中国科学院生物多样性委员会介绍

中国科学院生物多样性委员会是一个学术管理机构,其前身是生物多样性工作组。自1990年开展工作到现在,在组织管理、学术研究、国际交流及信息传播与人才培训方面做了大量的工作。在生物多样性保护与研究领域编译、编写并出版了一系列很有价值的书籍,对国内、国际均有深远影响。 生物多样性委员会在中国科学院院领导的大力支持下,积极地与国内外有关机构交流信息、建立联系、开展长期合作,共同保护地球的生物多样性,为人类创造美好的明天。     

生物多样性正在衰减

种的灭绝已经成为进化过程中经常性的自然现象,根据化石记载,生命大约起源于40亿年前以细菌和蓝绿藻形式出现。在以后的30亿年或更长时间内,进化缓慢,接着便经历了一个多样性的激变。在这段演化过程中产生了重要的生物类群。经过初期的迅速增殖后,新种的演变几乎是与老种的消亡竞争而形成的。一个种的平均延续期大约是500万年,所以全部物种的演化序列已经变化了无数次。物种消亡的发生是不平衡的,从现在已知的许多事件看,有的是大量消亡的物种约占现存生物种的一半,有的则是一些较小的物种在相对稳定时期     

积极行动起来保护生物多样性

生物多样性是地球上生命经过几十亿年发展进化的结果,是人类赖以生存的物质基础。人类从生物多样性中得到了所需要的全部食品、许多药物和工业原料,同时,生物多样性在娱乐和旅游业中也起着重要的作用。这是我们大家熟知的生物多样性的直接价值。它的间接价值主要与生态系统的功能有关,通常它并不表现在国家核算体制上,但如果计算出来,它的价值大大超过其消费和生产性的直接价值。生     

西北地区生物多样性特点及其研究思路

在探讨西北地区生物多样性特点的基础上,院述了西北地区生物多样保护研究的现状,分析了生物多样性面临的危机。在此基础上,提出了西北地区生物多样性研究的方向和具体思路：１．编目和监测系统研究;２．稀有濒危动植物的保护生物学研究;３．迁地保护和人工繁育,扩大人工种群的研究;４．生物多样性恢复的研究;５．生物多样性持续利用研究。     

生物多样性保护与自然保护区

1 自然保护区是生物多样性保护的重要基地 生物多样性是人类社会赖以生存和发展的基础。生物多样性保护已是当今人们最为关注的热点问题,越来越多的人认识到,生物资源是有限度的,发展依赖于保护生物多样性。破坏生物多样性的因素错综复杂,保护生物多样性需要社会有关方面采取广泛对策。实践表明,为保护物     

国际瞩目的生物多样性的保护

科学进步、工农业发展,促进了人类文明,也带来环境污染问题。人口的膨胀,需要更多的耕田和生活资料,消耗更多的资源。人们开始发现,人类正在不知不觉地破坏赖以生存的环境。生物多样性以前所未有的速度在减少,这已引起生物学家、生态学家及社会各界的震惊。生物多样性是指地球上所有有生命的资源,是40亿年来自然进化的结果,它包括几百万甚至上千万的植物、动物和微生物以及它们所拥有的基因,和由这些生物所组成的生态系统。因此生物多样性包括三个方面内容,即物种多样性、遗传多样性和生态系统多样性。在自然界有多种多样的物种。在物种下的品种或小种     

生物多样性保护的一个理论框架——生物最小面积概念

稳定而复杂多样的自然生境有利于多样性的形成和保存,剧变并趋于简单化的干扰生境常使多样性丧失。现实中的森林破碎化使区域物种丧失。多样性保护要求具备促使物种能长久生存的生境。生物最小面积概念集中讨论物种长久生存与群落(景观)面积的关系,是多样性保护的最基本的理论基础。根据自然保护实践,提出最小景观,扩充了生物最小面积概念。讨论了生物最小面积概念在建立自然保护区的理论框架、了解被保护生物及其生境的自然特点以及建立更全面的自然保护网络等方面的应用。     

苔藓植物的生物多样性及其保护

苔藓植物的生物多样性及其保护曹同高谦付星路勇（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＤｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＢｒｙｏｐｈｙｔｅｓａｎｄＴｈｅｉｒＣｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎ．ＣａｏＴｏｎｇ,ＧａｏＱｉａｎ,ＦｕＸｉｎｇ,ＬｕＹｏｎｇ（Ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔ...     

生物多样性与人类可持续发展

生物多样性与人类可持续发展□王斌（华东师范大学河口海岸国家重点实验室,上海２０００６２）１生物多样性的概念及其价值生物多样性可以简单地表述为：“生物之间的多样化和变异性以及物种生境的生态复杂性（ＯＴＡ,１９８７）”,生物多样性包括植物、动物和微生物的...     

