稳定表达牛催乳素基因的小鼠乳腺上皮细胞系的建立

在乳腺上皮细胞体外培养时,为了使其状态接近泌乳期,需要在培养基中添加催乳素.由于催乳素价格昂贵,使得乳腺上皮细胞的体外培养成本颇高.建立在体外培养过程中不需要添加催乳素蛋白的乳腺上皮细胞系,能为在细胞水平研究乳腺细胞相关基因提供诸多方便.利用慢病毒载体的整合特性,建立稳定整合了牛催乳素cDNA(bPRL)表达盒的小鼠乳腺上皮细胞系(HC11细胞系).经10代次以上的传代以后,通过定量PCR检测,证明平均每个细胞中含有2.6个外源的bPRL基因,其表达量为HC11细胞中管家基因β-肌动蛋白(β-actin)表达量的14%左右.另外,先前的研究结果表明催乳素能在HC11和泌乳期的小鼠乳腺上皮组织中有效促进山羊β-酪蛋白启动子启动外源基因的表达.之后的实验证实整合了催乳素基因的HC11细胞(bPRL-HC11细胞系)也有此功能.因此,bPRL-HC11细胞系可以为体外研究乳腺生物反应器提供良好的细胞模型.     

Wistar大鼠自发性乳腺肿瘤细胞系的建立及其生物学特性

目的 从Wistar大鼠自发性乳腺肿瘤中分离出乳腺肿瘤细胞系(ZHL2006),并对其进行鉴定,为动物模型的开发、肿瘤发病机制的探讨提供有价值的线索.方法 对一例Wistar大鼠自发性乳腺腺癌瘤组织进行培养.对传代培养细胞进行细胞生长曲线测定、细胞形态结构分析、细胞染色体分析,检测广谱细胞角蛋白(PCK)表达、软琼脂集落形成实验等检测.将细胞接种于10只裸鼠,并对形成的肿瘤进行病理组织学检查,并进行分离培养.结果 ZHL2006细胞在体外生长迅速,群体倍增时间为43.6 h;倒置显微镜及Giemsa染色镜下观察细胞为多边形及梭形;透射电镜观察可见细胞表面有微绒毛,核高度不规则,核浆比例增大,核仁明显等;染色体数目和结构异常,具有癌细胞特性.广谱细胞角蛋白(PCK)染色阳性,说明其自上皮而非来自基质;同时ZHL2006细胞系在软琼脂中可形成克隆,具裸鼠致瘤性.该乳腺肿瘤细胞系经体外长期培养后已形成永生化细胞系,并具有明显的恶性细胞表型.裸鼠接种实验成功率为6/10,复制肿瘤细胞和原发肿瘤形态结构一致,细胞培养形态结构一致.结论 本研究成功的建立了大鼠乳腺肿瘤细胞系,该细胞系具有典型的恶性肿瘤特征,能应用于裸鼠并成功复制出乳腺肿瘤模型.     

α-HNP-1转基因细胞系的建立

目的构建稳定表达人α-HNP-1的转基因细胞系,为稳定生产α-HNP-1并将其应用于医药开发提供生产细胞源。方法真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(-)/HNP-1经酶切和测序鉴定后,用脂质体转染法转染昆明白小鼠胚胎干细胞来源的上皮细胞,通过不同浓度的G418加压筛选,建立稳定转染的胚胎干细胞来源的上皮细胞系,用RT-PCR及抑菌试验检测α-HNP-1的表达。结果建立了稳定转染的ES来源的上皮细胞系,成功地表达目的基因,其培养上清液及细胞冻融液具有抑菌作用,结论真核表达载体稳定转染胚胎干细胞来源的上皮细胞系,为进一步研究α-HNP-1的功能奠定了基础。     

