聚乙二醇模拟水分胁迫对沙地樟子松种子萌发影响研究

以引种区沙地樟子松种子为材料,观测了聚乙二醇(PEG)模拟水分胁迫对沙地樟子松种子萌发的影响.结果表明,不同浓度PEG处理胁迫对种子的萌发均有一定的延缓作用;种子的发芽率、发芽指数和发芽势随胁迫强度的增加呈现明显下降趋势.30%PEG处理的种子在试验结束后仍未能萌发,表明樟子松种子的萌发的临界PEG水分胁迫值小于30%,相当于-1.20MPa的水势.种子发芽后胚根和胚轴的生长亦受到PEG模拟水分胁迫,当PEG浓度为10%时(相当于-0.2MPa水势),胚根、胚轴的长度都较短,说明樟子松种子的胚根、胚轴的生长对PEG模拟干旱胁迫更敏感;但胚根/胚芽的比值随PEG模拟水分胁迫的强度增加而增加,表明樟子松种子萌发后对水分胁迫具有较强的适应性.由此可见,干旱胁迫影响引种区沙地樟子松种子的萌发可能是导致沙地樟子松人工林不能天然更新的因素之一.     

不同水分胁迫条件下高粱种子萌发及吸水规律的研究

通过对抗旱性不同的高粱品种在不同水分胁迫条件下种子萌动、萌发及吸水过程的研究表明：高粱种子在萌动、萌发两个生理过程中对环境水分条件的敏感性不同,种子在萌动时比萌发时更适应低水环境。不同的高粱品种在萌动、萌发时所忍耐的临界环境水势也存在明显差异。种子胚和胚乳两部分的吸水过程具有不同的特点。胚部的干重含水量在吸水后一直急剧增加,直到萌动时达到最大,而胚乳的含水量除在前期快速增加外,随后缓慢增加,保持在相对稳定的水平。在种子吸水萌动过程中,种子胚与胚乳间,以及它们与环境间始终存在着水势梯度。     

模拟水分胁迫对不同种源麻楝种子萌发能力的影响

以麻楝6个种源种子为试验材料,用不同浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG)溶液模拟干旱胁迫,探讨干旱胁迫对种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数以及幼苗苗高和胚根长及根苗比的影响,为麻楝的引种和推广种植提供依据。结果显示:(1)不同水势胁迫处理均降低了麻楝种子的发芽率和发芽势,当水势为-0.40MPa时延缓了种子萌发进程;种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数均随干旱胁迫强度的增加呈明显下降的趋势;当胁迫水势为-0.86MPa时,干旱胁迫处理的种子在试验结束时仍未能萌发,即-0.86MPa是麻楝种子萌发的临界水势。(2)当胁迫水势高于-0.40MPa时,麻楝幼苗的胚根长度与对照组差异不显著且长于对照组,说明高于-0.40MPa的水势有利于麻楝种子胚根的生长;麻楝幼苗苗高生长则是随着PEG浓度的升高而逐渐减缓。(3)适当的干旱胁迫可以增大各种源麻楝幼苗根苗比,且在胁迫水势高于-0.20MPa时都达到最大值。研究表明,麻楝种子具有一定的抗干旱胁迫的萌发能力,并以来自缅甸的Khin Aye Pale和泰国的Phu Wiang材料较强,来源于中国三亚和马来西亚Ulu Tranan的较弱。     

不同抗旱性冬小麦幼苗根系对水分胁迫的反应

抗旱性不同的小麦根系含水量、水势、渗透势均随水分胁迫强度增加而逐渐下降。其中以水势变化最为灵敏。恢复正常供水72h后,三项指标均有不同程度的回升,抗旱品种恢复能力强。根系渗透调节能力随胁迫强度的加剧而提高,抗旱品种渗透调节的效果好于敏感品种。随着胁迫强度的增加,根中ATP相对含量减少,恢复正常供水72h后,含量可部分恢复,恢复能力与品种的抗旱性一致。     