生物多样性保护现状及其研究

生物多样性是地球上所有生命的总和,是40亿年以来生物进化的最终结果,也是世界上的自然财富.它包括几百万不同种类的植物、动物和微生物以及它们所拥有的基因和由这些生物与所在地环境所构成的生态系统.因此,生物多样性包括三个层次的概念,即遗传多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性.此外,人们还重视更高层次的多样性即景观多样性.生物多样性是人类的生物资源,有的已为人类所利用,而大部分它的潜在价值尚未被人们所发现.自然保护在20世纪40年代已开始受到重视.自80年代初以来,有关生物多样性国际会议频频召开,1992年,世界资源研究所(WRI)、     

谈保护青蛙的宣传策略

青蛙是人类的朋友,多年来保护青蛙的成效不尽如人意,究其原因,除了对滥捕乱猎打击不力外,可能还与宣传的策略有关。笔者近几年在进行野生动物调查和保护宣传中受到一些启发,提出来与同仁们探讨。     

浅谈野生动物的临时饲养管理

在我们日常的野生动物保护管理工作中 ,经常会遇到需要临时饲养野生动物的问题。临时饲养是为了对其进行健康检查和治病疗伤 ,使其健康地回到大自然 ,达到保护、抢救的最终目的。野生动物的临时饲养主要在基层 ,一般条件较差 ,缺乏专门的设施和专业的饲养管理人员。另外 ,在饲养工作中还会遇到一些意想不到的困难和问题 ,若不处理好 ,有可能使饲养工作失败。笔者根据工作中的一些经验谈点体会和看法。1　提前做些准备工作野生动物的临时饲养一段采用笼养方式。由于临时饲养的时间和种类均无法预先知道 ,有必要在平时建好笼舍。关兽类的笼舍…     

One Conservation: the integrated view of biodiversity conservation

The current global situation requires urgent decision-making to reverse processes of mass extinction of thousands of species. As a way of showing the importance of joint actions in this process, we aim to present the concept of One Conservation as a new proposal for the integration of sustainability, in situ and ex situ conservation for the restoration of ecosystems. According to the United Nations, we are beginning the decade of ecosystem restoration and in association with the International Union for Conservation of Nature guidelines, we can join efforts in the conservation of the planet. The survival of many species of wild animals depends on the management of populations currently maintained in ex situ conditions (under human care). To facilitate the exchange of genetic material between in situ and ex situ populations, reproductive biotechniques have become a great tool, making it possible to restore species in their natural environments. For effective conservation to occur, there must be an integrated view of the problem as a whole, and action for solutions must take place jointly by different spheres of society. Even more, conservation must be carried out by the public sector, the private sector, the third sector, and not less importantly, the agricultural sector. Therefore, One Conservation is defined as an interconnection between ex situ and in situ conservation plans, anthropic actions in the environment, and research in different areas that encompass conservation.     

浅谈高中学生生物实验设计思路养成的方法

生物科学是一门实验科学。在高考中,生物实验占相当比重。它要求学生一是能够设计简单的生物学实验,二是能够对实验结果进行分析和解释。这是高考生物较重要的方面,是高中生物教学的薄弱环节,也是高中学生非常头痛的问题。所以,我们的教学就应该立足于对学生实验设计思路的养成。下面结合高考生物实验要求,简述个人的认识供同行切磋。     

信息时代生态学本科专业微生物学实验课教学浅析

结合现代生态学本科专业的特点和学科发展需求,对微生物学实验课教学内容设置、实验课教学方法与效果以及课程考核办法进行了思考和探讨。科学地设置实验内容,优化利用学校多媒体网络技术,积极有效地安排实验课时间,充分调动学生的实验课兴趣,使学生更好地学习和掌握微生物学实验技能,为新世纪生态科学的发展培养优秀人才。     

Chemistry and biodiversity: Darwinism, evolution, and speciation. An opposing view

Complex structures produced by noncatalyzed multi‐step chemical processes must have highly probable origins and assembly routes. Within any frame of reference, life is easily the most‐complex self‐assembled structure known to man. It is not possible to calculate a finite time for biogenesis by statistical mechanics, but the abundance of life makes it reasonable to propose an accelerating principle of nature that naturally shortened the time for cell formation to a billion years or less. This hypothetical principle, which I have called valence‐orbital bias, is thought to be responsible for the discrepancy between statistics and observation, and carries with it, as a conditio sine qua non, multiple origins of life. The new concept resolves the differences between the predictions based on statistical mechanics and the relatively rapid appearance of life during the post‐accretion period. It suggests as well that species and variants, the units of propagation, may also have been the units of evolution. Produced in profusion by chemistry, the origins are culled by natural selection, whereby failure means extinction, not adaptation. Biodiversity, thus, becomes a direct consequence of chemistry without positive feedback from the environment and without a constructive role for mutation.     

A systemic view of biodiversity and its conservation: processes, interrelationships, and human culture: presentation of a systemic view of biodiversity and its conservation that emphasizes complex interrelationships among subsystems and includes human culture

Historically, views and measurements of biodiversity have had a narrow focus, for instance, characterizing the attributes of observable patterns but affording less attention to processes. Here, we explore the question: how does a systems thinking view – one where the world is seen as elements and processes that connect and interact in dynamic ways to form a whole – affect the way we understand biodiversity and practice conservation? We answer this question by illustrating the systemic properties of biodiversity at multiple levels, and show that biodiversity is a collection of dynamic systems linking seemingly disparate biological and cultural components and requiring an understanding of the system as a whole. We conclude that systems thinking calls traditional views of species, ecosystem function, and human relationships with the rest of biodiversity into question. Finally, we suggest some of the ways in which this view can impact the science and practice of conservation, particularly through affecting our conservation targets and strategies.     

Books on biodiversity and conservation

Reviews are provided for 24 books published over the years 2006–2011 which have been received by Biodiversity and Conservation. These are in the general areas of ecology and the environment, mammals, birds, plants, evolution, and the human dimension of biodiversity, plus a miscellaneous work. Such batches of synoptic reviews are a new feature for Biodiversity and Conservation, and it is envisaged that 3–4 such groups of reviews will now be issued each year.