脱氧胆酸钠在副溶血性弧菌死活细胞叠氮溴乙锭PCR鉴别中的应用

[目的]通过将表面活性剂脱氧胆酸钠(Sodium deoxycholate,SD)与叠氮溴乙锭(Ethidium bromide monoazide,EMA)-PCR反应体系相结合,建立SD-EMA-PCR鉴别副溶血性弧菌死活细胞的检测方法.[方法]依次对加入检测体系中的脱氧胆酸钠最适浓度、EMA区分死活细胞DNA的浓度范围、EMA激活光解最佳曝光时间进行优化;确定SD-EMA-PCR方法检测副溶血性弧菌死活细胞混合体系中活细胞的最低检出限.[结果]当脱氧胆酸钠浓度≤0.5 g/L,EMA的浓度为3.2-34.0 mg/L,曝光时间为25 min时,SD-EMA-PCR检测体系仅对死细胞DNA扩增产生抑制作用.SD-EMA-PCR检测活菌细胞的最低检出限为10 CFU/mL.[结论]死活细胞混合体系的SD-EMA-PCR检测证明该方法能够明显降低EMA-PCR漏检的死菌对检测结果造成的影响,为完善食源性致病菌检测中死活菌细胞鉴别方法提供了一种有效途径.     

副溶血性弧菌CRISPR的检测及其结构分析

【目的】检测副溶血性弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus,简称VP)中规律成簇间隔的短回文序列(Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats,CRISPR),并对不同来源的VP中CRISPR位点的结构多样性进行分析。【方法】根据CRISPR DB数据库中公布的VP中确定的CRISPR结构序列CRISPR-1及文献中新发现的疑似CRISPR结构序列CRISPR-2设计引物,对不同来源的79株VP进行PCR扩增。利用CRISPR Finder分析CRISPR结构,采用生物信息学方法对不同来源VP的CRISPR位点结构多样性进行比较分析。【结果】79株VP中CRISPR-1的检出率为92.41%,CRISPR-2的检出率为96.20%,同时具有这2个位点的菌株占总数的89.87%,只有1株菌被检出不含有任何位点。分别比较不同来源的菌株CRISPR-1、CRISPR-2位点的重复序列发现不存在序列差异,而临床菌株的这2个CRISPR位点在间隔序列上比环境分离菌株存在更多的变异。2个CRISPR位点根据间隔序列的不同在VP中一共组成8种CRISPR谱型(编号A-H),除F谱型外,A-E、G谱型均只在临床分离菌株中发现,而在环境分离菌中还发现不含任何位点的H型。【结论】CRISPR在VP中普遍存在。环境分离菌株与临床分离菌株中CRISPR的结构存在差异。     

副溶血性弧菌显色培养基检测效果初步评价

副溶血性弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)是一种重要的食源性致病菌, 广泛存在于各种海产品中。由于传统培养基和检测方法费时费力, 本研究设计开发了一种新型显色培养基HKC vibrio, 通过应用于人工污染样品和实际样品检验, 以法国科玛嘉弧菌显色平板CHROMagar vibrio和柠檬酸钠-硫代硫酸钠-氯化钠-蔗糖琼脂平板(TCBS)为对照, 对显色培养基HKC vibrio的灵敏性、特异性和检测效果进行了初步评价。结果表明, HKC vibrio的灵敏性与CHROMagar vibrio和TCBS相当, 并具有较好的特异性, HKC vibrio是非常有价值的分离平板, 可大大提高副溶血性弧菌的检测效率。     

特异性三重PCR快速检测副溶血性弧菌

【目的】建立同时检测副溶血性弧菌gyrase、tdh、trh基因的三重PCR快速检测方法。【方法】将已报道的这3种基因的引物加入一个PCR反应管中,对引物浓度和退火温度进行优化,找到最佳引物比例和扩增条件。通过特异性验证、灵敏度验证以及方法间对比进行方法确认,其PCR产物使用全自动毛细管电泳分析系统进行分析。【结果】仅在91、269、485 bp处分别出现预期DNA扩增条带;纯培养条件下,扩增gyrase、tdh、trh的菌浓度检测限分别为6.6×101、6.6×102和6.6×101 CFU/mL;本底干扰物存在时,扩增gyrase、tdh、trh的菌浓度检测限分别为6.6×103、6.6×104和6.6×103 CFU/mL;模板DNA浓度检测限为1.36μg/L。检测进境海产品时,检测结果和FDA 2004标准结果一致,且更易辨认和判断。【结论】此检测方法的成功建立,为副溶血性弧菌及携带tdh和/或trh基因的致病性副溶血性弧菌的检测提供了一种准确、高效、便捷的分子技术手段。     

