黑龙江阳蝇属四新种(双翅目：蝇科)

描述了采自黑龙江省的蝇科阳蝇属Helina Robineau Desvoidy 4新种,即：羚指阳蝇H. antilodactyla sp. Nov.,圆尾阳蝇H. circinanicauda sp. Nov., 朗乡阳蝇H. langxiangi sp. Nov.和北方阳蝇H. septentrionalis sp. Nov.。模式标本保存于沈阳师范学院昆虫研究所。     

湖北省等翅目三新种

本文记述湖北省等翅目三新种,毛唇散白蚁Reticulitermes tricholabtalis sp.nov.湖北散白蚁Reticulitermes hubeiensis sp.nov.和近圆唇散白蚁Reticulitermes perilabralis sp.nov.。所有正模标本均保存于广东省昆虫研究所。     

白蚁表皮碳氢化合物研究进展

近年来, 固相微萃取等现代技术的使用显著促进了白蚁表皮碳氢化合物研究的开展。至今, 已有约29种白蚁的表皮碳氢化合物组分得到鉴定, 分属于木白蚁科、 鼻白蚁科、 原白蚁科和白蚁科, 其组分主要为正烷烃、 含有不同数量甲基的支链烷烃及少量烯烃。白蚁表皮碳氢化合物不仅具有一定的科、 属特异性, 大多数种类还具备特有组分, 表明其可作为种间识别的指标。表皮碳氢化合物组分在种内个体识别方面的作用, 在低等白蚁中多获得了支持性结果, 但也有研究认为在这些种类中表皮碳氢化合物不是种内个体识别（同巢个体识别）的唯一指标。发现其与品级分化的相关是近年来白蚁表皮碳氢化合物研究的重要进展。有些种类表皮碳氢化合物的年消长与生殖蚁的分化有关; 而另一些种类生殖蚁含有表皮碳氢化合物特有组分, 其含量与生殖蚁的生殖状态有关, 提示其可能在品级分化中发挥重要作用。作为研究白蚁品级分化和维持机理的新方向, 表皮碳氢化合物值得进一步研究探索。     

陕、甘南部地区白蚁调查及一新种记述

一、陕、甘南部地区的白蚁(一)陕西省南部至今发现的白蚁计有二科四种: 1.鼻白蚁科 Rhinotermitidae. 1)黄肢散白蚁 Reticulitermes flaviceps(Oshima). 2)尖唇散白蚁 R.aculabialis Tsai et Hwang. 3)圆唇散白蚁 R.labialis Hsia et Fan. 2.白蚁科 Termitidae 4)黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus Shiraki.(二)甘肃省南部至今发现的白蚁计有三科五种:     

四种白蚁的线粒体DNA限制性片段长度多态性研究(等翅目:鼻白蚁科,木白蚁科)

用６种限制性内切酶分析了４种白蚁的线粒体 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 限制性片段长度多态性,根据限制性片段差异计算了４种白蚁之间的遗传距离,利用 Ｕ Ｐ Ｇ Ｍ Ａ 聚类分析法构建了分子聚类图。结果表明：尖唇异白蚁与散白蚁属关系很近,聚类分析结果显示应将其归于散白蚊属     

成都市白蚁天敌资源——蚂蚁种类调查研究

部分蚂蚁种类是白蚁的重要天敌。为了探明成都市白蚁天敌——蚂蚁的常见种类及其生境,2011—2015年通过对成都市房屋建筑、园林树木、古建筑以及安装在住宅小区绿地的地下型白蚁监测装置等生境中调查白蚁与蚂蚁种类及数量,共鉴定白蚁9种,隶属于3科4属,黑胸散白蚁Reticulitermes chinensis占比最高(83.9%);蚂蚁29种,隶属于4亚科15属,中国短猛蚁Brachyponera chinensis占比最高(38.2%)。相关性分析表明,黑毛蚁Lasius niger与尖唇散白蚁R.aculabialis、新中华散白蚁R.neochinensis之间,莱曼氏蚁Formica lemani与黑胸散白蚁、尖唇散白蚁之间,敏捷扁头猛蚁Pachycondyla astuta、铺道蚁Tetramorium caesputum与尖唇散白蚁之间均呈显著负相关。黑毛蚁、莱曼氏蚁、敏捷扁头猛蚁、铺道蚁的种群数量大,在白蚁生物防治中具有一定的应用潜力。鉴于蚂蚁对白蚁的控制作用受环境、人为等多种因素的影响,建议进一步加强蚂蚁对白蚁自然控制作用的系统研究。     