小鼠乳腺上皮细胞培养体系的建立及Heregulin-α的调控作用

旨在建立完善的小鼠乳腺上皮细胞体外培养体系,探讨Heregulin-α（HRG-α）对该体系乳腺上皮细胞增殖及代谢的影响,为进一步深入研究乳腺上皮细胞的形态、结构和功能,揭示HRG-α在小鼠乳腺发育中的作用及其规律提供理论依据.通过比较不同pH和不同血清浓度配比的生长培养液对小鼠乳腺细胞生长的影响,得出pH7.4,添加10%血清的生长培养液为乳腺上皮细胞生长的最佳条件.通过运用相差显微镜技术、MTT等研究方法进行不同取材时期乳腺上皮细胞的形态、接种存活率、倍增时间、生长曲线等生物学特性比较,获得妊娠15天为较好的乳腺细胞取材时期.采用免疫组化和RT-PCR方法对细胞重要的标志蛋白角蛋白-18进行检测,鉴定所获得的细胞为乳腺上皮细胞,成功建立小鼠乳腺上皮细胞体外培养体系.利用所建立的小鼠乳腺上皮细胞体外培养体系,采用液相色谱技术及MTT方法,初步探讨了HRG-α对小鼠乳腺上皮细胞的影响.结果表明,适宜量HRG-α对小鼠乳腺上皮细胞生长和分泌总蛋白、乳糖均有显著促进作用,0.1～20ng/mL的HRG-α可促进小鼠乳腺上皮细胞的增殖和总蛋白、乳糖含量的增加,20ng/mL时达到最大值（P〈0.01）,50和100ng/mLHRG-α抑制小鼠乳腺上皮细胞的增殖,降低小鼠乳腺上皮细胞的总蛋白、乳糖含量（P〈0.05）.     

奶山羊乳腺上皮细胞的分离、培养及鉴定

应用组织块培养法高密度培养、连续传代法建立西农萨能奶山羊乳腺上皮细胞体外培养体系,通过生长曲线绘制、核型分析、免疫荧光染色 (角蛋白、上皮膜抗原、波形蛋白、β-酪蛋白)、油红染色及β-酪蛋白基因的RT-PCR分析进行培养细胞鉴定。实验结果表明细胞生长曲线为典型的S型,染色体数目众数为60,细胞角蛋白、上皮膜抗原、波形蛋白、β-酪蛋白表达均呈阳性,油红染色后可见细胞质内的脂滴,且细胞表达酪蛋白mRNA。说明运用本方法培养的细胞为正常的乳腺上皮细胞,并具有一定的泌乳功能。     

牛αS1-酪蛋白5′调控序列驱动人α-LA基因与LacZ基因在牛乳腺上皮细胞中的表达

将牛αS1-酪蛋白5′调控序列约1.2 kb的片段,连接到含SV40启动子调控下β-半乳糖苷酶基因(LacZ)的PSV载体上,做为启动子,在其后连接0.76 kb的人α-乳白蛋白基因(α-LA),构建真核表达载体 αS1-LA-psv．采用组织块接种法,培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,经传代纯化后,对细胞接种存活率、群体倍增时间、生长曲线、形态学等生物学性状进行检测,用免疫荧光细胞染色法对培养的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞进行角蛋白18鉴定,结果表明,成功建立奶牛乳腺上皮细胞系,细胞传至20代以上时仍保持旺盛的增殖活力．将构建的真核表达载体 αS1-LA-psv 转染奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,培养24～120 h均检测到了β-半乳糖苷酶的表达;培养72 h检测到细胞中人α-乳白蛋白的表达,表达量约为0.64 g/L．实验结果表明,建立的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞系具有外源基因表达活性,得到的牛αS1-酪蛋白5′调控序列能作为启动子指导外源基因的表达,构建的真核表达载体能在体外培养的牛乳腺上皮细胞中同时表达人α-乳白蛋白和β-半乳糖苷酶．     

牦牛输卵管上皮细胞分离培养和纯化鉴定

为建立牦牛输卵管上皮细胞原代培养及纯化方法,通过选取牦牛输卵管,运用机械刮取法和0.25%胰蛋白酶消化两种方法分离上皮细胞进行体外培养。对不同分离方法的培养效果比较,培养细胞进行形态学观察与传代培养、MTT比色检测细胞活力并制定生长曲线,原代及传代上皮细胞的免疫组织化学鉴定,冷冻解冻后经台盼蓝排斥试验检测活细胞数。结果表明该试验分离出的原代细胞,纯化后传代培养,经鉴定为牦牛输卵管上皮细胞,培养的细胞生长状况良好,建立了一套牦牛输卵管上皮细胞分离培养及纯化鉴定的方法。     

