一株中度嗜热嗜酸硫氧化杆菌的分离和系统发育分析

从云南腾冲温泉酸性水样分离得到一株中度嗜热嗜酸硫氧化杆菌MTH 0 4 ,对分离菌株进行了形态、生理生化特性研究及 1 6SrDNA序列分析。该菌株为革兰氏阴性细菌 ,短杆状 ,菌体大小 (0 6～ 0 8) μm× (1～ 2 ) μm ,化能自养 ,可利用硫磺、四硫酸盐、硫代硫酸盐为能源生长 ,不能利用蛋白胨、葡萄糖、酵母粉 ,也不能进行混合型生长。最适生长温度在 4 0℃～ 4 5℃之间 ,最适生长pH 2 0～ 3 0 ,代时 8h。以 1 6SrDNA序列同源性为基础构建了包括 1 3株相关种属在内的系统发育树 ,结果表明 ,MTH 0 4与喜温硫杆菌 (Thiobacilluscaldus)处于同一进化树分支中 ,相似性达 99 5 %以上     

嗜酸热硫球菌(S-5)对硫化物的氧化

从中国一热泉区分离到一种新的嗜热菌——嗜酸热硫球菌(Sulfosphaerellus thermoarido- philum)S-5能直接氧化元素硫(S)和黄铁矿(FcS2)等硫化物,氧化元素硫的温度范围是55—80℃,最适70℃;pH范围是1．0—5．5,最适2．5。在最适条件下,含元素硫1％,静置10天,细菌氧化元素硫溶液中的硫酸根(soi一)使浓度从1．10 g／L增加到6．56g/L,pH从2．35降到1．00。还发现嗜酸热硫球菌与中温的氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans)T一9以同样方式氧化黄铁矿,但是前者的氧化能力比后者的更强,而且温度范围也更广。当使用一200目黄铁矿矿粉、矿浆浓度10％、振荡氧化20天时,在接人嗜热菌的溶液中,可溶性铁浓度从1．79 g/L增加到16．40 g／L,pH从2．23降到0．85,而接人中温菌的溶液中可溶性铁浓度从1．23 g,L只增加到7．37 g,L,pH从2．23只降到1．20。     

中度嗜热硫氧化细菌的分离及其特性

从我国酸热环境采样,在硫代硫酸钠洋菜平板上通过单菌落形成,分离到四株类似氧化硫硫杆菌（Thiobacillus thiooxidans）的中度嗜热硫氧化细菌,称作 MS（MS252,MS272,MS281,MS301）。MS菌落微小（0．5～1．0mm）半透明,延长培养时间时呈浅褐色。细胞杆状（0．5～0,8X1．0～2．0um）,极生鞭毛,运动,G（一）。所有菌株最适生长温度为45℃;最适生长初始pH为 3．0～3．5,范围为 1．0～5．5（MS252,MS301）T1．6～6．0（MS272,MS281）。MS272DNA中G＋C含量为57mol％,其它三株均为60mol％。它们与中温的氧化硫硫杆菌一样,能利用元素硫、硫代硫酸纳作能源,以二氧化碳为碳源,自养生长产生硫酸。这些茵不能利用有机营养,为专性无机化能自养菌。它们也不能氧化亚铁（FeSO₄）和硫化物如黄铁矿（FeS₂）。二种菌不同之处在于后者生长温度范围较低（10～37℃）,DNA中G＋C含量较低（50～52mol％）。因此本工作分离的MS菌应定为硫杆菌属的一个新种,称作嗜热氧化硫硫杆菌（Thiobacillus thermothiooxidans sp.nov.）。     