中国南部的白蚁新种

本文记述了在中国南部发现的下列二十一个新种。其中有*号者是作者参加中苏合作云南生物考察队时所采集到的部分材料。 木白蚁科Kalotermitidae 1. 铲头堆砂白蚁Cryptotermes declivis新种 2. 黑额叶白蚁Lobitermes nigrifrons 新种 3. 金平树白蚁Glyptotermes chinpingensis新种 鼻白蚁科Rhinotermitidae 4. 宽唇异白蚁 Heterotermes latilabrum 新种 5. 长头散白蚁Reticulitermes longicephalus新种 6. 太长鼻白蚁Schedorhinotermes magnus 新种 白蚁科Termitidae 7. 等齿笨白蚁 Eurytermes isodentatus新种 8. 自翅原歪白蚁Procapritermes albipennis新种 9. 隆额歪白蚁 Capritermes pseudolaetus新种 10. 小歪白蚁Capritermes minutus新种 11. 云南土白蚁 Odontotermes(O.)yunnanensis 新种 12. 细颚土白蚁Odontotermes(O.)angustignathus新种 13. 小头蛮白蚁Microtermes dimorphus新种 14. 栗色象白蚁 Nasutitermes fulvus新种 15. 角头象白蚁 Nasutitermes deltocephalus 新种 16. 直鼻象白蚁 Nasutitermes orthonasus新种 17. 翘鼻象白蚁 Nasutitermes erectinasus 新种 18. 大鼻象白蚁 Nasutitermes grandinasus 新种 19. 圆头象白蚁 Nasutitermes communis新种 20. 丘额象白蚁 Nasutitermes sinuosus新种 21. 黄色象白蚁 Nasutitermes parafulvus 新种     

表皮碳氢化合物在3种火蚁属蚂蚁成虫鉴定中的应用

红火蚁Solenopsis invicta是火蚁属重要的入侵蚂蚁,与其近缘种黑火蚁S.richteri和杂交蚁S.invicta×S.richteri形态相似,难以区分。为了快速准确鉴定3种火蚁属近缘种,本研究利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS),解析3种火蚁的工蚁、有翅雌蚁、有翅雄蚁的表皮碳氢化合物种类和含量,并进行主成分分析、判别分析及聚类分析。结果表明：3种火蚁共检测到62种表皮碳氢化合物,主要包括一甲基烷烃、二甲基烷烃和正构烷烃等;红火蚁、黑火蚁及杂交蚁不同品级的表皮碳氢化合物种类及含量存在显著的种间差异,红火蚁不同地理种群的表皮碳氢化合物种类及含量相似度较高;建立3种火蚁相应品级的分类判别函数,可准确区分各品级下的3种火蚁。因此,表皮碳氢化合物组成分析可用于红火蚁及其近缘种的分类鉴定,为口岸火蚁属蚂蚁的快速检疫鉴定提供新技术。     

河北异小杆线虫一品系的分类鉴定及其对蛴螬致病力的测定

昆虫病原线虫是一种有应用潜力的地下害虫生物防治因子。本研究利用形态学特征和ITS-rDNA分析方法对从河北省沧州分离的异小杆线虫一品系进行了鉴定, 并在室内测定比较了其对蛴螬的致病力。通过对该线虫侵染期幼虫和雄性成虫主要形态学特征的参数测量, 发现其与嗜菌异小杆线虫Heterorhabditis bacteriophora的形态特征最为相近;同时ITS1-rDNA序列比对和系统发育学分析结果显示其与嗜菌异小杆线虫亲缘关系最近。结合形态学和分子生物学特征, 确定该线虫为嗜菌异小杆线虫沧州品系。该线虫对蛴螬（华北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia oblita、暗黑鳃金龟H. parallela和铜绿丽金龟Anomala corpulenta 3种金龟子的2龄幼虫）的致病力研究结果表明：处理72 h后, 暗黑鳃金龟幼虫死亡率显著高于另外两种金龟子幼虫 (P<0.05);处理120 h后, 暗黑鳃金龟和铜绿丽金龟幼虫的死亡率分别达到93.3%和80.0%, 二者无显著差异 (P>0.05), 可见该线虫对它们有较强的致病力。不同线虫对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫的致病力结果显示, 嗜菌异小杆线虫沧州品系侵染96 h后, 幼虫的死亡率显著高于Steinernema feltiae和S. longicaudum两种线虫的处理 (P<0.05) , 说明嗜菌异小杆线虫沧州品系的致病力显著高于另外两种线虫。     