奶牛乳腺上皮细胞系的建立及高温对细胞超微结构的影响

应用差酶消化法和反复贴壁法在体外建立奶牛乳腺上皮细胞培养方法,以细胞流式术、免疫组化、免疫印迹、超微结构观察等方法对乳腺上皮细胞特性进行检测,并研究高温热刺激对乳腺细胞超微结构的影响。实验结果表明,运用本方法建立的奶牛乳腺细胞系上皮特性及遗传特征完备;41℃1h的高温热刺激可使乳腺细胞染色质浓缩、线粒体肿胀、空泡化,形成凋亡小体,说明高温可以诱发乳腺细胞凋亡。     

牛αS1-酪蛋白5＇调控序列驱动人α-LA基因与LacZ基因在牛乳腺上皮细胞中的表达

将牛αS1-酪蛋白5＇调控序列约1．2kb的片段,连接到含SV40启动子调控下β-半乳糖苷酶基因（LacZ）的PSV载体上,做为启动子,在其后连接0．76kb的人α-乳白蛋白基因（α-LA）,构建真核表达载体αS1-LA-psv．采用组织块接种法,培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,经传代纯化后,对细胞接种存活率、群体倍增时间、生长曲线、形态学等生物学性状进行检测,用免疫荧光细胞染色法对培养的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞进行角蛋白18鉴定,结果表明,成功建立奶牛乳腺上皮细胞系,细胞传至20代以上时仍保持旺盛的增殖活力．将构建的真核表达载体αS1-LA-psv转染奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,培养24～120h均检测到了β-半乳糖苷酶的表达;培养72h检测到细胞中人α-乳白蛋白的表达,表达量约为0．64g／L．实验结果表明,建立的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞系具有外源基因表达活性,得到的牛αS1-酪蛋白5＇调控序列能作为启动子指导外源基因的表达,构建的真核表达载体能在体外培养的牛乳腺上皮细胞中同时表达人α-乳白蛋白和β-半乳糖苷酶．     

奶牛乳腺上皮细胞系的建立及高温对细胞超微结构的影响

应用差酶消化法和反复贴壁法在体外建立奶牛乳腺上皮细胞培养方法,以细胞流式术、免疫组化、免疫印迹、超微结构观察等方法对乳腺上皮细胞特性进行检测,并研究高温热刺激对乳腺细胞超微结构的影响。实验结果表明,运用本方法建立的奶牛乳腺细胞系上皮特性及遗传特征完备;41℃ 1h 的高温热刺激可使乳腺细胞染色质浓缩、线粒体肿胀、空泡化,形成凋亡小体,说明高温可以诱发乳腺细胞凋亡。     

Establishment of Mammary Gland Model In Vitro: Culture and Evaluation of a Yak Mammary Epithelial Cell Line

This study aimed to establish yak mammary epithelial cells (YMECs) for an in vitro model of yak mammary gland biology. The primary culture of YMECs was obtained from mammary gland tissues of lactating yak and then characterized using immunocytochemistry, RT-PCR, and western blot analysis. Whether foreign genes could be transfected into the YMECs were examined by transfecting the EGFP gene into the cells. Finally, the effect of Staphylococcus aureus infection on YMECs was determined. The established YMECs retained the mammary epithelial cell characteristics. A spontaneously immortalized yak mammary epithelial cell line was established and could be continuously subcultured for more than 60 passages without senescence. The EGFP gene was successfully transferred into the YMECs, and the transfected cells could be maintained for a long duration in the culture by continuous subculturing. The cells expressed more antimicrobial peptides upon S.aureus invasion. Therefore, the established cell line could be considered a model system to understand yak mammary gland biology.     

Establishment and characterization of a buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) mammary epithelial cell line

Background

The objective of this study was to establish the buffalo mammary epithelial cell line (BuMEC) and characterize its mammary specific functions.