好客嗜酸两面菌W1寡营养酸性热泉环境的适应机制

【目的】从基因组水平揭示好客嗜酸两面菌(Acidianus hospitalis)W1对寡营养酸性热泉环境的适应机制。【方法】使用NCBI非冗余蛋白数据库、Uniport蛋白数据库以及Sulfolobus数据库对好客嗜酸两面菌W1基因组序列进行功能注释,使用KEGG数据库对基因组进行In slico代谢途径重构,在此基础之上,采用比较基因组学方法对代谢途径进行鉴定和完善。【结果】好客嗜酸两面菌W1具备多样化的代谢方式以适应寡营养酸性热泉环境。W1菌株通过3-羟基丙酸/4-羟基丁酸和乙二酸-4-羟基丁酸循环进行CO2固定、通过氧化还原型无机硫化物(Reduced inorganic sulfur compounds,RISCs)获取能量营自养型生长。但W1菌株与模式菌株Acidianus ambivalens的硫代谢方式不同,W1基因组中缺少编码亚硫酸-受体氧化还原酶(SAOR)、腺苷硫酸(APS)还原酶、硫酸腺苷酰转移酶(SAT)和腺苷硫酸:磷酸腺苷转移酶(APAT)的基因。此外,W1菌株可以通过非磷酸化的分支的ED途径和TCA循环进行葡萄糖代谢,糖类和氨基酸转运蛋白以及相应水解酶的存在表明W1能够利用部分有机物营兼性自养型生长。与A.ambivalens不同,W1菌株不能利用H2作为电子供体。【结论】多样化的代谢方式为好客嗜酸两面菌W1更好地适应寡营养酸性热泉环境提供了重要保障,对于W1菌株特有代谢方式的揭示也丰富了对于嗜酸两面菌(Acidianus)属物种代谢多样性的认知。     

极端嗜酸热古菌S5菌株的重新分类研究

对已经鉴定的嗜酸热硫球菌 (Sulfosphaerellusthermoacidophilumgen.nov .sp .nov)S5菌株的进一步研究发现 ,它既能在好氧条件也能在厌氧条件下代谢元素硫进行化能自养生长 ,结合其 1 6SrRNA基因的分子系统学分析 ,S5菌株应归于Acidianus属。另外 ,S5菌株与Acidianus属中三个已知种基因组DNA的同源性分别仅有 44%、2 2 %和 2 3% ,DNA中G +Cmol%为 38,与已知种 31 0和 32 7有较大差异 ;而且 ,在代谢特性上S5菌株为专性化能无机营养型 ,与Acidianusbrierleyi有明显不同。因此S5菌株应是Acidianus属中一个新种 ,建议定名为 :腾冲嗜酸两面菌 (Acidianustengchongensessp .nov .)。     

一株嗜酸兼性异养菌的分离和系统发育分析

从广东大宝山矿区硫化矿酸性矿坑水中分离获得一株嗜酸兼性异养菌DBS4-1,对该菌株进行了形态、生理生化特性研究及16S rRNA序列分析。分析结果显示:该菌株为革兰氏阴性细菌,球状,菌体直径约为4.0±0.5μm;该菌株兼性异养,具有广泛的底物利用特性,可以利用有机物进行异养生长,同时在自养环境中,还可以利用三价铁、单质硫获得能量进行生长,最适生长温度为30℃左右,最适生长pH约为3.5;该菌16S rRNA序列与Thiobacillus acidophilus(D86511)同源性高达99%。结果表明DBS4-1属于嗜酸硫杆菌属(Acidiphilium sp.),嗜酸种(acidophilum)。     

热原体属的一个新种

从四川省某煤矿发热的煤矸石堆上,分离到一株极端嗜热嗜酸细菌(ES-23),其生长的温度范围为50—75℃,最适70℃;生长的pH范围为1.0—5.0,最适pH2.0.该菌株好氧,兼性自养,既能利用有机物异养生长,又能利用元素硫氧化产硫酸获得能量、固定空气中二氧化碳自养生长.革兰氏染色阴性.细胞球形或椭圆形,直径0.9—1.5μm.自养生长时细胞外有类似纤毛的附属物.细胞外被由分三层的膜构成,无细胞壁.膜脂中醚键代替酯键.DNA中G+C含量为38mol%.根据这些特征,鉴定此菌株为热原体属(Thermoplasma)的一个新种,定名为氧化硫热原体(Thermoplasma thiooxidans nov.sp.).     

