甘肃鼢鼠的求偶和交配行为

甘肃鼢鼠 (Ｍｙｏｓｐａｌａｘｃａｎｓｕｓ)主要分布在我国黄土高原地区 ,该鼠的繁殖生态学已有许多报道[1～3] 。其繁殖行为尚未见报道。国内外已对高原鼢鼠 (Ｍｙｏｓｐａｌａｘｂａｉｌｅｙｉ)、裸瞎鼠 (Ｈｅｔｅｒｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓｇｌａｂｅｒ)、鼹形鼠 (Ｓｐａｌａｘｅｈｒｅｎｂｅｒｇｉ)和囊鼠 (Ｔｈｏｍｏｍｙｓｂｏｔｔａｅ)等地下鼠的繁殖行为作了研究[4～8] 。由于甘肃鼢鼠营严格的地下生活 ,在野外其繁殖行为无法观察。本文对室内甘肃鼢鼠的求偶行为和交配行为进行初步观察 ,将结果予以报道。1　材料和方法实验用成年甘肃鼢…     

甘肃鼢鼠哈氏腺组织结构及其抗氧化能力

为探讨甘肃鼢鼠(Myospalax cansus)哈氏腺的结构特征及其在低氧应激下的抗氧化能力,用组织解剖学方法观察甘肃鼢鼠哈氏腺整体及其显微结构,分光光度计测定哈氏腺低氧应激前、后超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果显示,甘肃鼢鼠哈氏腺肥大,包围在眼周,位于颧骨下的颞窝,为管泡状腺体,由柱状细胞构成,依胞质中分泌物含量分为厚细胞和薄细胞。常氧下,甘肃鼢鼠超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著高于SD大鼠(Rattus norvegicus),但谷胱甘肽还原酶活性显著低于SD大鼠;在低氧应激4 h后,甘肃鼢鼠超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性迅速升高,显著高于SD大鼠,谷胱甘肽还原酶的活性在低氧2、4和6 h无显著性变化,但均显著低于SD大鼠;在低氧8 h后,甘肃鼢鼠谷胱甘肽还原酶的活性较低氧2~6 h显著升高。甘肃鼢鼠丙二醛含量在常氧和低氧应激中均显著低于SD大鼠。结果说明,甘肃鼢鼠在低氧应激后,哈氏腺通过提高抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性,清除低氧诱导产生的多余自由基,谷胱甘肽还原酶在抗氧化中不起主要作用。地下鼠甘肃鼢鼠抗氧化模式与地面鼠明显不同。     

高原鼠兔和中华鼢鼠气体代谢的研究

本项研究试图通过对青海农牧区的两种主要害鼠:高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae Hodgson)和中华鼢鼠(Myospalax fontanierii Milne-Edwards)气体代谢的测定,比较在高海拔、气候寒冷、缺氧的环境条件下,地面鼠和地下鼠的代谢适应性及与此相联系的某些血液值的特征。     

甘肃鼢鼠适应地下生活的消化道形态和结构的季节可塑性

甘肃鼢鼠(Myospalax cansus)是终生营地下生活的小型哺乳动物,为研究其在自然环境中的消化对策和调节,探讨地下鼠消化道的可塑性,测定了不同季节消化道各器官长度、重量及各器官的组织结构。结果显示,甘肃鼢鼠总消化道长度、各消化器官长度和含内容物总重量无显著季节差异。总消化道及各器官的鲜重和干重多在春季最高,含内容物重量于秋季较高。组织结构有显著性季节变化,黏膜层和肌层的厚度及肠道绒毛高度春季最高。结果表明,甘肃鼢鼠主要依靠肠道重量的增加和组织结构的可塑性变化来适应相对稳定的地下生活环境,无需增加消化器官长度满足其能量需求。     

甘肃鼢鼠和根田鼠听域研究

用电生理学方法对甘肃鼢鼠和根田鼠的听性脑干反应(ABR)的反应阈值做了测定,以确定甘肃鼢鼠和根田鼠听域.结果 表明甘肃鼢鼠听力敏感频率为12 kHz,根田鼠的听力敏感频率为16～32 kHz.甘肃鼢鼠和根田鼠听性脑干电位测定结果表明地下鼠和地面鼠低频高频听力阈值存在差异,地下鼠对中低频声波敏感.     