春小麦种子萌发和成苗过程中水分需求的量化研究（简报）

用聚乙二醇(PEG)模拟外界环境水势,对春小麦种子萌发和成苗过程中几个阶段水分需求的定量研究表明,种子萌动、发芽和胚芽伸长至一定长度的时间(t)与外界水势(Ψ)之间有1/t=a bΨ的关系。据此式可以推算出种子萌发和成苗过程中各阶段的水势阈值。     

不同抗旱性冬小冬幼苗根系对小分胁迫的反应

抗旱性不同的小麦根系含水量、水势、渗透势均随水分胁迫强度增加而逐渐下降。其中以水势变化最为灵敏。恢复正常供水７２ｈ后,三项指标均有不同程度的回升,抗旱品种恢复能力强。根系渗透调节能力随胁迫强度的加剧而提高,抗旱品种渗透调节的效果好于敏感品种。随着胁迫强度的增加,根中ＡＴＰ相对含量减少,恢复正常供水７２ｈ后,含量可部分恢复,恢复能力与品种的抗旱性一致。     

温度和渗透胁迫对细叶鸦葱种子萌发的影响

多年生早春短命植物细叶鸦葱(Scorzonera pusilla)种子小而轻,吸水性强,非休眠。对其进行变温和渗透胁迫实验,结果为:细叶鸦葱种子的适宜萌发温度介于0~15℃,以4℃为最佳;变温对种子萌发无明显的促进作用。种子萌发率随PEG和NaCl溶液水势的降低而降低,与渗透胁迫程度呈负相关。而且,在渗透胁迫下,幼苗脯氨酸含量随胁迫程度的增强而增加。尽管温度不同,但是等渗的NaCl溶液对细叶鸦葱种子及其幼苗的胁迫程度大于PEG溶液,且表现出明显的离子毒害效应。结果对阐明荒漠区早春短命植物的生态地理格局及其干旱适应机制有着重要的理论意义。     

聚乙二醇(PEG6000)模拟干旱胁迫抑制矮沙冬青种子的萌发

本研究以新疆特有濒危保护植物矮沙冬青(A mmmopiptanthus nanus(M.Pop.)Cheng f.)的种子为材料,用不同渗透势浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG6000)模拟干旱胁迫,探讨干旱胁迫对矮沙冬青种子发芽率、平均发芽速度、胚轴和胚根长度及发芽指数、活力指数的影响.结果表明,不同浓度PEG胁迫处理均降低了种子的发芽率,延缓了矮沙冬青种子萌发进程;种子的发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均随胁迫强度的增加呈明显下降趋势.当-1.20 MPa的PEG胁迫处理的种子在试验结束时仍未能萌发,表明-1.20 MPa是矮沙冬青种子萌发的临界水势.PEG模拟干旱胁迫中,当PEG处理为-0.2 MPa时,虽然最终发芽率与对照一样,但其胚根、胚轴的长度都比对照短,说明矮沙冬青胚根、胚轴的生长比发芽率对干旱胁迫更敏感.干旱胁迫可能是导致矮沙冬青种群天然更新能力弱的原因之一.本研究将为矮沙冬青种质资源的保护和种群的恢复提供科学依据.     