三株氧化硫硫杆菌的分离与鉴定

从煤堆废水中分离得到3株嗜温嗜酸硫氧化细菌.这3株菌株为革兰氏阴性、菌体大小0.4～0.7 μm×1～2 μm、短杆状运动细菌,其最适生长温度为 30 ℃和最适生长pH 2.0～2.5.它们能够利用元素硫,硫代硫酸钠和连四硫酸钾为能源进行自养生长,不能利用有机物质以及硫酸亚铁、黄铁矿和黄铜矿等无机物质作为能源生长.细菌的形态、生理生化特性研究以及基于16S rRNA序列同源性构建的系统发育树结果表明,这3株细菌初步鉴定为氧化硫硫杆菌.氧化硫硫杆菌能够通过产酸有效促进黄铜矿的浸出速率和浸出率.     

嗜酸硫杆菌在工农业中的应用

嗜酸硫杆菌(属)(Acidithiobacillus spp.)能够氧化亚铁、硫或还原性无机硫化合物(reduced inorganic sulfur compounds,RISCs)获得能量,固定二氧化碳,是一类典型的嗜酸性化能自养微生物。嗜酸硫杆菌广泛分布于酸性矿水、热泉等酸性环境中,是地球生态系统硫和铁元素循环的主要推动者。嗜酸硫杆菌独特的生理代谢特征和极端环境适应性,使其广泛应用于生物浸出领域。本文综述了嗜酸硫杆菌的生理代谢特征和极端环境下的适应机制,阐述了嗜酸硫杆菌在工农业中的应用,讨论了面向国家重大需求,嗜酸硫杆菌在今后的主要研究方向和需要解决的关键科学问题,为嗜酸硫杆菌在生理代谢、环境适应和工农业应用的研究提供重要的线索和启示。     

嗜酸硫化杆菌(Sulfobacillus sp.)的分离鉴定及其在黄铁矿浸取中的应用北大核心CSCD

【目的】分离、培养获得中高温硫化矿浸取菌,为利用其进行生物冶金研究及应用奠定基础。【方法】利用二价铁或单质硫为底物,对酸性热泉泥水样品进行富集培养,以获得能够氧化二价铁或还原性硫的菌株;根据形态学、生理生化特点及系统发育分析对分离菌株进行分类鉴定;通过分析黄铁矿的铁氧化速率评估菌种在生物冶金中应用的潜力。【结果】从哥斯达黎加酸性热泉泥水样品中分离得到两株好氧嗜酸兼性自养细菌Costa C和Costa E。两株菌革兰氏染色反应为阳性,细胞大小相近,分别为(0.4-0.6)μm×(2.5-4.0)μm和(0.4-0.7)μm×(2.4-4.9)μm,端生芽胞,生长温度范围均为30℃-55℃,最适生长温度分别为50℃和40℃,生长pH范围分别为1.2-5.0和1.4-5.0,最适生长pH均为2.8。可以利用Fe(Ⅱ)、S、K2S4O6等为能源进行自养生长,也可利用酵母浸粉等有机物生长。两株菌的16S rRNA基因与硫化杆菌属(Sulfobacillus)其他菌种的最高相似性大于99%,(G+C)%含量分别为56.1 mol%和56.7 mol%。【结论】形态学、生理生化特点及系统发育分析表明,研究中筛选获得的两株菌均属于Sulfobacillus属,分别定名为Sulfobacillus sp.strain Costa C和Sulfobacillus sp.strain Costa E。浸矿结果显示两株菌在45℃时可以氧化黄铁矿,氧化速率分别为63.0 mg/L·d与56.8 mg/L·d,表明两株菌具有在中高温条件下浸取硫化矿的能力。     

Enumeration and presumptive identification of some functional groups of bacteria in the rumen of dairy cows fed grass silage-based diets

Abstract Samples of rumen ingesta from two rumen-fistulated dairy cows fed grass silage-based diets were examined for numbers and types of bacteria that developed colonies on rumen fluid-agar media designated to support the growth of (a) a wide range of species, (b) cellulolytic bacteria, (c) lactate-fermenting bacteria, (d) non-fermentative bacteria. The most numerous species was Bacteroides ruminicola followed by Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens . The most abundant cellulolytic species were Eubacterium cellulosolvens and Ruminococcus flavefaciens. Megasphaera elsdenii and Selenomonas ruminantium were important lactate fermenters but an unidentified bacterium that grew poorly on maintenance medium was by far the most numerous among bacteria isolated from lactate-containing medium. One strain remained sufficiently viable to show that it fermented lactate to propionate and acetate.     