甘肃鼢鼠和中华鼢鼠繁殖特性的研究

有关中华鼢鼠(Myospalax fontanieri)繁殖的研究国内已有一些报道(王祖望等,1973,灭鼠和鼠类生物学研究报告,第1集,61—72;郑生武,1980,动物学研究,1(4):465;梁杰荣等,1982,动物学杂志(3):13—16)。有关甘肃鼢鼠(Myospalax cansus)的繁殖尚未见报道。研究种群的繁殖特征对分析种群动态具有重要意义。本文作者于1988年3—10月分别在陕西省延安地区和山西省临汾地区对甘肃鼢鼠和中华鼢鼠的种群繁殖特征进行了研究,现报道如下。     

高原鼢鼠四肢骨的进化适应性分析

通过对比分析了高寒草甸生态系统的高原鼢鼠(Myospalax baileyi)、高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)及根田鼠(Microtus oeconomus)的四肢骨,结果表明,地下啮齿动物高原鼢鼠的四肢骨比地面种类高原鼠兔和根田鼠的对应骨骼粗壮,显示其较强的挖掘能力。与挖掘效率相关的尺骨挖掘动力臂系数,高原鼢鼠为0.3617,而高原鼠兔和根田鼠不到0.17。高原鼢鼠与其他两物种的四肢骨重量分布也明显不同:高原鼢鼠的前肢骨重量超过后肢骨,而高原鼠兔及根田鼠则正好相反;高原鼠兔及根田鼠的桡尺骨重量在四肢骨中最低,而高原鼢鼠的桡尺骨重量在四肢骨中则最高。这些特征反映了地下啮齿动物为了适应地下生活方式,其四肢骨骼系统已经发生了显著变化,这对于研究地下啮齿动物的进化适应性问题具有重要意义。     

四种小哺乳动物四肢长骨重量配置分析

统计分析了甘肃鼢鼠Myospalax cansus、SD大鼠Rattus norvegicus、高原鼠兔Ochotona curzoniae及根田鼠Microtus oeconomu四种小哺乳动物四肢长骨(肱骨、桡尺骨、股骨和胫腓骨)重量分布和相互关联性.结果表明:1)与其他三种动物不同,甘肃鼢鼠前肢长骨重量大于后肢,且桡尺骨重量大于肱骨,体现了地下啮齿类对大量挖掘活动的适应性进化;2)SD大鼠和高原鼠兔虽然隶属不同的科,生活史特征迥异,其四肢长骨重量的分布却具有趋同性;3)四种动物不同骨骼重量之间都呈现出极显著相关性,然而其相关系数大小却表现为甘肃鼢鼠>SD大鼠>根田鼠>高原鼠兔,反映了不同挖掘强度的物种对四肢长骨之间协调性有不同要求;4)在重量百分比相互关系上,近端长骨(肱骨或股骨)和远端长骨(桡尺骨或胫腓骨)之间呈现出负相关关系,而近端或远端长骨之内仅有甘肃鼢鼠的肱骨和股骨呈现出显著正相关关系,显示近端骨骼和远端骨骼分属两类相互竞争的资源投资模块.     

甘肃鼢鼠血象及其与低氧适应的关系

甘肃鼢鼠(Myospalax cansus)是一种严格营地下生活的鼠类,其形态、行为及生理特征均与地面鼠不同。为探讨甘肃鼢鼠适应低氧环境的机理,本研究采用血象指标测定方法,对甘肃鼢鼠低氧适应前后的红细胞数、血红蛋白浓度、红细胞压积等各血象指标进行测定。结果显示,甘肃鼢鼠低氧适应后红细胞数、血红蛋白浓度和红细胞压积均显著升高,而平均红细胞体积、平均红细胞血红蛋白及平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度明显下降。与地面生活的啮齿动物低氧适应后血象相比,甘肃鼢鼠红细胞数量多,红细胞压积大,血红蛋白浓度高,红细胞膜表面积大,血红蛋白的利用率较高,可能是对低氧环境适应的一种途径。     

