”型交叉为其典型交叉减数分裂形式。各属种减数分裂各期染色体行为相似, 但形态不同。减数分裂各期染色体形态、 排列方式, 中期染色体相对长度、 组成与核型以及精子形态等特征具有属种间差异性。蝽科精巢细胞中期Ⅰ染色体组平均相对长度都为12.5, 在进化过程中染色体组长度信息总量不变。基于染色体相对长度的聚类分析结果显示, 菜蝽属Eurydema、 麦蝽属Aelia、 珠蝽属Rubiconia和条蝽属Graphosoma亲缘关系密切, 而二星蝽属Stollia与果蝽属Carpocoris关系较近。     

东北地区蒿属植物比较形态学研究Ⅱ.叶表皮结构

本文通过扫描电子显微镜,对东北地区蒿属(Artemisia)植物,莳萝蒿组(A.sect.Absinthium DC),艾蒿组(Sect.Abrotanum Bess),艾组(Sect.Artemisia),龙蒿组(Sect.Dracumculus Bess),牡蒿组(Sect.latiobus Y.R.Ling)36种成熟代表植物叶表皮形态学特征进行了详尽的比较研究。其中表皮细胞大小、形状不等。下表皮均有气孔器。气孔器的形状大多数为园形、卵园形或椭圆形。气孔类型为不规则型、不等细胞型、辐射细胞型等。大多数植物叶表皮具有表皮细胞毛。这些微形态特征在组间存在着某种差异,具有一定的分类和生态学意义。     

七种蜚蠊卵荚和雌性外生殖器的比较形态学研究

检视了3类不同生殖方式的7种蜚蠊雌虫标本,描记了卵生A型、卵生B型和卵胎生A型的雌性外生殖器和卵荚外部形态特征.研究发现蜚蠊不同生殖方式的雌性外生殖器结构和卵荚形态上差异明显,雌性外生殖器结构与卵荚形态和生殖方式均互呈对应关系.     

节瓜蓟马的新天敌-中华微刺盲蝽

首次发现中华微刺盲蝽Campylomma chinensis Schwh捕食节瓜蓟马Thrips palmi Kamy且对田间节瓜蓟马种群数量的减少起重要作用.本文研究了该虫的形态特征、捕食过程和取食范围.结果表明中华微刺盲蝽为多食性昆虫,能取食多种小型昆虫及多种昆虫的卵:在田间,中华微刺盲蝽与节瓜蓟马数量的跟随现象明显;通过释放盲蝽,能使节瓜蓟马种群数量减少.     

眼蚤属两种幼虫形态描述(蚤目:细蚤科)

关于细蚤科蚤类幼虫的形态,Elbel(1952),王敦清(1956)及叶瑞玉等(1982)已作过研究。但是,前凹眼蚤(Ophthalmopsylla jettmari)及角尖眼蚤指名亚种(O.praefectapraefecta)的幼虫形态,迄今国内外尚乏报告。为此,本文描述作者在室内饲养的两种蚤幼形态。此外,对国内细蚤科已知四种蚤—龄幼虫破卵器的形状也进行了比较。     

骨碎补科两种植物配子体发育的研究

首次报道了骨碎补科(Davalliaceae)的大叶骨碎补(Davallia formosana Hayata)和阴石蕨[Humata repens (L.f.) Diels]配子体发育过程.两者孢子均为单裂缝,椭圆形,不具周壁,书带蕨型(Vittaria-type)萌发;成熟原叶体心形,边缘及背腹面均分布有毛状体;精子器和颈卵器类型为同型孢子薄囊蕨类所具有的一般类型.总结了大叶骨碎补(D.formosana Hayata)和阴石蕨[H.repens (L.f.) Diels]的配子体发育在孢子大小、原叶体边缘细胞形状、精子器和颈卵器形态及毛状体产生时间等方面的异同,初步讨论了这两个种配子体的抗逆性、营养繁殖、假根功能及其可能的系统学意义.     