沙地云杉和青海云杉种子萌发和幼苗生长对干旱盐碱胁迫的响应

利用控制实验研究了水分、盐分生态因子对沙地云杉和青海云杉种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,以探索沙地云杉和青海云杉种子对水分、盐分生态因子的适应性。结果表明:(1)水分胁迫和盐分胁迫对沙地云杉和青海云杉种子萌发具有明显的抑制作用,可显著的降低种子的发芽率,两种云杉种子对水分胁迫的临界值和极限值分别是-0.03、-0.15 MPa和-0.5、-0.58 MPa;对盐分胁迫的临界值和极限值分别是78、148 mmol/L和284、345mmol/L;其幼苗长度随着渗透势和NaCl浓度的增加而显著减小。(2)沙地云杉和青海云杉种子恢复发芽率及恢复后的幼苗长度随着渗透势和NaCl浓度的增加先增加后减少。(3)在相同的水势条件下,PEG溶液比等渗的NaCl溶液对沙地云杉和青海云杉种子萌发具有更大的抑制作用,种子萌发过程中渗透胁迫比离子毒害的抑制作用更大。研究发现,沙地云杉和青海云杉种子对水分和盐分胁迫表现出不同程度的耐受性,两者对盐分胁迫的忍耐能力超过对水分胁迫;而且青海云杉种子比沙地云杉更耐旱、耐盐;早期的低盐和充分的水分条件是沙地云杉和青海云杉存活的关键。     

PEG预处理对青稞种子萌发和幼苗生理特性的影响

选择国内外28份青稞品种材料幼苗第一片展开叶,分别测定其相对含水量和失水率,并选择其中对水分胁迫敏感与不敏感的材料各1份,研究不同浓度(5%～30%)聚乙二醇(PEG)预处理对青稞种子萌发、幼苗生长和生理特性的影响,探讨短期水分胁迫对青稞生长发育的调节作用。结果显示:(1)28个青稞材料中‘旱地紫青稞’幼苗叶片的相对含水量最高(60.16%)、‘大麻青稞’最低(38.98%),而离体失水率‘旱地紫青稞’最低(8.80%)、‘大麻青稞’最高(20.20%)。说明‘大麻青稞’对水分胁迫最敏感,而‘旱地紫青稞’最不敏感。(2)随着胁迫程度的增加,青稞种子的萌发率和生根率,幼苗的根长、苗高和鲜重均呈先增加后降低的趋势,‘旱地紫青稞’和‘大麻青稞’种子分别在15%和10%PEG处理下发芽和生根最佳且均与对照差异显著(P<0.05),两品种的幼苗根长、苗高和鲜重均在10%PEG处理下表现最佳,但‘大麻青稞’与对照差异不显著。(3)‘旱地紫青稞’幼苗叶片可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量随PEG处理浓度增加而逐渐增加,而丙二醛含量和相对电导率则逐渐降低,并在30%PEG处理下效果差异极显著(P<0.01);‘大麻青稞’叶片可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量随PEG处理浓度增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,丙二醛含量和相对电导率呈先降低后增加的趋势,并在20%PEG处理下最佳。研究表明,短时间低浓度PEG处理对青稞种子萌发、幼苗生长及可溶性蛋白、叶绿素、丙二醛含量和相对电导率等生理指标的改善均有一定的促进作用;高浓度PEG处理却具有抑制作用,且高浓度PEG胁迫条件下,耐旱性强比耐旱性弱品种的自我调控能力更强。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Antibacterial and Antifugal Mono- and Di-substituted Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Triazine-derived Schiff-bases and their Transition Metal Complexes

A new series of antibacterial and antifungal triazine-derived mono- and di-substituted (symmetrical and unsymmetrical) Schiff-bases and their cobalt(II), copper(II), nickel(II) and zinc(II) metal complexes have been synthesized and characterized by their elemental analyses, molar conductances, magnetic moments and IR and electronic spectral measurements. IR spectra indicated the ligands to act as tridentate towards divalent metal ions via a trazine-N, the azomethine-N and, indole-NH and deprotonated-O of salicylaldehyde. The magnetic moments and electronic spectral data suggest octahedral geometry for the Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II)complexes and square-pyramid for Cu(II) complexes. NMR spectral data of the ligands and their diamagnetic zinc(II) complexes well-define their proposed structures/geometries. Elemental analyses data of the ligands and metal complexes agree with their proposed structures/geometries. The synthesized ligands, along with their metal complexes were screened for their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtillis, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi and for antifungal activity against Trichophyton longifusus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Microsporum canis, Fusarium solani and Candida glaberata. The results of these studies show the metal complexes to be more antibacterial/antifungal against two or more species as compared to the uncomplexed Schiff-base ligands.