甘肃鼢鼠的震动通讯

听觉通讯是兽类一种重要的通讯方式 ,尤其是鼢鼠 ,因其营地下独居生活 ,视觉退化 ,个体间通讯主要依赖听觉和嗅觉。Ｈｅｔｈ和Ｒａｄｏ分别在室内人工模拟洞道和野外自然洞道中采集到了鼹形鼠(Ｓｐａｌａｘｅｈｒｅｎｂｅｒｇｉ)用头敲击洞壁产生的震动波信号 ,首先发现地下鼠的震动通讯方式[1,2 ] 。甘肃鼢鼠 (Ｍｙｏｓｐａｌａｘｃａｎｓｕｓ)生活在与鼹形鼠相似的地下环境中 ,是否也同样存在震动通讯方式 ?为此 ,作者在室内利用人工模拟洞道对甘肃鼢鼠震动通讯进行了初步研究。1　材料与方法　　实验用甘肃鼢鼠捕自陕西省富县 ,室内单笼…     

基于线粒体控制区的序列变异分析青海东部甘肃鼢鼠遗传多样性

甘肃鼢鼠(Myospalax cansus)是一种终年营地下独居生活的小型掘土类动物。本文通过测定mt DNA的控制区部分序列(530 bp)变异,分析青海东部地区8个甘肃鼢鼠地理种群遗传多样性与遗传结构。158个样本共发现26个变异位点,定义了39种单倍型,整体的平均单倍型多样性高(h=0.953 2)、核苷酸多样性低(π=0.006 36)。歧点分布和中性检验均说明青海东部甘肃鼢鼠种群在历史上存在着快速扩张的事件。基于邻接法构建的网络关系图中,单倍型呈星状分布,没有按地理位置形成对应类群。基因流(Nm)数据显示多数地理种群间基因交流贫乏,AMOVA结果显示种群内与种群间遗传变异分别为48.82%和51.18%,遗传分化明显。IBD分析表明,甘肃鼢鼠的遗传分化与地理距离呈正相关,说明距离隔离对甘肃鼢鼠种群分化具有重要作用。甘肃鼢鼠的这种遗传多样性与种群遗传结构特点,可能是地下生活方式靠挖掘迁移带来的较小扩散能力的结果。     

Anthropometric variationin the Yanadi: Population structure and sex differences

Anthropometric variation and sex differences were investigated among the Yanadi tribe, who live in different regions and show differences in population structure variables and form regional breeding populations. In case of within population variation in anthropometric characters, both males and females show greater variation in a few specific characters (e.g., HB, LL) and almost no variation in FB, but least variation in HL and NB in males and in ZB, LB in females and show sex differences. Overall, females showed greater variation in more number of characters than males. In case of between population variation a few traits show clinal trend between male-female comparisons. Each character shows a specific pattern (e.g., HB, ZB, EL, GB) which vary according to the spatial distribution of the regional populations. The curves also indicate least average differences corresponding to within regional homogeneity among males and females (e.g., HB, ECD, EB) and increasing differences with males and females of other regions. A comparison of anthropometric profiles of the five populations show significant sex differences in IY subpopulation. The three mainland subpopulations show wide morphological differentiation with two coastal subpopulations, who also differ in subsistence pattern and geographically isolated. A comparison of anthropometric profiles between males and females across five populations show positive association between P1, HF and P₂ populations, whereas significant negative association with CY and HF. The correllelographs based on the male-female comparisons also indicate greater morphological similarity between sexes in cases of within regional population. They also show clinal changes of either decreasing or increasing trends of morphological variation between populations in association with spatial distribution and population structure differences. The results obtained are in agreement with the expectations from the population structure of the tribe.     