麦蛾卵对南方小花蝽生长发育和繁殖的影响

南方小花蝽Orius strigicollis作为一种广食性捕食性天敌昆虫,可高效控制蓟马、蚜虫及螨类等多种害虫,极具生防潜能.但目前国内南方小花蝽商业化进程相对滞后,其中未找到适合的饲料来源是主要的限制因素之一.本研究以新鲜麦蛾Sitotroga cerealella卵和紫外线处理的麦蛾卵作为饲养南方小花蝽的替代猎物,以南方小花蝽的天然猎物西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis为对照,通过比较其发育历期、存活率及寿命等生物学指标,组建生命表来评价麦蛾卵对南方小花蝽的饲喂效果.结果发现:以新鲜麦蛾卵、紫外处理麦蛾卵和西花蓟马饲喂的南方小花蝽若虫发育历期均无显著性差异,但取食新鲜麦蛾卵的南方小花蝽若虫存活率(60.5％)高于其他两种猎物;同时,饲喂新鲜麦蛾卵的南方小花蝽雌虫寿命(37.3 d)和雄成虫寿命(23.0 d)以及产卵量(74.0粒)均最高,其次是紫外处理麦蛾卵,而西花蓟马最低;饲喂新鲜麦蛾卵的南方小花蝽存活率、净增殖率(47.91)、内禀增长率(0.10)、周限增长率(1.11)和世代平均周期(36.5 d)均大于饲喂紫外处理麦蛾卵和饲喂西花蓟马,且种群加倍时间也以饲喂新鲜麦蛾卵的南方小花蝽最短(6.57 d).本研究结果表明麦蛾卵可作为南方小花蝽饲养的替代猎物,且以新鲜麦蛾卵为最佳.     

蝽科昆虫精巢形态及属种间亲缘关系

为探讨蝽科精巢形态差异,以及据此反映的属种间亲缘关系,对蝽科9属13种昆虫精巢进行了观察和比较研究.结果表明,蝽科精巢形态在属内种间具有相对稳定性,属间、亚科间具有差异性.蝽科输精管种间变异大.基于精巢长度、宽度、面积及长宽比的聚类分析结果显示,斑须蝽属Dolycoris、绿蝽属Nezara、茶翅蝽属Halyomorpha关系较近,并与二星蝽属Eysarcoris形成并列关系.菜蝽属Eurydema、麦蝽属Aelia、珠蝽属Rubiconia亲缘关系密切.而果蝽属Carpocoris与条蝽属Graphosoma形成不同分支的特殊进化关系.因此,蝽科精巢可作为属级、亚科级的形态和数值分类特征.     

委陵菜属锥状花柱组植物叶表皮微形态特征的研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜,观察了新疆委陵菜属（Potentilla L.）锥状花柱组（Sect.Conostylae(Wolf)Yü et Li）15种委陵菜植物叶表皮的微形态特征。对其叶表皮毛的类型、表皮细胞的形状及大小、气孔器的分布、气孔器类型、气孔形状、气孔大小、气孔密度、气孔指数、气孔外拱盖形态及其纹饰等指标进行分析：有几种植物叶的上表皮无气孔,而下表皮均有气孔器的分布,形状为长椭圆形、椭圆形、宽椭圆形和近圆形;气孔器的类型多为短平列四细胞型、无规则四细胞型、无规则型、围绕型和辐射型;表皮毛的类型为针状毛、带状柔毛和腺毛;表皮细胞分为不规则形和多边形;表皮毛特征、叶片表皮细胞的形状、垂周壁式样、气孔器的形状类型、气孔密度指数及蜡质纹饰等存在差异,可作为亚属间及种间分类的依据。     

Culture and Generic Identification of Trypanosomatids of Phytophagous Hemiptera in Brazil

Among the 372 phytophagous Hemiptera examined, 133 insects of 28 species (Coreidae 18, Pentatomidae 7, Pyrrhocoridae 2, Lygaeidae 1) were infected with trypanosomatids. Gut infections only were found in 68.4%, gut and salivary gland infections in 29.3% and salivary infections alone in 2.3%. Fifty-one cultures were isolated from 38 insects. Cultures were characterized by assay of certain ornithinc-arginine metabolism enzymes and by indirect immunofluorescence against monoclonal antibodies specific for Phytomonas spp. Ten cultures were identified as either Crithidia or Leptomonas. Twenty-one promastigote cultures had an enzyme pattern hitherto recorded only for Leishmania and 16 cultures were identified as Phytomonas.     

Genetic variability of trypanosomatids isolated from phytophagous hemiptera defined by morphological, biochemical, and molecular taxonomic markers.