食物因素对桔小实蝇表皮碳氢化合物的影响

桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis是为害园艺作物的重要检疫性害虫。本研究采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术,分析了取食3种寄主植物杨桃、番石榴和芒果的桔小实蝇雄成虫表皮碳氢化合物组成和含量,并以人工饲料饲养作为对照进行了比较。结果表明,4种食物源的桔小实蝇共含有42种表皮碳氢化合物,其碳原子数为C29-C37,主要为正构烷烃、一甲基烷烃和二甲基烷烃。取食杨桃、番石榴和芒果桔小实蝇表皮碳氢化合物种类分别为人工饲料的99.3%、91.4%和98.3%,4种食物源的桔小实蝇表皮碳氢化合物种类基本相同,主成分分析和判别分析可从含量上将各食物源的桔小实蝇区分开。不同食物源引起的差异体现在物质的含量上,而主要的组分种类相对稳定,说明食物因素不影响利用表皮碳氢化合物进行桔小实蝇种的鉴定。因此可提取种内共有物质作为种的特征峰,建立不同食物条件下桔小实蝇的指纹图谱,为检验检疫过程中实蝇种类的鉴定提供数据支持。     

引诱白蚁的食用菌腐朽物的筛选

作者在实验室内用6种白蚁:栖北网(尉虫)Reticulitermes speratus(Kolbe)、黄胸网(尉虫)R.flaviceps(Osh-ima)、圆唇网(尉虫)R.labralis Hsia et Fan、尖唇网(尉虫)R.aculabialis Tsai et Huang、普见乳(尉虫)Coptoter-mes communis Hsia et He和囟土(尉虫)Odontotermes fontanellus Kemner对5种真菌的腐朽木屑进行了单纯选择和复合选择的生测试验。这5种真菌,一种是木腐菌,即密粘褶菌Gloeophyllum trabeum(Pers.ex Fr.)Murr.,另外4种均为腐木性粮用真菌:银耳Tremella fueiformis、黑木耳Auricularia auricula、猴头菌Hericium erinaceus和香菇Lentinus edodes。生测结果表明上述4种木腐性食用真菌中除猴头菌对白蚁引诱力极微外,其余3种和密粘褶菌对供试的多种白蚊均具有引诱力。其中以银耳腐木屑的引诱力最强而持久,黑木耳次之,密粘褶菌、香菇又次之。有关银耳和黑木耳腐朽木屑中对白蚁具引诱力的活性物质的化学成份和结构尚需进一步研究。     

Phylogeography of two European Reticulitermes (Isoptera) species: the Iberian refugium

Chemical, i.e. cuticular hydrocarbons, and molecular data were used to probe the phylogeography of Reticulitermes termites collected from various parts of France, Spain and Portugal. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred from sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal RNA genes as well as from two partial mitochondrial DNA segments, the cytochrome oxidase II gene and a sequence combining the tRNA-Leu gene and fragments of the NADH dehydrogenase I and ribosomal 16S genes. Two species, namely, R. grassei and R. banyulensis, were identified based on an analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons and the identification was confirmed by ITS2 haplotyping. However, phylogeny based on the analysis of mitochondrial DNA was not completely in agreement with the conclusions drawn from the chemical and nuclear data. An analysis of 56 R. grassei colonies revealed intraspecific differentiation into two major lineages with distinct geographical ranges. Whereas analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons showed that R. banyulensis was chemically distinct from R. grassei, analysis of mitochondrial DNA showed its close kinship with the R. grassei lineage occurring in southern Spain. This kinship could be explained by their evolution from a common polymorphic ancestor species in this ice age refugium.     