Methodology

Buffalo mammary tissue collected from the slaughter house was processed enzymatically to obtain a heterogenous population of cells containing both epithelial and fibroblasts cells. Epithelial cells were purified by selective trypsinization and were grown in a plastic substratum. The purified mammary epithelial cells (MECs) after several passages were characterized for mammary specific functions by immunocytochemistry, RT-PCR and western blot.

Principal Findings

The established buffalo mammary epithelial cell line (BuMEC) exhibited epithelial cell characteristics by immunostaining positively with cytokeratin 18 and negatively with vimentin. The BuMEC maintained the characteristics of its functional differentiation by expression of β-casein, κ-casein, butyrophilin and lactoferrin. BuMEC had normal growth properties and maintained diploid chromosome number (2n = 50) before and after cryopreservation. A spontaneously immortalized buffalo mammary epithelial cell line was established after 20 passages and was continuously subcultured for more than 60 passages without senescence.

Conclusions

We have established a buffalo mammary epithelial cell line that can be used as a model system for studying mammary gland functions.     

Establishment of bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T): An in vitro model for bovine lactation

The hallmark of differentiated mammary epithelial cells is a copious secretion of milk-specific components regulated by lactogenic hormones. We describe an established clonal cell line produced from primary bovine mammary alveolar cells (MAC-T) by stable transfection with SV-40 large T-antigen. MAC-T cells show a population doubling time of approximately 17 h and have been cultured more than 350 passages without showing any sign of senescence. They show the characteristic “cobblestone” morphology of epithelial cells when grown on plastic substratum. Differentiation was induced by augmenting cell-cell interaction on a floating collagen gel in the presence of prolactin. The differentiated phenotype was characterized to include (1) increased abundance in β-casein mRNA, (2) increased number and size of indirect immunofluorescent casein secretory vesicles in each cell and (3) α_s- and β-casein protein secretion. The clonal nature of the cells, their immortality, and their ability to uniformly differentiate and secrete casein proteins make this cell line unique.     

Establishment of bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T): an in vitro model for bovine lactation.

The hallmark of differentiated mammary epithelial cells is a copious secretion of milk-specific components regulated by lactogenic hormones. We describe an established clonal cell line produced from primary bovine mammary alveolar cells (MAC-T) by stable transfection with SV-40 large T-antigen. MAC-T cells show a population doubling time of approximately 17 h and have been cultured more than 350 passages without showing any sign of senescence. They show the characteristic "cobblestone" morphology of epithelial cells when grown on plastic substratum. Differentiation was induced by augmenting cell-cell interaction on a floating collagen gel in the presence of prolactin. The differentiated phenotype was characterized to include (1) increased abundance in beta-casein mRNA, (2) increased number and size of indirect immunofluorescent casein secretory vesicles in each cell and (3) alpha s- and beta-casein protein secretion. The clonal nature of the cells, their immortality, and their ability to uniformly differentiate and secrete casein proteins make this cell line unique.     

Characterization of a human ovarian carcinoma

An epithelial ovarian carcinoma from a patient with progressive disease who had received combination chemotherapy was established as a cell line and characterized. The doubling time of the cell line was seven days. The subcutaneous inoculation with 10(6) cells into an athymic nude mouse produced a 5 X 5-mm nodule with a histology similar to that of the original tumor. The malignant epithelial cells were aneuploid and varied in chromosome numbers from 50 to 115; double minutes were present in 25% of the cells. Antibodies specific for keratin showed a dense filamentous keratin network within the cells. No estrogen receptors were identified by immunocytochemistry. A heterogeneous tumor population in the sixth passage was suggested by flow cytometric analysis. This cell line may be a useful in vitro model for studying the biology and mechanisms of radiation and/or chemotherapy resistance of ovarian carcinomas.     