致病性副溶血性弧菌菌落杂交检测体系的优化

对常见食源性致病菌副溶血性弧菌的杂交条件进行了优化。基于副溶血性弧菌的tdh,trh,toxR基因选用了3种探针序列,从菌落杂交样品的预处理方法、杂交时间和显色检测等方面对基于副溶血性弧菌毒力基因的原位杂交实验进行了条件优化。结果表明,采用80℃热固定2 h,37℃预杂交10 min后杂交8 h以及封闭1 h的改良方法可获得高特异性、低背景且着色清晰的实验结果。优化的菌落杂交技术检测副溶血性弧菌与传统检测方法相比,具有高效、准确、可区分致病性菌株的优点,为水产品中副溶血性弧菌致病菌株和非致病菌株的同步检测和筛选提供参考。     

副溶血性弧菌的致病性及其快速检测

副溶血性弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus,VP)是革兰阴性嗜盐性细菌,隶属弧菌科中的弧菌属,它是一种人畜共患病菌[1].     

副溶血性弧菌分子标志基因研究概况

副溶血性弧菌是重要的食源性致病菌,其中,O3:K6血清型是1996年后导致多个国家多起食物中毒暴发的病原菌。中国1992-2001年的统计数据表明,由副溶血性弧菌引起的胃肠炎占由微生物引起的食源性疾病暴发的31.1%。副溶血性弧菌环境株大部分是非致病性的,而临床株则能产生耐热直接溶血素、耐热相关溶血素以及其它毒力因子。本文综述了3种重要的副溶血性弧菌的分子标志物,包括种特异性基因、毒力基因以及大流行菌群特异基因,旨在为研究者们针对性的选取基因开展快速检测副溶血性弧菌和鉴别其致病因子的研究提供参考依据。     

一起副溶血性弧菌引起食物中毒的实验室检测

目的对某集团公司食堂发生的一起食物中毒病原菌进行实验室检测。方法参照GB/T4789-2008、WS/T8-1996、GB17012-1992和《卫生防疫检验》对采集的47份样本进行肠道致病菌检测,对检出的副溶血性弧菌用VITEK全自动微生物分析系统进行生化鉴定,以及神奈川试验、血清分群分型及药敏试验。结果从47份样本中检出40株副溶血性弧菌,检出率高达85.1%,神奈川试验均阳性,生化反应呈五种模式,血清分群有O3、O4、O1三种,血清分型有K6、K8、K29、K68、KUT五种,均对氨苄西林、头孢噻吩、阿莫西林/克拉维酸耐药,对头孢曲松、头孢哌酮、头孢克肟、阿米卡星、氟派酸、复方新诺明、链霉素、庆大霉素、环丙沙星、亚胺培南、氯霉素等药物敏感。结论本次食物中毒是由副溶血性弧菌引起。     

副溶血性弧菌外膜蛋白K的B细胞线性表位预测

目的预测副溶血性弧菌外膜蛋白K(OmpK)的B细胞线性表位。方法 NCBI下载已登录的OmpK的基因序列,对其进行生物信息学分析,应用DNAStar protean软件综合分析OmpK蛋白的二级结构、柔性、表面可能性、亲水性和抗原指数等多种参数,预测其B细胞线性表位。结果 OmpK蛋白的优势B细胞线性表位位于肽链的第7-13、25-36、63-69、140-147、182-188、234-239区段。结论预测得到OmpK蛋白的6个优势B细胞线性表位,为进而克隆表达串联表位蛋白,研制副溶血性弧菌多表位疫苗奠定基础。     

响应面分析法优化副溶血性弧菌生长条件

通过单因素分析, 确定最适于副溶血性弧菌VPJ33生长的pH、温度和盐度。在此基础上, 综合考虑3个因素对VPJ33生长的影响, 用Design-Expert软件进行响应面分析, 优化VPJ33的培养条件得到了菌体生长模型, 以及取得模型最优值时各因素的水平。结果表明, VPJ33的最优培养条件为：pH 8.41、温度34.1℃和盐度2.47％; 菌体生长过程中, pH和盐度以及pH和温度对VPJ33生长的交互作用显著, 盐度和温度对VPJ33生长的交互作用不显著。菌体生长模型达到显著水平, 可以对VPJ33在不同条件下的生长情况进行分析和预测。     

Induction of viable but nonculturable state in Vibrio parahaemolyticus and its susceptibility to environmental stresses