Taxonomy of Heterotermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in south-eastern Australia: cuticular hydrocarbons of workers, and soldier and alate morphology

Abstract Heterotermes ferox (Froggatt) auctt. is shown to be a complex of species, each characterized by the composition of cuticular hydrocarbons in the worker, by canonical variate scores calculated from eight measurements of the soldier, and by small differences in the size and shape of the alate. H.ferox is redefined and two species are described, H.brevicatena sp.n. and H.longicatena sp.n.     

Cuticular hydrocarbons suggest three lineages in Reticulitermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) from North America

Cuticular hydrocarbon mixtures can be used to discriminate insect taxa. They have utility for determining phylogenetic relationships where they are independent characters with discrete states and represent a hierarchical distribution of shared, derived characters. We report inferred degrees of relatedness among the chemical phenotypes of Reticulitermes from PAUP (phylogenetic analysis using parsimony) analyses of cuticular hydrocarbon characters. One hundred and forty-one Reticulitermes colonies collected from California, Georgia, New Mexico, Arizona and Nevada were used. Initial maximum parsimony analyses sorted the 141 colonies into 26 chemical phenotypes. Subsequent analyses, using the ancestral species Coptotermes formosanus and Heterotermes sp. as outgroups, sorted Reticulitermes taxa into three major lineages, each characterized by a different set of dominant methyl-branched or unsaturated hydrocarbon components. Reticulitermes in lineage I have cuticular hydrocarbon mixtures with a preponderance of internally branched monomethylalkanes and 11,15-dimethylalkanes. Those in lineage II are defined by a preponderance of 5-methylalkanes and 5,17-dimethylalkanes. Taxa in lineage III are characterized by the predominance of olefins and a relative paucity of n-alkanes and methyl-branched alkanes. Bootstrap analyses and decay indices provided statistical support and robustness for these chemical-based relationships.     

Phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA sequences corroborate taxonomic designations based on cuticular hydrocarbons in subterranean termites

Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are valuable characters for the analysis of cryptic insect species with few discernible morphological characters. Yet, their use in insect systematics, specifically in subterranean termites in the genus Reticulitermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), remains controversial. In this paper, we show that taxonomic designations in Reticulitermes from California (USA) suggested in light of differences among CHC phenotypes are corroborated by phylogenetic analyses using mtDNA sequences. Analyses based on CHC phenotypes and supported, in part, by behavioral and ecological differences have suggested the presence of more species than the two currently recognized: R. hesperus Banks and R. tibialis Banks. We analyze a 680 base pair fragment of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase (COII) gene from 45 new (21 collection localities) and two previously recorded samples of Reticulitermes from California using parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. Both methods result in trees with highly similar topologies. Bootstrapping indicates support for six clades of Reticulitermes, and corroborates groupings based on cuticular hydrocarbons. One of the clades, R. hesperus, is already recognized in California, while four clades appear to be previously undescribed taxa. Although identification of the final clade is inconclusive, it includes a sample putatively identified as R. tibialis. Therefore, using phylogenetic analyses we corroborate chemical characters used to identify taxa, associate a chemical phenotype with a previously described species, and provide additional support for undescribed taxa of Reticulitermes.     

Coevolution of symbiotic spirochete diversity in lower termites.