In the present study, we investigated the genetic variability among 49 new isolates of trypanosomatids from phytophagous Hemiptera by means of morphological characters, growth features, and biochemical (enzymes of ornithine-arginine cycle) and molecular markers (based on spliced-leader, and ribosomal genes). From 402 phytophagous insects dissected and examined for the presence of trypanosomatids, 228 species belonging to Pyrrhocoridae, Coreidae, Lygaeidae, and Pentatomidae families harbored trypanosomatids in their salivary glands, or digestive tubes. Among these insects, 211 carried promastigotes and only 17 had choanomastigote forms. The results show a strong association among morphology, growth features, and biochemical and molecular markers and reveal the genetic diversity of the isolates, which were assigned to Crithidia, Phytomonas, and Leptomonas; we found genetic polymorphism within all these genera, thus indicating high genetic variability among trypanosomatids from phytophagous insects.     

A new species of the stonefly genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alloperla</Emphasis> Banks (Plecoptera,Chloroperlidae) from the southern Far East

The adults of both sexes and the eggs of a new species, Alloperla tiunovae sp. n. (Plecoptera, Chloroperlidae) from the southern part of the Russian Far East, are described and illustrated. A. tiunovae is a sibling species of the very similar A. kurilensis Zhiltzova, but differs from it in the shape of the epiproct apex, female genital plate, and a fine structure of the chorion surface.     

Egg chorion architecture in stick insects (Phasmatodea)

Comparative analysis of egg chorion architecture by scanning and transmission electron microscopy is reported in about 50 species of stick insects (Phasmatodea). Particular attention has been paid to: (1) synthesis and structure of egg shell layers; (2) egg shape; (3) morphology of the external chorionic surface; (4) position and structure of the micropylar plate and its cup; (5) morphology and details of the operculum, including capitulum or pseudocapitulum; and (6) posterior pole differentiation (the so-called polar mound), The taxonomic value of the various characters is discussed: some are clearly species-specific, while others (such as general egg shape and micropylar plate) appear to reflect phylogenetic relationships of higher rank. Intraspecific features, such as the fine chorionic and opercular patterns of Bacillus and Clonopsis, have been recognized.In natural hybrids, egg chorion architectures were related to that of the parent species, resembling one of the parents in some cases and being intermediate between the 2. The study of the Phasmatodea egg can provide much taxonomic information that is useful in the definition of natural groups.     

Comparative morphology of selected characters of the Pentatomidae foreleg (Hemiptera,Heteroptera)

Heteropteran legs are very diverse within and among taxa, and such variation is frequently correlated with life habits. Structural modifications are commonly present in the legs of the Pentatomoidea but are poorly studied. Using scanning electron microscopy, the tibia and pretarsal microstructure of 82 species of Pentatomidae (Heteroptera), three species of Scutelleridae, and ten species of Thyreocoridae were described, focusing on the pretarsal structure, the foretibial apparatus, and the foretibial comb. The Pentatomidae, the Scutelleridae, and the Thyreocoridae have uniform pretarsal structures. Variation can be found in the length of the parempodial setae and in the shape of the parempodial projections. The foretibial combs of the Pentatomidae, the Thyreocoridae, and the Scutelleridae are described for the first time, and we have demonstrated that there is low structural variation in the foretibial comb complex of the studied species. The setae organization and distribution on the foretibial apparatus is uniform in the families studied. However, the Asopinae (Pentatomidae) bear a foretibial apparatus that is uniquely organized. The taxonomic and phylogenetic relevance of the pretarsal traits, the foretibial apparatus, and the foretibial comb are discussed.     

Morphology and distribution of antennal sense organs and diversity of mouthpart structures in Odontopus nigricornis (Stall) and Nezara viridula L. (Hemiptera)

Sensilla on the antennae and labial tip of the adult hemipteran bugs, Odontopus nigricornis Stall (Pyrrhocoridae) and Nezara viridula L. (Pentatomidae) (Hemiptera) were examined with an electron microscope in order to study their morphology, distribution, and possible chemo- and mechanoreceptive functions for food detection. The antenna contains 2 types of sensilla trichodea and 3 types of sensilla basiconica on the flagellar segments. S. trichodea are most abundant in both insects. Long slender hairs with elevated bases, and slightly shorter hairs with flexible sockets at the bases are common in both species. However, on each antennal segment of O.nigricornis, 1 or 2 rows of very long trichodeal hairs with longitudinal grooves and blunt tips are visible. At the periphery, S. basiconica with bulbous bases were also observed in addition to sensilla chaetica. The tripartite apex of the labium in both species consists of 2 lateral lobes and an apical plate. Each lateral lobe possesses a field of 11 thick-walled uniporous peg sensilla and long non-porous hair sensilla. Mandibular stylets of O.nigricornis have barbs, which may help in penetrating the hard seed coat. These insects made circular holes while feeding on the seed. A possible mechanism of feeding is discussed.     