牦牛SND1基因特征序列分析及其蛋白在乳腺的表达

Staphylococcal nuclease and tudor domain containing 1（ SND1,Tudor-SN）是一种参与基因调控的转录共激活因子蛋白,本研究意在克隆牦牛泌乳相关基因SND1,分析其生物特性,研究其蛋白在乳腺的表达。采集牦牛泌乳期乳腺组织,胰蛋白酶消化法得到原代乳腺上皮细胞,纯化到3代, 采用RT-PCR扩增克隆SND1基因,测序并拼接,并用相关生物信息软件分析牦牛SND1基因特性;用免疫组织化学和免疫荧光技术对牦牛SND1基因编码蛋白进行定位分析。获得如下结果：牦牛SND1基因全序列为3294 bp,含有2733 bp的ORF,共包含20种氨基酸。SND1基因编码蛋白为非分泌蛋白,非跨膜蛋白;同源性分析显示,牦牛SND1基因与野牛、家牛、藏羚羊、山羊、猪、野骆驼、马、黑猩猩、人、褐家鼠的同源性分别为99%、98%、96%、94%、91%、90%、90%、89%、89%、85%;系统进化树表明与野牛和家牛的进化水平较近,与人和鼠的进化水平较远。免疫组织化学染色结果显示,SND1蛋白在分泌上皮细胞（乳腺上皮细胞）和导管上皮细胞呈阳性高表达,在肌上皮细胞呈弱表达。免疫荧光显示,SND1蛋白在乳腺上皮细胞胞核高表达,胞质弱表达。上述研究结果为进一步探究SND1对牦牛泌乳机能的调节提供了相关依据,也为高寒哺乳动物的研究提供了参考资料。     

Establishment of two rabbit mammary epithelial cell lines with distinct oncogenic potential and differentiated phenotype after microinjection of transforming genes.

The goal of this work was to establish an assay for transformation of epithelial cells. Two epithelial cell lines were obtained after microinjecting transforming genes into primary rabbit mammary secretory cells. The cell lines were analyzed for their oncogenic potential and for the maintenance of a differentiated phenotype. A fully transformed cell line, which retained epithelial cell organization, was obtained by coinjecting simian virus 40 DNA and the activated human c-Ha-ras gene. The proliferation rate of these cells was high, with a doubling time of 16 h. Their growth was anchorage independent, and they had lost contact inhibition. The cells were tumorigenic in nude mice, but had no metastatic potential. Both microinjected DNAs were efficiently transcribed and translated, in contrast to the casein genes, which were expressed in primary cells but not in the transformed cell line. An immortalized cell line established after injection with simian virus 40 DNA alone was characterized by a moderate rate of proliferation with a doubling time of approximately 30 h. The growth of these cells was contact inhibited and anchorage dependent. The cells were not tumorigenic in nude mice. The viral DNA was expressed during early passages, as shown by the presence of the large T antigen in cell nuclei, but not at later passages. A high number of lactogenic hormone receptors were found associated with the cell surface. Despite the presence of these receptors, no induction of genes coding for milk proteins was observed after addition of prolactin. These data demonstrate that this assay system can be used to assess the immortalizing and transforming potential of candidate oncogenes in epithelial cells.     

Establishment and characterization of two fetal fibroblast cell lines from the yak

The objective of this work was to not only establish two fetal fibroblast cell lines from yak lung and ear tissue using a primary explant technique and cell cryogenic preservation technology but also check for their quality and biological characteristics. The cells showed typical morphologic characteristics of fibrous and long spindle appearance. Outgrowth of fibroblast-like cells from the lung and ear explants was around 2 and 3 d, and reaching 90% confluence level was in the ninth day and the thirteenth day, respectively. Biological analysis showed that the average viability of the lung fibroblast cells (ear fibroblast cells) was 97.5% (95.0%) before freezing and 91.0% (89.5%) after thawing. Analysis of the growth of the fifth passage culture revealed an ??S??-shaped growth curve with the population doubling times of 30 h for lung fibroblast cell line and 35 h for ear fibroblast cell line. Karyotyping indicated the chromosome number of yak was 2n?=?60, comprising 29 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (XY). All somatic chromosomes were telocentric autosomes except that the two sex chromosomes were submetacentric. Assays for bacteria, fungi, and mycoplasmas were negative. Immunocytochemical staining showed that the cells were positive for the expression of vimentin and negative for the expression of cytokeratin. In conclusion, two yak fetal fibroblast cell lines (YFLF and YFEF) from lung and ear explants are successfully established in culture. It will not only preserve the genetic resources of yaks at the cellular level but also provide valuable materials for somatic cell cloning and transgenic research.