The phylogenetic relationships of symbiotic spirochetes from five dry-wood feeding lower termites (Cryptotermes cavifrons, Heterotermes tenuis, Kalotermes flavicollis, Neotermes mona, and Reticulitermes grassei) was compared to those described in previous reports. The 16S rDNA bacterial genes were PCR-amplified from DNA isolated from intestinal samples using a spirochete-selective primer, and the 16S amplicons were cloned into Escherichia coli. Sequences of the cloned inserts were then used to determine closest relatives by comparison with published sequences. Clones sharing more than 97% sequence identity were grouped into the same phylotype. Forty-three new phylotypes were identified. These termite whole-gut-spirochetes fell into two previous defined clusters, designated as Treponema Clusters I and II, and one new Cluster III. Thirty-seven phylotypes were grouped in Cluster I. Cluster II comprised three phylotypes, two from Reticulitermes grassei (LJ029 and LJ012) and one from Heterotermes tenuis (LQ016). Three phylotypes, LK057, LK050 and LK028, were affiliated to Cluster III. Members of Cluster I showed the following characteristics: (i) spirochete phylotypes from a particular species of termite were more closely related to each other than to phylotypes of other termite species; (ii) spirochetes obtained from different genera of the same family, such as Cryptotermes sp., Kalotermes sp., and Neotermes sp., all from the family Kalotermitidae, were also related to each other. It was therefore concluded that spirochetes are specific symbionts that have coevolved with their respective species of termites, are stably harbored, and are closely related to members of the same termite family.     

Characterization of termite lipophorin and its involvement in hydrocarbon transport

The transport of lipids constitutes a vital function in insects and requires the plasma lipoprotein lipophorin. In all insects examined to date, cuticular hydrocarbons are also transported through the hemolymph by lipophorin, and in social insects they play important roles not only in water proofing the cuticle but also in nestmate recognition. High-density lipophorin (HDLp), isolated from Reticulitermes flavipes plasma by KBr gradient ultracentrifugation, contains 66.2% protein and 33.8% lipids; hydrocarbons constitute its major neutral lipid (20.4% of total lipids). Anti-lipophorin serum was generated in rabbit and its specific association with lipophorin, and not with any other plasma proteins, was verified with Western blotting. Immunoprecipitation also confirmed that this antibody specifically recognizes lipophorin, because all hemolymph hydrocarbons of the termites R. flavipes and R. lucifugus and the cockroach Supella longipalpa, which associate only with lipophorin, were recovered in the immunoprecipitated protein. Cross-reactivity of the antiserum with lipophorin from related species was investigated by double immunodiffusion with 10 termite species in the genera Reticulitermes, Coptotermes, Zootermopsis, and Kalotermes, and with five cockroach species. Involvement of lipophorin in hydrocarbon transport was shown by injecting HDLp antiserum into Zootermopsis nevadensis and then monitoring the de novo biosynthesis of hydrocarbons and their transport to the cuticular surface; the antiserum significantly disrupted hydrocarbon transport. ELISA revealed a gradual increase in the lipophorin titer in successively larger R. flavipes workers, and differences among castes in lipophorin titers were highest between nymphs and first instar larvae.     

Response of Reticulitermes spp. (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in northern California to baiting with hexaflumuron with sentricon termite colony elimination system

Colonies of Reticulitermes spp. were baited with prototype and commercial Sentricon stations (Dow AgroSciences LLC, Indianapolis, IN) to test the efficacy of hexaflumuron in different concentrations and bait matrices and to document reinvasion of the foraging territories vacated by eliminated colonies. Seven colonies of Reticuliternes spp. from two sites were characterized with cuticular hydrocarbon analyses and mark-release-recapture and agonistic behavioral studies. Three colonies were observed as controls and four colonies were baited. When a connection between the bait station and the monitoring station could not be confirmed by mark-release-recapture studies, the results of the baiting were equivocal. The monitoring stations of a colony at our wildland site were devoid of termites 406 d after baiting with one Sentricon station, but became reoccupied with the same species of termites approximately 6 mo after baiting. A colony at the residential site was baited with 0.5% hexaflumuron in the Recurit II bait matrix; 60 d later termites were absent from all monitoring stations. These monitoring stations remained unoccupied for > or = 18 mo. Foraging Reticulitermes spp. appeared in three of the seven monitoring stations 18, 24, and 36 mo after baiting, respectively. Using cuticular hydrocarbon analyses and agonistic behavior studies, we determined that the Reticulitermes spp. occupying these monitoring stations were from three different colonies; none were members of the original colony destroyed by baiting. Another colony at the residential site was baited using a noncommercial, experimental bait; 52 d later termites were absent from all monitoring stations. The monitoring stations remained unoccupied for > or = 9 mo. A different Reticulitermes sp. colony invaded one monitoring station 9 mo after baiting.