解钾菌与解磷菌及固氮菌的相互作用

微生物是土壤肥力的核心 ,土壤中的微生物不仅数量巨大 ,而且种类极多 ,许多微生物对土壤Ｎ ,Ｐ和Ｋ等养分的转化和供给起非常重要的作用。目前 ,研究比较多的主要有解钾菌、解磷菌和固氮菌。能够使土壤中矿物态钾转化为有效形态的细菌 ,目前发现的主要有扭脱芽胞杆菌 (Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｅｘ ｔｏｒｑｕｅｎｓ)、胶质芽胞杆菌 (Ｂ .ｍｕｃｉｌｇｉｎｏｓｎｓ)、环状芽胞杆菌 (Ｂ .ｃｉｒｃｕｌａｎｓ) [1,2 ] 等 ,这些细菌有些同时能使矿物态的Ｐ转化为有效形态。能够使土壤中无效态磷转化为有效态磷的微生物种类也很多 ,研究比较多的是假单…     

海洋滩涂沉积物环境中几类主要细菌的动态分布

目的研究宁波市宁海县贝类养殖滩涂中异养细菌、反硝化细菌、氨化细菌和硫酸还原菌等几类细菌的动态分布及异养细菌的菌群组成。方法异养细菌的计数采用平板菌落计数法;反硝化细菌、氨化细菌和硫酸还原菌的计数采用MPN法;并参照Oliver提供的海洋细菌鉴定检索图、《海洋调查规范》和《一般细菌常用鉴定方法》提供的图式将分离到的细菌鉴定至属。结果滩涂沉积物环境中异养细菌的数量波动在8.00×103~7.60×104CFU/g(湿重),反硝化细菌的数量变动在5.00×102~5.00×104个/g(湿重),氨化细菌的数量变动在3.00×105~5.00×107个/g(湿重),硫酸还原菌的数量分布在9.00×104~9.00×106个/g(湿重),温度的变化对这几类细菌的数量分布没有直接的影响。所分离的细菌经过鉴定,可归于15个属与肠杆菌科的部分属,其中肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)的部分属、梭状芽胞杆菌属(Clostridium)、芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)、棒状杆菌属(Corynebacterium)、发光杆菌属(Photobacterium)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)等为优势菌属。沉积物中氨化细菌、反硝化细菌和硫酸还原菌的检出率均为100%,且含量很高。结论经过多年不间歇的养殖后,宁海贝类养殖滩涂已经不同程度地受到了污染,应尽快调整养殖容量并对养殖环境进行重新布局。     

Mini-review of the concentration variations found inthe alfresco atmospheric bacterial populations

Variations in the atmospheric surface layer's culturable, and to a lesser extent, total bacteria-associated atmospheric particlecharacteristics will be discussed in terms of (a)their temporal variation from 2 min resolutionthrough diurnal to annual periods, (b) the effect ofmeteorological conditions on their abundance andsize, (c) total to culturable bacterial ratio, and(d) the total number of bacteria per culturableparticle (e) bacterial survival in droplet/particles, and (f) the general particle size distribution including aerodynamic Count MedianDiameter (CMD).Meteorological and topographic conditions thatcontrol total and culturable bacteria-associatedatmospheric particle concentration will be presentedin terms of (a) precipitation, (b) wind direction,(c) time of day, (d) sky conditions (i.e., cloudy,sunny, rain, etc.), (e) season, and (f) atmosphericinversion conditions.Simulation models will be described that supporthypotheses of diurnal and annual concentrationcycles in the Earth's (and perhaps other planetaryatmospheres) atmospheric surface layer.     

Aerobic and anaerobic microbial consumption of hydrogen in geothermal spring water

Abstract Hydrogen consumption was measured in hot geothermal water from two ponds of the San Federigo solfatara, Tuscany, Italy, where emanation gases contained approx. 4% H₂. H₂ consumption was completely inhibited by NaOH and partially by HgCl₂ indicating microbial utilization. Aerobic and anaerobic H₂ consumption activities coexisted in the same water with aerobic activity being higher in one pond and anaerobic activity in the other. The kinetics of H₂ consumption were consistent with those of 'Knallgas', methanogenic or sulfidogenic bacteria.     