高原鼢鼠(Myospalax baileyi) 不同地理种群的形态变异

本文采用主成分分析和聚类分析两种方法,分析了高原鼢鼠(Myospalax baileyi)12 个地理种群17 项形态特征的变异。主成分分析结果显示,分析构建的雄性前3 个主成分累积贡献率为78.483% ,而雌性前4 个主成分累积贡献率为79.587% 。对种群间形态差异分析贡献最大的指标为颅全长、基长、后头宽等反映头骨大小性状,以及顶嵴、额嵴最小间距体现的颧弓扩张程度指标。主成分分析结果与聚类分析结果一致,12 个地理种群分化构成两个大的地域性群体:一个由甘肃种群构成的甘肃群体;另一个由四川种群和青海种群构成的混合群体。两个地域性群体实际上反映出两个不同的分化方向:一个方向表现为头骨较小,顶嵴、额嵴相对分开即颧弓扩张程度小,如甘肃群体;另一个则表现为头骨较大,顶嵴、额嵴相对靠拢即颧弓扩张程度大,如混合群体。这种地域群体的形态变异可以解释为,地下洞道系统中环境因子选择作用对高原鼢鼠形态变化产生了重要影响。     

Geographic variation in Austrolebias luteoflamulatus Vaz‐Ferreira, Sierra & Scaglia (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae)

The morphological variation in the annual killifish Austrolebias luteoflamulatus was studied using meristic and pigmentation characters analysed with univariate and multivariate analysis, and morphometric characters analysed with a geometric morphometry approach (thin plate spline). The results showed that morphological variation in this species was associated with a geographical pattern. In the case of meristic and pigmentation characters, the strongest distinction occured in males, while females were more similar among different drainages. Males from Rocha (eastern Uruguay) exhibited the greatest differences from the others. The number of dorsal fin rays and bars on the flanks were the characters that contributed most to this segregation. When morphometrics were considered, the three populations analysed could be distinguished well from each other in both sexes. Some of the characters that contributed to this pattern were dorsal fin origin, position of eyes and length of snout. Since pigmentation characteristics and some characters of the dorsal fin in males were involved in the differences observed, sexual selection could have played an important role in the differentiation of populations of this species. Since Austrolebias luteoflamulatus has a restricted geographical distribution, conservation of this species should include consideration of these populations individually since they might represent different evolutionary units.     

Morphometric characterization of thalassohaline Artemia franciscana populations from the Colombian Caribbean

Aim To establish possible interpopulation relationships among Colombian Artemia franciscana (Crustacea, Anostraca) populations. Location Colombian Caribbean coast (Manaure, Galerazamba, Salina Cero and Tayrona) and a similar thalassohaline reference population from San Francisco Bay (SFB‐USA). Methods Morphometric characters of male and female cultured individuals of A. franciscana were measured. The populations were grouped according to: (1) population type (populations grouped according to two broad regions of origin: North America and the Caribbean coast), and (2) specific geographical origin (populations selected according to five specific local origins: Manaure, Galerazamba, Salina Cero, Tayrona and SFB) and evaluated using forward stepwise discriminant analysis (SPSS, Ver. 10). Results Optimal discriminant variables for males grouped by the type of population were left setae and antenna length, and for females they were abdominal length and antenna length. However, for males grouped by their specific geographical origin, the optimal variables were furca length, left setae, antenna length, eye separation, abdominal width and abdominal length, and for the females, they were furca length, abdominal length, left setae and eye separation. Male and female Colombian Caribbean populations were separated from the North American populations. However, our results show that the classification based on male characters provides better group membership than females. Main conclusions Male morphometric characters separated the type of population groups more clearly than the female characters, because all Colombian populations were correctly positioned in the Caribbean coast region and the SFB population in the North American region, with no overlapping between the two types, as was the case for the female individuals. Likewise, male individuals correctly position the Salina Cero population to its neighbouring Galerazamba population and to the other Colombian populations. In contrast, female individuals from Salina Cero did not cluster with the other Colombian coast populations (Galerazamba, Tayrona and Manaure) or with the SFB population.     

Song characteristics and morphological traits in four populations of the grasshopper Chorthippus biguttulus L.

We investigated four populations of the grasshopper Chorthippus biguttulus with respect to differences in morphological traits and characteristics of their communication signals. A special focus was laid on possible correlations between morphological and song traits of males that could be used by females to infer quality cues of potential mates. We also tested whether females exhibit preferences for males of their own population. Specific song features (onset accentuation, offset, syllable period) of males—but not of females—differed between populations. We observed size differences both in males and females from different populations, but the size ranks of the two sexes were not always correlated. Environmental factors appear to have a strong influence on different size traits, compared to genetic origin. In all populations a specific song feature, the accentuation of syllable onsets, showed a similar correlation with a morphological trait, hind leg size, but its correlation with other size indicators sometimes differed in sign. Females did not prefer songs of males from their own population. The best predictor for song attractiveness was—unexpectedly—not the onset accentuation but the offset depth.     