Fine structure of the chorion of Manduca sexta and Sesamía nonagrioides as revealed by scanning electron microscopy and freeze-fracturing

The fine structure of Manduca sexta and Sesamia nonagrioides chorion was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and freeze-fracturing. In both species the mature chorion exhibits a complex ultrastructure on its outer surface, with a large number of aeropyles forming polygonal arrays. The micropyle is surrounded by a rosette of approximately 80 follicular cell imprints. Scanning electron microscopy of vertically ripped sections reveals that both chorions consist of two main layers: a trabecular layer closest to the oocyte and a lamellar layer. The technique of freeze-fracturing, utilizing single-sided and rotary shadowing, clearly shows that fibrils, approximately 3-4 nm in diameter, constitute chorionic lamellae in both species. The fibrils appear to have a 'beaded' structure, with a 2-3 nm axial periodicity. Freeze-fracturing also provides a direct visualization of the helicoidal arrangement of these fibrils for the formation of chorion supramolecular architecture.     

Bacterial symbionts of the giant jewel stinkbug Eucorysses grandis (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae)

Microbiological characterization of gut symbiotic bacteria in a limited number of stinkbugs of the families Acanthosomatidae, Plataspidae, Pentatomidae, Scutelleridae, Parastrachiidae, Alydidae and Pyrrhocoridae has shown symbiotic association with midgut bacteria to be common in phytophagous taxa of these heteropteran insects. Here we investigated the midgut bacterial symbiont of Eucorysses grandis, a stinkbug of the family Scutelleridae. A specific gammaproteobacterium was consistently identified in insects from five different geographic origins. The bacterium was detected in 64 of 64 insects sampled from three host populations. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the bacterium constitutes a distinct lineage in the Gammaproteobacteria, neither closely related to the gut symbiont of another scutellerid stinkbug, Cantao ocellatus, nor to gut symbionts of other stinkbugs. Diagnostic PCR, in situ hybridization and electron microscopy demonstrated that the bacterium is located extracelluarly, in the midgut fourth section, which possesses crypts. These results indicate that the primary gut symbionts have multiple evolutionary origins in the Scutelleridae. A Sodalis-allied facultative symbiont was also identified in some insects from natural populations. Biological aspects of the primary gut symbiont and the secondary Sodalis-allied symbiont are discussed.     

Eggshell fine structure of Bradysia aprica (Winnertz) (Diptera : Sciaridae)

The eggshell fine structure of the dark-winged fungus-gnat Bradysia aprica (Winnertz) (Diptera : Sciaridae) was investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. At the anterior pole of the ovoid egg is a single micropyle, centrally located in a well-defined micropylar area. The latter is covered by many long drumstick-like chorionic processes that are longer and more numerous than those of the rest of the egg surface. Cross-sections of the eggshell show 3 concentric envelopes: the vitelline envelope, wax layer and chorion. The chorion consists of 3 components with different morphological features: the inner, intermediate and outer chorion. The latter 2 layers, involved in the organization of the drumstick-like processes, have homogeneous features, whereas the former is crystalline and resembles the innermost chorionic layer of other Diptera.     

Study of the chorion of seasonal and non-seasonal Africa and Neotropical oviparous Cyprinodontiforme fishes

The structure of the chorion from the fertilized eggs of eight species of killifish, four Nothobranchiidae from tropical Africa and four Rivulidae species from South America and an Asian Cyprinidae (zebrafish), were investigated for possible structural similarities by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The study of the possible chorion variations between seasonal fishes inhabiting temporary pools of tropical regions and other, non-seasonal species revealed variations in the several types of complex adornments found on the external chorion surface when compared with the less complex chorion of the zebrafish. The inner structure of the chorion of these killifish species comprises alternating electron dense and clear strata, with the number of strata varying by species as well as the thickness of the chorion. No obvious phylogenetic or ecological relationships were observed either between the chorion adornments and the inner organization of the chorion or between the seasonal and non-seasonal species. It is advised to perform studies with a larger sample of species that could show a relation either from ecological or phylogenetic parameters.