Distribution of bacteria in the sediment of an oxbow tropical lake (Lagoa do Infernão,SP, Brazil)

The temporal distribution of bacteria on the surface sediment of the oxbow lake Lagoa do Infernão was studied over a period of one year using different techniques for bacterial counts. Several bacterial groups were differentiated, such a total bacteria and filamentous, heterotrophic, amylolytic, and lipolytic bacteria. The best defined temporal distribution pattern was obtained by total-AO bacterial counts, with a variation of 1.26 × 10¹⁰ to 8.58 × 10¹⁰ bacteria (g dw)^–1 during the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. The electrode potential (Eh) of the surface sediment ranged from – 148 mV during the rainy season to + 371 mV during the dry season. The variations detected on the surface sediment suggest a greater allochthonous contribution of material and bacteria resulting in high decomposing activity during the rainy season.     

微生物对油田污水-聚丙烯酰胺体系粘度的影响

比较了厌氧和曝气处理后的油田采出水配制聚丙烯酰胺溶液(采出水-聚丙烯酰胺体系)粘度及该体系中腐生菌,铁细菌和硫酸盐还原菌的数量变化。结果表明,曝气有利于聚合物溶液粘度的保持,粘度损失率明显低于厌氧采出水-聚合物体系。总体上,腐生菌或其代谢产物对聚合物粘度的影响很小;铁细菌可以利用聚合物生长,是破坏聚合物粘度的主要微生物类群;硫酸盐还原菌不能直接利用大分子量聚合物,可以利用小分子或分子链断裂的聚合物生长。     

Characterization of Communities of Heterotrophic Bacteria Associated with Healthy and Diseased Corals in Nha Trang Bay (Vietnam)

A comparative investigation of the heterotrophic microflora of 11 species of healthy corals and of white-band-diseased and yellow-band-diseased corals inhabiting the reefs of Nha Trang Bay (Vietnam), which has been exposed to anthropogenic impact, was performed. Fifty-nine strains of heterotrophic bacteria isolated on Y/K and Endo media were investigated and characterized. All the isolates were identified at the genus level by consideration of the results of analysis of their phenotypic properties, determination of the molar percent of G+C bases in their DNA, and the composition of the fatty acids of lipids. In the composition of the microflora of tissues of healthy corals, γ-proteobacteria prevailed, with halomonads being dominant among them. In addition, the gram-negative bacteria included Pseudomonas and Vibrio spp., members of the Cyto-phaga-Fla-vobacterium-Bacteroides (CFB) phylogenetic cluster, and Moraxella sp. The gram-positive bacteria revealed included Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Halococcus, and Micrococcus spp., and coryneform bacteria. In the composition of the microflora of the tissues of affected corals, bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae and of the genera Planococcus and Arthrobacter, which were not revealed in healthy hydrobionts, were found. The anthropogenic impact is not the sole factor determining the infection of corals.     

Detection and characterization of denitrifying bacteria from a permanently ice-covered Antarctic Lake

Denitrifying bacterial strains were isolated from Lake Bonney,apermanently ice-covered and chemically stratified lake in theMcMurdo dry valley region of Antarctica, using complex mediaat4 °C. Three strains, identified as denitrifiers bytheirability to produce nitrous oxide using nitrate or nitrite as arespiratory substrate, were characterized as to theirtemperatureand salinity optima for aerobic growth in batch culture; allthreewere psychrophilic and moderately halophilic. Maximum growthratesof near 0.024 h^–1 were measured for all three strains.Growthrates projected to occur at in situ temperature andsalinityimply generation times on the order of 100 h. Species specificpolyclonal antisera were prepared against two of the strains,ELB17 (from the east lobe of the lake at 17 m) and WLB20 (fromthewest lobe at 20 m). Both strains were subsequently detectedandenumerated in the lake using the antisera. ELB17 was presentinboth lobes below the chemocline, while WLB20 was present inthewest lobe below the chemocline but only in surface waters oftheeast lobe. These distributions are related to the observedchemicaldistributions which imply the occurrence of denitrification inthewest lobe of the lake and not in the east lobe.