Sexual selection in the barn swallow Hirundo rustica. VI. Aerodynamic adaptations

Secondary sexual characters are assumed to be costly to produce and maintain, and this will select for morphological modifications that reduce the magnitude of such costs. Here we test whether a feather ornament, the sexually exaggerated outermost tail feathers of male barn swallows Hirundo rustica, a trait currently subject to a directional female mate preference, and other aspects of the morphology used for flight have been modified to increase aerodynamic performance. This was done by making comparisons among sexes within populations, among individuals varying in tail length within populations, and among populations from different parts of Europe. Male barn swallows experienced reduced drag from their elongated tail feathers by morphological modifications of the ornamental feathers as compared to females. Morphological features of the outermost tail feathers were unrelated to tail length in both males and females within populations. Wing and tail morphology (length of central tail feathers and wings, wing span, wing area, wing loading, and aspect ratio) was modified in males compared to females. Barn swallows with long tails had morphological tail and wing modifications that reduced the cost of a large ornament, and similar modifications were seen among populations. The costs of the exaggerated secondary sexual character were therefore reduced by the presence of cost-reducing morphological modifications. The assumptions of reliable signalling theory, that signals should be costly, but more so to low than to high quality individuals, were not violated because long-tailed male barn swallows had the largest cost-reducing morphological characters.     

MATE CHOICE IN THE SAILFIN MOLLY,POECILIA LATIPINNA

We examined both female and male mate choice in the sailfín molly, Poecilia latipinna. Female mollies preferred larger males over smaller ones when comparing males from their own populations. Although the expression of this preference depends on a female's receptive state, the level of female preference does not appear to be associated with any other attribute of the female or of the males. When presented with males of the same size from different populations, females preferred native over foreign males in some but not all population combinations. These results cannot be explained by a bias for higher size-specific rates of courtship displays that is shared by all females. Males preferred larger over smaller females; larger males exhibited stronger preferences, and preference for the larger female also increased as the disparity in size between the two object females increased. We found no evidence that males preferred native over foreign females when encountered singly or in size-matched combinations. These results indicate that discrimination among populations arises because females exercise divergent directional preferences for size-specific trait values that are associated with differences among males in these values. This result implies an active role for sexual selection in contributing to the maintenance of the behavioral or morphological distinctions among males observed within and among populations.     

新疆敏麻蜥3个地理种群趾长及趾长比的两性异形

趾长比是指动物不同趾长的比值,常被认为是早期雄激素或雌激素暴露的标记物之一.本文通过测量新疆敏麻蜥Eremias arguta 3个地理种群的雌雄成体各趾长并计算趾长比,探究不同地理种群趾长及趾长比的两性差异.结果表明,伊犁地区雄性后肢的第2趾显著大于雌性(P<0.05);富蕴县雄性前肢、后肢的第2、3、4、5趾长均显...     

基于细胞色素b基因的中国岩羊不同地理种群遗传差异分析

为了揭示中国岩羊不同地理种群的遗传差异,探讨岩羊亚种分化的分子机制,采用中国岩羊不同地理种群的细胞色素b(Cyt b)基因的全序列,分析了碱基变异情况、遗传距离以及核苷酸序列差异。用最大似然法和贝叶斯法构建分子系统树并对获得的拓扑结构进行分析。结果发现,西藏亚种与四川亚种Cyt b基因平均序列差异为4.2%(±0.007),处于偶蹄目亚种的序列差异范围内,支持了目前对岩羊西藏亚种的分类地位。四川亚种内部各地理种群之间的遗传距离(0.033±0.0 111)与它们分别到西藏种群的遗传距离(0.042±0.007)差异不显著(t=1.824,P=0.084),说明四川亚种内部各地理种群间已经发生较显著的遗传分化。其中,四川、甘肃和青海种群亲缘关系较近,并与四川亚种内部的其它种群已产生了显著的遗传分化。因此认为四川亚种内部各地理种群的种下分化需要深入研究。