AIMS: This work analysed factors that influence the induction of viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state in the common enteric pathogen, Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The susceptibility of the VBNC cells to environmental stresses was investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS: Bacterium was cultured in tryptic soy broth-3% NaCl medium, shifted to a nutrient-free Morita mineral salt-0.5% NaCl medium (pH 7.8) and further incubated at 4 degrees C in a static state to induce the VBNC state in 28-35 days. The culturability and viability of the cells were monitored by the plate count method and the Bac Light viable count method, respectively. Cells grown at the optimum growth temperature and in the exponential phase better induced the VBNC state than those grown at low temperature and in the stationary phase. Low salinity of the medium crucially and markedly shortened the induction period. The VBNC cells were highly resistant to thermal (42, 47 degrees C), low salinity (0% NaCl), or acid (pH 4.0) inactivation. CONCLUSIONS: Optimal conditions for inducing VBNC V. parahaemolyticus were reported. The increase in resistance of VBNC V. parahaemolyticus to thermal, low salinity and acidic inactivation verified that this state is entered as part of a survival strategy in an adverse environment. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The methods for inducing VBNC V. parahaemolyticus in a markedly short time will facilitate further physiological and pathological study. The enhanced stress resistance of the VBNC cells should attract attention to the increased risk presented by this pathogen in food.     

Selective PCR detection of viable Enterobacter sakazakii cells utilizing propidium monoazide or ethidium bromide monoazide

Aims: The detection of viable Enterobacter sakazakii cells is important due to the association of this pathogen with outbreaks of life-threatening neonatal infections. The aim of this study was to optimize a PCR-based method for selective detection of only viable Ent. sakazakii cells in the presence of dead cells, utilizing propidium monoazide (PMA) or ethidium bromide monoazide (EMA). Methods and Results: PMA or EMA was added to suspensions of viable and/or dead Ent. sakazakii cells at varying concentrations (10, 50 or 100 μg ml⁻¹) prior to DNA isolation and PCR with Ent. sakazakii-specific primers. At concentrations of 50 and 100 μg ml⁻¹, PMA completely inhibited PCR amplification from dead cells, while causing no significant inhibition of the amplification from viable cells. PMA was also effective in allowing selective PCR detection of only viable cells in mixtures of varying ratios of viable and dead cells. EMA was equally effective in preventing amplification from dead cells, however, it also inhibited DNA amplification from viable cells. Conclusions: This study demonstrated the efficiency of PMA for viable and dead differentiation of Ent. sakazakii, as well as the lack of selectivity of EMA for this purpose. Significance and Impact of the Study: PMA-PCR, in particular, will be useful for monitoring the resistance, survival strategies and stress responses of Ent. sakazakii in foods and the environment.     

Correlation between cell-associated mannose-sensitive hemagglutination by Vibrio parahaemolyticus and adherence to a human colonic cell line Caco-2

Abstract Cell-associated hemagglutination (cHA) activity with human erythrocytes was examined for 468 clinical and 71 environmental strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus . Approximately 95% of the strains tested were cHA positive irrespective of source or Kanagawa phenomenon. 75% of clinical strains showed relatively strong mannose-sensitive hemagglutination (MSHA), whereas 88% of the environmental strains showed relatively weak mannose-resistant hemagglutination (MRHA). Adherence of V. parahaemolyticus to Caco-2 cells was also determined. A clear positive correlation between cell-associated MSHA and adherence to Caco-2 cells was observed.     

Purification and characterization of a hemolysin of Vibrio mimicus that relates to the thermostable direct hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

A hemolysin (designated Vm-rTDH) from Vibrio mimicus (AQ0915-E13) was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and successive column chromatography with DEAE-Sephadex A-25, hydroxyapatite, Mono Q, Superose 12 and Phenyl-Superose. The Mr of the subunit was estimated to be about 22,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-slab gel electrophoresis. The isoelectric point of Vm-rTDH was approximately pH 4.9. The hemolytic activity of Vm-rTDH was stable upon heating at 100 degrees C for 10 min, similar to that of the thermostable direct hemolysin (Vp-TDH) of V. parahaemolyticus. Vm-rTDH also showed lytic activities similar to those of Vp-TDH. Immunological cross-reactivity between Vp-TDH and Vm-rTDH was demonstrated by the Ouchterlony double-diffusion test. Thus we conclude that V. mimicus produces a newly discovered type of hemolysin (Vm-rTDH) which is similar to Vp-TDH.     

水产品中创伤弧菌和副溶血弧菌双重PCR检测方法的建立

目的 建立一种同步检测创伤弧菌和副溶血弧菌的双重PCR方法。方法 选择副溶血弧菌tlh基因和创伤弧菌vvhA基因作为靶序列各设计一对引物。用合成的引物对副溶血弧菌和创伤弧菌进行双重PCR扩增,确定特异性和最低检出限。然后用此方法对53株副溶血弧菌和7株创伤弧菌进行检测。结果 确定了双重PCR检测创伤弧菌和副溶血弧菌的最优反应条件,其中退火温度为60 ℃,方法具有较好的特异性。对副溶血弧菌的最低限为1.0×102 CFU/mL,创伤弧菌最低限为4.2×104 CFU/mL。双重PCR对分离株检测符合率达100%。结论 建立的双重PCR方法简便、快速、特异性好,可同时检测副溶血弧菌和创伤弧菌,为水产品中病原菌的基层检测提供解决方案。     

Environmental investigation of potentially pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Seto-Inland Sea, Japan

Seawater and organic material (live and/or dead matter deposited on any substratum submersed in seawater) were collected during the cool weather season from a coast of the Seto-Inland Sea, Japan, and analyzed to determine Vibrio parahaemolyticus densities and the occurrence of pathogenic strains, defined as those possessing tdh and/or trh genes by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using isolated DNA from enrichment culture of the samples. About 95% of the samples were positive for V. parahaemolyticus (with densities of 3 to >1400 cells per 100 ml water or 10 g organic samples) by the most-probable-number (MPN)-PCR technique with species-specific toxR primers, but only 40% were positive by the conventional MPN-culture technique (with densities ranging from 3 to 240 cells per 100 ml water or 10 g organics). Furthermore, the tdh and trh genes were positive in 55% and 20% of samples, respectively, by the MPN-PCR technique. No tdh and trh gene-positive strains were isolated by the conventional MPN-culture procedure. The difference in detection between the MPN-culture and the MPN-PCR techniques appeared to be significant and may be attributed to different detection sensitivities and other factors.     

副溶血弧菌EMA-PCR检测技术的建立

PCR技术被广泛应用于副溶血弧菌的检测中, 但传统的PCR技术无法区分样品中的死细菌与活细菌, 往往使检测结果出现较高的假阳性。因此, 将叠氮溴乙锭(Ethidium monoazide bromide, EMA)与PCR技术结合, 建立一种快速、准确的副溶血弧菌检测方法。以dnaJ基因为检测副溶血弧菌的靶基因, 分别用副溶血弧菌的纯培养细胞及其基因组DNA作模板进行PCR检测, 灵敏度分别为2.5×104 CFU/mL和6×102 fg/μL。在检测样品前处理过程中加入EMA, 当EMA的浓度小于5 mg/L时, EMA对活菌靶基因的扩增没有明显的抑制; 而终浓度为2 mg/L的EMA, 能有效抑制1×108 CFU/mL副溶血弧菌死菌的扩增。活菌和死菌混合体系的PCR结果表明, EMA-PCR能有效降低副溶血弧菌检测过程中的假阳性。     

Isolation and partial characterization of a compound with siderophore activity from Vibrio parahaemolyticus

A compound with siderophore activity was purified by successive column and thin layer chromatographic procedures from Dowex 1 x 8 extracts of culture supernatants of Vibrio parahaemolyticus AQ 3354. The strain synthesized the compound in culture media containing less than 2 microM added FeCl3. Hydrolysis of the compound yielded alanine, ethanolamine, citric acid and 2-ketoglutaric acid. The 1H-NMR spectrum exhibited the presence of a residue from each of these components in the intact molecule. The fast-atom bombardment mass spectrum of the methyl ester derivative indicated a prominent ion at m/z 477, probably corresponding to [M + 1] ion. Other strains of V. parahaemolyticus were also found to produce this compound when grown in an iron-limited medium.     

Compact Cell Settlers for Perfusion Cultures of Microbial (and Mammalian) Cells

As microbial secretory expression systems have become well developed for microbial yeast cells, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris, it is advantageous to develop high cell density continuous perfusion cultures of microbial yeast cells to retain the live and productive yeast cells inside the perfusion bioreactor while removing the dead cells and cell debris along with the secreted product protein in the harvest stream. While the previously demonstrated inclined or lamellar settlers can be used for such perfusion bioreactors for microbial cells, the size and footprint requirements of such inefficiently scaled up devices can be quite large in comparison to the bioreactor size. Faced with this constraint, we have now developed novel, patent‐pending compact cell settlers that can be used more efficiently with microbial perfusion bioreactors to achieve high cell densities and bioreactor productivities. Reproducible results from numerous month‐long perfusion culture experiments using these devices attached to the 5 L perfusion bioreactor demonstrate very high cell densities due to substantial sedimentation of the larger live yeast cells which are returned to the bioreactor, while the harvest stream from the top of these cell settlers is a significantly clarified liquid, containing less than 30% and more typically less than 10% of the bioreactor cell concentration. Size of cells in the harvest is smaller than that of the cells in the bioreactor. Accumulated protein collected from the harvest and rate of protein accumulation is significantly (> 6x) higher than the protein produced in repeated fed‐batch cultures over the same culture duration. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:913–922, 2017